Linux-2.6.32.67内核裁剪与移植之内核启动与根文件系统制作（1）

                         Linux-2.6.32.67内核裁剪与移植之内核启动与根文件系统制作

                                                                                                     作者：赵凯

                                                                                 QQ： 1205958201

                                                第一部分：内核启动与根文件系统制作

 注：转载请注明出处哦！

1.      修改内核以支持s3c2440开发板

在顶层的makefile中，将

ARCH             ?= $(SUBARCH)

CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(CONFIG_CROSS_COMPILE:"%"=%)

修改为：

ARCH            ?= arm

CROSS_COMPILE?= arm-linux-

2.      修改内核中的时钟设置

进入/arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-smdk2440.c中，将

static void __init smdk2440_map_io(void)

{

s3c24xx_init_io(smdk2440_iodesc, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_iodesc));

s3c24xx_init_clocks(xxx);  //是多少搞忘了，改成12M

s3c24xx_init_uarts(smdk2440_uartcfgs, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_uartcfgs));

}修改为

static void __init smdk2440_map_io(void)

{

s3c24xx_init_io(smdk2440_iodesc, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_iodesc));

s3c24xx_init_clocks(12000000);

s3c24xx_init_uarts(smdk2440_uartcfgs, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_uartcfgs));

}

然后执行命令：[root@localhost linux-4.1.2]# make s3c2410_defconfig；使用arch/arm/configs/s3c2410_defconfig文件来配置内核，它生成.config配置文件，以后可以使用make menuconfig修改配置了。执行上述命令的运行结果如下：

[root@localhost linux-2.6.32.67]# make s3c2410_defconfig

  HOSTCC  scripts/basic/fixdep

  HOSTCC  scripts/basic/docproc

  HOSTCC  scripts/basic/hash

  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/conf.o

  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/kxgettext.o

  SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.c

  SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/lex.zconf.c

  SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.hash.c

  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.o

  HOSTLD  scripts/kconfig/conf

#

# configuration written to .config

#执行命令：make uImage生成uImage镜像；

这个时候出现错误：

"mkimage" command not found - U-Boot images will not be built

make[1]: *** [arch/arm/boot/uImage]错误 1

make: *** [uImage]错误 2

解决方法：

由于前几天移植uboot，在uboot源码目录下tools目录中已经生成了mkimage，只需要将其路径在环境变量中声明即可，在etc/bashrc文件的末尾添加如下语句：

export PATH:=$PATH：/Mydir/u-boot-2014.04/tools

然后更新一下bashrc脚本：source /etc/bashrc；

但是这样不保险，因为后面可能清除掉mkimage，保险的做法是将mkimage复制到/usr/bin目录下，可以用echo $PATH看下PATH的内容，可以看到包含/usr/bin路径，这时候不用进行修改。这里采用第二种方法。

然后继续执行命令：make uImage生成uImage镜像，输出的结果如下：

CHK     include/config/kernel.release

  CHK     include/generated/uapi/linux/version.h

  CHK     include/generated/utsrelease.h

make[1]: “include/generated/mach-types.h”是最新的。

  CHK     include/generated/bounds.h

  CHK     include/generated/asm-offsets.h

  CALL    scripts/checksyscalls.sh

  CHK     include/generated/compile.h

  Kernel: arch/arm/boot/Image is ready

  Kernel: arch/arm/boot/zImage is ready

  UIMAGE  arch/arm/boot/uImage

Image Name:   Linux-4.1.2

Created:      Thu Jul 16 22:59:31 2015

Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)

Data Size:    2808992 Bytes = 2743.16 kB = 2.68 MB

Load Address: 30108000

Entry Point:  30108000

  Image arch/arm/boot/uImage is ready

这个时候可以将生成的uImage拷贝到tftp目录，然后下载到开发板上：

[root@localhost linux-4.1.2]# cd arch/arm/boot

[root@localhost boot]# cp uImage /var/lib/tftpboot

启动开发板：

ZK2440 # tftp 0x32000000 uImage

dm9000 i/o: 0x20000000, id: 0x90000a46

DM9000: running in 16 bit mode

MAC: 0a:1b:2c:3d:4e:5f

operating at 100M full duplex mode

Using dm9000 device

TFTP from server 192.168.1.8; our IP address is 192.168.1.6

Filename 'uImage'.

Load address: 0x32000000

Loading: T #################################################################

         #################################################################

         ##############################################################

         402.3 KiB/s

done

Bytes transferred = 2809056 (2adce0 hex)

提示下载成功，然后从0x32000000启动，可以看到内核的打印信息：

EmbedSky> tftp 0x32000000 uImage

dm9000 i/o: 0x20000300, id: 0x90000a46

MAC: 0a:1b:2c:3d:4e:5f

TFTP from server 192.168.1.8; our IP address is 192.168.1.6

Filename 'uImage'.

Load address: 0x32000000

Loading: checksum bad

checksum bad

checksum bad

checksum bad

checksum bad

T #################################################################

         #################################################################

         ###############################################################

done

Bytes transferred = 2809000 (2adca8 hex)

EmbedSky> bootm 0x32000000

## Booting image at 32000000 ...

   Image Name:   Linux-4.1.2

   Created:      2015-07-17   4:28:37 UTC

   Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)

   Data Size:    2808936 Bytes =  2.7 MB

   Load Address: 30108000

   Entry Point:  30108000

   Verifying Checksum ... OK

OK

 

Starting kernel ...

 

Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.

 

Error: unrecognized/unsupported machine ID (r1 = 0x000000a8).

。。。。。。。。。

内核无法正常启动，因为Linux内核中的机器码一定要与bootloader的机器码一致，否则便会出现内核启动不了。在u-boot和kernel中都会有一个机器码(即：MACH_TYPE)，只有这两个机器码一致时才能引导内核。

可以查看下我的uboot机器码，如下

ZK2440 # bdinfo

arch_number = 0x000000C1（对应十进制193）

boot_params = 0x30000100

DRAM bank   = 0x00000000

-> start    = 0x30000000

-> size     = 0x04000000

eth0name    = dm9000

ethaddr     = 0a:1b:2c:3d:4e:5f

current eth = dm9000

ip_addr     = 192.168.1.6

baudrate    = 115200 bps

TLB addr    = 0x33FF0000

relocaddr   = 0x33FB4000

reloc off   = 0x33FB4000

irq_sp      = 0x33D93F40

sp start    = 0x33D93F30

修改内核中的机器码，与uboot中的一致，打开arch/arm/tools/mach-types文件，修改第87行如下

s3c2440          ARCH_S3C2440        S3C2440         193

重新编译make uImage，然后下载到开发板中运行

 

 

ZK2440 # bootm 0x32000000

 

## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 32000000 ...

   Image Name:   Linux-2.6.32.67

   Created:      2015-07-17  17:16:30 UTC

   Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)

   Data Size:    1996676 Bytes = 1.9 MiB

   Load Address: 30008000

   Entry Point:  30008000

   Verifying Checksum ... OK

   Loading Kernel Image ... OK

 

Starting kernel ...

 

Uncompressing Linux............................................................................................................................... done, booting the kernel.

Linux version 2.6.32.67 (root@localhost.localdomain) (gcc version 4.4.4 (crosstool-NG-1.11.1) ) #2 Sat Jul 18 01:16:20 CST 2015

CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177

CPU: VIVT data cache, VIVT instruction cache

Machine: SMDK2440

Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback

CPU S3C2440A (id 0x32440001)

S3C24XX Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics

S3C244X: core 400.000 MHz, memory 100.000 MHz, peripheral 50.000 MHz

CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on

Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 16256

Kernel command line: root=/dev/hda1 ro init=/bin/bash console=ttySAC0

PID hash table entries: 256 (order: -2, 1024 bytes)

Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)

Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

Memory: 64MB = 64MB total

Memory: 60712KB available (3684K code, 321K data, 132K init, 0K highmem)

Hierarchical RCU implementation.

NR_IRQS:85

irq: clearing pending ext status 00080000

irq: clearing subpending status 00000003

irq: clearing subpending status 00000002

Console: colour dummy device 80x30

console [ttySAC0] enabled

Calibrating delay loop... 199.47 BogoMIPS (lpj=498688)

Mount-cache hash table entries: 512

CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok

NET: Registered protocol family 16

S3C Power Management, Copyright 2004 Simtec Electronics

S3C2440: Initialising architecture

S3C2440: IRQ Support

S3C24XX DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004,2006 Simtec Electronics

DMA channel 0 at c4808000, irq 33

DMA channel 1 at c4808040, irq 34

DMA channel 2 at c4808080, irq 35

DMA channel 3 at c48080c0, irq 36

S3C244X: Clock Support, DVS off

bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0

SCSI subsystem initialized

usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs

usbcore: registered new interface driver hub

usbcore: registered new device driver usb

s3c-i2c s3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10

s3c-i2c s3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 97 KHz

s3c-i2c s3c2440-i2c: i2c-0: S3C I2C adapter

NET: Registered protocol family 2

IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)

TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)

TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)

TCP reno registered

NET: Registered protocol family 1

RPC: Registered udp transport module.

RPC: Registered tcp transport module.

RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.

NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (extended precision)

JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) (SUMMARY) 漏 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.

ROMFS MTD (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc.

msgmni has been set to 118

io scheduler noop registered

io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)

io scheduler deadline registered

io scheduler cfq registered

Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40

fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device

lp: driver loaded but no devices found

ppdev: user-space parallel port driver

Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled

s3c2440-uart.0: s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2440

s3c2440-uart.1: s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2440

s3c2440-uart.2: s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2440

brd: module loaded

loop: module loaded

Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver

ide-gd driver 1.18

ide-cd driver 5.00

S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics

s3c24xx-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=2, 20ns Twrph0=6 60ns, Twrph1=2 20ns

s3c24xx-nand s3c2440-nand: NAND soft ECC

NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0xda (Samsung NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit)

Scanning device for bad blocks

Bad eraseblock 1158 at 0x0000090c0000

Bad eraseblock 1590 at 0x00000c6c0000

Bad eraseblock 1975 at 0x00000f6e0000

Creating 8 MTD partitions on "NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit":

0x000000000000-0x000000004000 : "Boot Agent"

mtd: partition "Boot Agent" doe