REGISTER NAME USAGE $0 $zero 常量0(constant value 0) $2-$3 $v0-$v1 函数调用返回值(values for results and expression evaluation) $4-$7 $a0-$a3 函数调用的前几个参数(arguments) $8-$15 $t0-$t7 临时变量。子程序使用时无需保存,从上层函数来看,函数调用前后,寄存器的值可能会发生变化。 $16-$23 $s0-$s7 需要保存的变量。子程序使用时,必须保存原始值,并在返回前恢复,从上层函数来看,这些寄存器的值没有变化。 $24-$25 $t8-$t9 临时变量
$26-$27 $k0-$k1 保留给中断或自陷处理程序使用;因而值可能随时发生变化 $28 $gp 全局指针(Global Pointer) 。利用gp做基址,对于gp指针前后32K范围的数据存取,只需要一条指令就可以完成。通常的做法是将一些小的全局数据(static extern)等,放在一起,用gp作指针。 $29 $sp 堆栈指针(Stack Pointer) 。MIPS通常只在多重调用时,子程序出口和入口才调整堆栈指针,这个过程由子程序负责完成。 $30 $fp 帧指针(Frame Pointer) (BNN:fp is stale acutally, and can be simply used as $t8) $31 $ra 返回地址(return address)
~/bnn:75> /bin/mips64-elf-objdump -d Hello.o Hello.o: file format elf32-bigmips Disassembly of section .text:
/* main Function */ 0000000000000000
: /*create a stack frame by moving the stack pointer 8 *bytes down and meantime update the sp value */ 0: 27bdfff8 addiu $sp,$sp,-8 /* Save the return address to the current sp position.*/ 4: afbf0000 sw $ra,0($sp) 8: 0c000000 jal 0
/* nop is for the delay slot */ c: 00000000 nop /* Fill the argument a0 with the value 1 */ 10: 24040001 li $a0,1 /* Jump the addFunc */ 14: 0c00000a jal 28
/* NOTE HERE: Why we fill the second argument *behind the addFunc function call? * This is all about the "-O1" compilation optimizaiton. * With mips architecture, the instruciton after jump * will also be fetched into the pipline and get * exectuted. Therefore, we can promise that the * second argument will be filled with the value of * integer 2. */ 18: 24050002 li $a1,2 /*Load the return address from the stack pointer * Note here that the result v0 contains the result of * addFunc function call */ 1c: 8fbf0000 lw $ra,0($sp) /* Return */ 20: 03e00008 jr $ra /* Restore the stack frame */ 24: 27bd0008 addiu $sp,$sp,8
/* addFunc Function */ 0000000000000028
: /* Create a stack frame by allocating 16 bytes or 4 * words size */ 28: 27bdfff0 addiu $sp,$sp,-16 /* Save the return address into the stack with 8 bytes * offset. Please note that compiler does not save the * ra to 0($sp). *Think of why, in contrast of the previous PowerPC * EABI convention */ 2c: afbf0008 sw $ra,8($sp) /* We save the s1 reg. value into the stack * because we will use s1 in this function * Note that the 4,5,6,7($sp) positions will then * be occupied by this 32 bits size register */ 30: afb10004 sw $s1,4($sp) /* Withe same reason, save s0 reg. */ 34: afb00000 sw $s0,0($sp) /* Retrieve the argument 0 into s0 reg. */ 38: 0080802d move $s0,$a0 /* Retrieve the argument 1 into s1 reg. */ 3c: 00a0882d move $s1,$a1 /* Call the subFunc with a0 with 5 */ 40: 0c000019 jal 64
/* In the delay slot, we load the 5 into argument a0 reg *for subFunc call. */ 44: 24040005 li $a0,5 /* s0 = s0+s1; note that s0 and s1 holds the values of * x,y, respectively */ 48: 02118021 addu $s0,$s0,$s1 /* v0 = s0+v0; v0 holds the return results of subFunc *call; And we let v0 hold the final results */ 4c: 02021021 addu $v0,$s0,$v0 /*Retrieve the ra value from stack */ 50: 8fbf0008 lw $ra,8($sp) /*!!!!restore the s1 reg. value */ 54: 8fb10004 lw $s1,4($sp) /*!!!! restore the s0 reg. value */ 58: 8fb00000 lw $s0,0($sp) /* Return back to main func */ 5c: 03e00008 jr $ra /* Update/restore the stack pointer/frame */ 60: 27bd0010 addiu $sp,$sp,16
/* subFunc Function */ 0000000000000064
: /* return back to addFunc function */ 64: 03e00008 jr $ra /* Taking advantage of the mips delay slot, filling the * result reg v0 by simply assigning the v0 as the value *of a0. This is a bug from my c source * codes--"value--". I should write my codes * like "--value", instead. 68: 0080102d move $v0,$a0