Java 继承与初始化、“覆盖”私有方法

参考Java编程思想

主要是为了在调试过程中发现初始化的顺序，及程序调用的顺序，加深印象

class Insect {
  private int i = 9;
  protected int j;
  Insect() {
    System.out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
    j = 39;
  }
  private static int x1 =
    printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
  static int printInit(String s) {
    System.out.println(s);
    return 47;
  }
}

public class Beetle extends Insect {
  private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized");
  public Beetle() {
    System.out.println("k = " + k);
    System.out.println("j = " + j);
  }
  private static int x2 =
    printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Beetle constructor");
    Beetle b = new Beetle();
  }
} /* Output:
static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
i = 9, j = 0
Beetle.k initialized
k = 47
j = 39
*///:~

期望输出是public（），但由于private方法被自动认为final方法，而起对导出类是屏蔽的

public class PrivateOverride {
  private void f() { System.out.println("private f()"); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    PrivateOverride po = new Derived();
    po.f();
  }
}

class Derived extends PrivateOverride {
  public void f() { System.out.println("public f()"); }
} /* Output:
private f()
*///:~

域与静态方法

本例中Super.field和Sub.field分配了不同的空间。Sub实际上包含两个field域：它自己和从Super处得到的

class Super {
  public int field = 0;
  public int getField() { return field; }
}

class Sub extends Super {
  public int field = 1;
  public int getField() { return field; }
  public int getSuperField() { return super.field; }
}

public class FieldAccess {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Super sup = new Sub(); // Upcast
    System.out.println("sup.field = " + sup.field +
      ", sup.getField() = " + sup.getField());
    Sub sub = new Sub();
    System.out.println("sub.field = " +
      sub.field + ", sub.getField() = " +
      sub.getField() +
      ", sub.getSuperField() = " +
      sub.getSuperField());
  }
} /* Output:
sup.field = 0, sup.getField() = 1
sub.field = 1, sub.getField() = 1, sub.getSuperField() = 0
*///:~

如果某个方法是静态的，它的行为就不具有多态性

class StaticSuper {
  public static String staticGet() {
    return "Base staticGet()";
  }
  public String dynamicGet() {
    return "Base dynamicGet()";
  }
}

class StaticSub extends StaticSuper {
  public static String staticGet() {
    return "Derived staticGet()";
  }
  public String dynamicGet() {
    return "Derived dynamicGet()";
  }
}

public class StaticPolymorphism {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    StaticSuper sup = new StaticSub(); // Upcast
    System.out.println(sup.staticGet());
    System.out.println(sup.dynamicGet());
  }
} /* Output:
Base staticGet()
Derived dynamicGet()
*///:~

初始化过程：

1.在其他任何事物发生之前，将分配给对象的存储空间初始化为二进制的0

2.如下调用基类构造器。此时调用被覆盖后的draw（）方法（要在调用RoundGlyph构造器之前调用），由于步骤1，发现radius 的值为0

3.按声明的顺序调用成员的初始化方法

4.调用导出类的构造器主体

在构造器内唯一能够安全调用的方法是基类中的final方法（也适用于private方法，它自动属于final方法），这些方法不能被覆盖。

class Glyph {
	void draw() {
		System.out.println("Glyph.draw()");
	}

	Glyph() {
		System.out.println("Glyph() before draw()");
		draw();
		System.out.println("Glyph() after draw()");
	}
}

class RoundGlyph extends Glyph {
	private int radius = 1;

	RoundGlyph(int r) {
		radius = r;
		System.out.println("RoundGlyph.RoundGlyph(), radius = " + radius);
	}

	void draw() {
		System.out.println("RoundGlyph.draw(), radius = " + radius);
	}
}

public class PolyConstructors {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		new RoundGlyph(5);
	}
} /*
 * Output: Glyph() before draw() RoundGlyph.draw(), radius = 0 Glyph() after
 * draw() RoundGlyph.RoundGlyph(), radius = 5
 */// :~

用继承表达行为间的差异，并用字段表达状态上的变化

class Actor {
  public void act() {}
}

class HappyActor extends Actor {
  public void act() { print("HappyActor"); }
}

class SadActor extends Actor {
  public void act() { print("SadActor"); }
}

class Stage {
  private Actor actor = new HappyActor();
  public void change() { actor = new SadActor(); }
  public void performPlay() { actor.act(); }
}

public class Transmogrify {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Stage stage = new Stage();
    stage.performPlay();
    stage.change();
    stage.performPlay();
  }
} /* Output:
HappyActor
SadActor
*///:~