《Spring Boot in Action》【A. 开发者工具】

A. 开发者工具

Spring Boot 1.3引入了一系列新的开发者工具,在开发阶段,可以利用它们完成:

  • 自动重启——当classpath下的文件改变的时候可以在运行中自动重启
  • LiveReload——改变资源会触发浏览器自动刷新
  • 远程开发——远程部署支持自动重启和LiveReload
  • 默认开发属性——提供某些配置属性的明智的开发时默认值

要启用开发者工具,只需要引入starter就好了:

compile "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools"

当你的应用是以完整的JAR包或WAR包运行时,开发者工具会被禁用,所以构建生产部署包的时候没有必要删掉这个依赖。

自动重启

当devtools生效时,classpath下的文件一修改就会触发自动重启。为了使重启尽可能快,那些不会改变的类(比如第三方JAR包中的类)会被加载到一个base classloader,而应用代码会被加载到一个分开的restart classloader。当检测到改变时,只有restart classloader会重启。

有些classpath下的资源的改变不用重启应用,比如Thymeleaf模板,还有/static或/public下的静态资源,所以devtools重启功能不会考虑如下路径:/META-INF/resources,/resources,/static,/public,/templates。不过这可以通过spring.devtools.restart.exclude设置:

spring:
  devtools:
    restart:
      exclude: /static/**,/templates/**

当然你也可以完全禁用自动重启:

spring:
  devtools:
    restart:
      enabled: false

另一个选择是设置一个触发文件,只有当这个触发文件改变了才会重启,比如当且仅当.trigger文件修改时才重启:

spring:
  devtools:
    restart:
      trigger-file: .trigger

如果IDE持续编译修改的文件,那么触发文件就很有用,没有触发文件,每次修改都会重启,有了触发文件,只有在需要的时候会重启(通过修改触发文件)。

LiveReload

一般的Web开发过程都需要每次修改页面、js或css,然后刷新浏览器来看效果,Spring Boot devtools集成了LiveReload,就不需要刷新了。Spring Boot会启动一个内置的LiveReload server,当资源修改的时候会触发浏览器刷新,当然你需要在浏览器中安装LiveReload插件。

你也可以禁用LiveReload server:

spring:
  devtools:
    livereload:
      enabled: false

远程开发

devtools支持远程调试,一般情况下,你不会用到远程调试,比如生产环境,但当你需要用一些本地没法使用的云服务时,可能会有一个远程开发环境,首先你得设置一个远程密码:

spring:
  devtools:
    remote:
      secret: myappsecret

当你设置了这个属性,会启用一个支持远程开发的组件,它会监听进来的修改请求,重启应用或者触发浏览器刷新。

然后,你得在本地运行远程开发客户端,以类的形式,类名是org.springframework.boot.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication,被设计成在IDE里面运行,参数是远程应用的地址。

假如你把reading-list部署在Cloud Foundry上,地址是 https://readinglist.cfapps.io 。比如你使用IntelliJ IDEA,如下步骤启动client:

  1. 选择Run > Edit Configurations…
  2. 按“+”号,选择“Application”
  3. 在Main class中填写org.springframework.boot.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication
  4. 在Program arguments中填写https://readinglist.cfapps.io

确定,然后就可以运行client了,你就可以修改你IDE中的应用了,当检测到修改时,它们会被推送到远程server。

你还可以在IDE中远程调试,不过你得确保远程应用启用了远程调试,通常可以通过配置JAVA_OPTS来启用,举个例子,如果你的应用部署在Cloud Foundry上,你可以在你的应用的manifest.yml文件里设置:

---
  env:
    JAVA_OPTS: "-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,suspend=n"

当远程应用启动且与本地调试服务器建立了连接后,你就可以像调试本地应用一样设置断点和单步调试了(因为网络延迟可能会有点慢)。

默认开发属性

有些配置属性通常在开发的时候都需要设置,但在生产配置中不用,比如视图模板缓存,在开发中最好关闭,这样修改模板可以立刻看到效果,但是为了性能,在生产上应该启用。

Spring Boot默认对所有支持的模板启用缓存,但是如果用了开发者工具,缓存会被禁用,本质上就是下面的属性会被设置成false:

  • spring.thymeleaf.cache
  • spring.freemarker.cache
  • spring.velocity.cache
  • spring.mustache.cache
  • spring.groovy.template.cache

这样你就省得在开发的时候自己禁用它们了。

全局配置开发者工具

在你的用户目录下创建一个文件.spring-boot-devtools.properties(注意有一个点),在这个文件里你可以设置所有项目共用的开发者工具属性,比如:

spring.devtools.restart.trigger-file=.trigger
spring.devtools.livereload.enabled=false

然后,如果要覆盖这些属性,在你的项目里配置就行了。

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Spring.Boot.in.Action.2015.12.pdfFor online information and ordering of this and other manning books, please visit www.manning.com.thepublisheroffersdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantity For more information, please contact Special sales department Manning publications co 20 Baldwin Road PO BoX 761 Shelter island. ny11964 [email protected] @2016 by manning Publications Co. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and manning Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps ll Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Mannings policy to have the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books are printed on paper that is at least 15 percent recycled and processed without the use of elemental chlorine Manning publications co Development editor: Cynthia Kane 20 Baldwin Road Technical development editor: Robert casazza PO BoX 761 Copyeditor: Andy Carroll Shelter island. ny11964 Proofreader: Corbin Collins Technical p der John Guthrie Typesetter: Gordan Salinovic Cover designer: Marija Tudor ISBN9781617292545 Printed in the united states of america 12345678910-EBM-201918171615 contents reword vii pre eface 2x about this book xii acknowledgments xu Bootstarting Spring I 1. 1 Spring rebooted Taking a fresh look at spring 2. Examining spring Boot essentials 4 What Spring Boot isn't 7 1.2 Getting started with Spring boot 8 Installing the spring boot cli 8 Initializing a spring boot project with Spring Initializr 12 3 Summary 22 Developing your first Spring Boot application 23 2.1 Putting spring boot to work 24 Examining a newly initialized spring boot project 26 Dissecting Bc iect build 30 2.2 USing starter dependencies 33 Specifying facet-based dependencies 34. Overriding starter transitive dependencies 35 CONTENTS 2.8 USing automatic configuration 37 Focusing on application functionality 37. Running the application 45. What just happened? 45 2.4 Summary 48 Customizing configuration 49 8.1 Overriding Spring Boot auto-configuration 50 Securing the application 50. Creating a custom security configuration 51. Taking another peek under the covers of auto-configuration55 8.2 Externalizing configuration with properties 57 Fine-tuning auto-configuration 58. Externally configuring application beans 64. Configuring with profiles 69 8.8 Customizing application error pages 71 3.4 Summary 74 Testing with Spring Boot 76 4.1 Integration testing auto-configuration 77 4.2 Testing web applications 79 Mocking spring MvC 80- Testing web security 83 4.3 Testing a running application 86 Starting the server on a random port 87. Testing HTML pages with selenium 88 4.4 Summary 90 Getting Groovy with the spring Boot CLI 92 5.1 Developing a Spring Boot CLI application 93 Setting up the cli project 93 Eliminating code noise with Groovy 94. What just happened? 98 5.2 Grabbing dependencies 100 Overriding default dependency versions 101. Adding dependency repositories 102 5.8 Running tests with the CLI 102 5.4 Creating a deployable artifact 105 5.5 Summary 106 CONTENTS 6 Applying Grails in Spring Boot 107 1 Using gorm for data persistence 108 2 Defining views with groovy server pages 113 6.3 Mixing spring boot with grails 3 115 Creating a new grails project 116 Defining the domain 118 Writing a grails controller 119. Creating the view 120 6.4 Summary 123 Taking a peek inside with the Actuator 124 7.1 Exploring the actuator's endpoints 125 Viewing configuration details 126. Tapping runtime metrics 133 Shutting down the application 139. Fetching application information 140 7.2 Connecting to the Actuator remote shell 141 Viewing the autoconfig report 142. Listing application beans 143 Watching application metrics 144.Invoking actuator endpoints 145 7. 3 Monitoring your application with JMX 146 7.4 Customizing the Actuator 148 Changing endpoint Ds 148 Enabling and disabling endpoints 149 Adding custom metrics and gauges 149- Creating a custom trace repository 153 Plugging in custom health indicators 155 7.5 Securing Actuator endpoints 156 7.6 Summary 159 8 Deploying Spring Boot applications 160 8.1 Weighing deployment options 161 8.2 Deploying to an application server 162 Building a WaRfile 162 Creating a production profile Enabling database migration 168 8.3 Pushing to the cloud 173 Deploying to Cloud Foundry 173 Deploying to Heroku 177 8. Summary 180 appendix a spring Boot developer Tools 187 appendix b spring Boot starters 188 appendix c Configuration properties 195 appendix d spring boot dependencies 232 index 243 In the spring of 2014, the Delivery Engineering team at Netflix set out to achieve a lofty goal: enable end-to-end global continuous delivery via a software platform that facilitates both extensibility and resiliency. my team had previously built two different applications attempting to address Netflix's delivery and deployment needs, but both were beginning to show the telltale signs of monolith-ness and neither met the goals of flexibility and resiliency. What's more, the most stymieing effect of these monolithic applications was ultimately that we were unable to keep pace with our partner's inno- vation. Users had begun to move around our tools rather than with them It became apparent that if we wanted to provide real value to the company and rap- idly innovate, we needed to break up the monoliths into small, independent services that could be released at will. Embracing a microservice architecture gave us hope that we could also address the twin goals of flexibility and resiliency. but we needed to do it on a credible foundation where we could count on real concurrency, legitimate moni- toring, reliable and easy service discovery, and great runtime performance With the jVM as our bedrock, we looked for a framework that would give us rapid velocity and steadfast operationalization out of the box. We zeroed in on Spring Boot Spring Boot makes it effortless to create Spring-powered, production-ready ser- vices without a lot of code! Indeed, the fact that a simple Spring Boot Hello World application can fit into a tweet is a radical departure from what the same functionality required on the vm only a few short years ago. Out-of-the-box nonfunctional features like security, metrics, health-checks, embedded servers, and externalized configura tion made boot an easy choice for us FOREWORD Yet, when we embarked on our Spring boot journey solid documentation was hard to come by. Relying on source code isnt the most joyful manner of figuring out how to properly leverage a frameworks features It's not surprising to see the author of mannings venerable Spring in Action take on the challenge of concisely distilling the core aspects of working with Spring Boot into another cogent book. Nor is it surprising that Craig and the Manning crew have done another tremendously wonderful job! Spring Boot in Action is an easily readable book, as weve now come to expect from Craig and manning From chapter Is attention-getting introduction to Boot and the now legend ary 9Oish-character tweetable Boot application to an in-depth analysis of Boots Actuator in chapter 7, which enables a host of auto-magical operational features required for any production application, Spring Boot in Action leaves no stone unturned. Indeed, for me, chapter 7's deep dive into the Actuator answered some of the lingering questions I've had in the back of my head since picking up Boot well over a year ago. Chapter 8s thor- ough examination of deployment options opened my eyes to the simplicity of cloud Foundry for cloud deployments. One of my favorite chapters is chapter 4, where Craig explores the many powerful options for easily testing a Boot application. From the get- o, I was pleasantly surprised with some of Springs testing features, and boot takes g advantage of them nicely As I've publicly stated before, Spring Boot is just the kind of framework the Java community has been seeking for over a decade. Its easy-to-use development features and out-of-the-box operationalization make java development fun again I,m pleased to report that Spring and spring boot are the foundation of Netflix's new continuous delivery platform. What's more, other teams at Netflix are following the same path because they too see the myriad benefits of boot It's with equal parts excitement and passion that I absolutely endorse craigs book as the easy-to-digest and fun-to-read Spring boot documentation the Java community has been waiting for since Boot took the community by storm. Craigs accessible writ- ing style and sweeping analysis of boot's core features and functionality will surely leave readers with a solid grasp of Boot(along with a joyful sense of awe for it) Keep up the great work Craig Manning Publications, and all the brilliant develop ers who have made spring boot what it is today each one of you has ensured a bright future for the JV ANDREW GLOVER MANAGER, DELIVERY ENGINEERING AT NETFLIX preface At the 1964 New York World's Fair, Walt Disney introduced three groundbreaking attractions:"“it' s a small world,”“ Great Moments with mr. Lincoln," and the“ Carouse of Progress " All three of these attractions have since moved into disneyland and walt Disney world, and you can still see them today My favorite of these is the Carousel of Progress. Supposedly, it was one of Walt Disneys favorites too. It's part ride and part stage show where the seating area rotates around a center area featuring four stages. Each stage tells the story of a family at different time periods of the 20th century-the early 1900s, the 1920s the 1940s, and recent times-highlighting the technology advances in that time period The story of innovation is told from a hand-cranked washing machine, to electric lighting and radio, to automatic dishwashers and television, to computers and voice-activated appliances In every act, the father (who is also the narrator of the show)talks about the latest inventions and says "It cant get any better only to discover that in fact, it does get better in the next act as technology progresses Although Spring doesn't have quite as long a history as that displayed in the Car- ousel of Progress, I feel the same way about Spring as"Progress Dad felt about the 20th century. Each and every Spring application seems to make the lives of developers so much better. Just looking at how Spring components are declared and wired together, we can see the following progression over the history of Spring
Summary A developer-focused guide to writing applications using Spring Boot. You'll learn how to bypass the tedious configuration steps so that you can concentrate on your application's behavior. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology The Spring Framework simplifies enterprise Java development, but it does require lots of tedious configuration work. Spring Boot radically streamlines spinning up a Spring application. You get automatic configuration and a model with established conventions for build-time and runtime dependencies. You also get a handy command-line interface you can use to write scripts in Groovy. Developers who use Spring Boot often say that they can't imagine going back to hand configuring their applications. About the Book Spring Boot in Action is a developer-focused guide to writing applications using Spring Boot. In it, you'll learn how to bypass configuration steps so you can focus on your application's behavior. Spring expert Craig Walls uses interesting and practical examples to teach you both how to use the default settings effectively and how to override and customize Spring Boot for your unique environment. Along the way, you'll pick up insights from Craig's years of Spring development experience. What's Inside Develop Spring apps more efficiently Minimal to no configuration Runtime metrics with the Actuator Covers Spring Boot 1.3 About the Reader Written for readers familiar with the Spring Framework. About the Author Craig Walls is a software developer, author of the popular book Spring in Action, Fourth Edition, and a frequent speaker at conferences.

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