【操作系统】【Three Easy Pieces】Introduction to Operating Systems

What is OS?

• Operating System is a body of software, in fact, that is responsible for making it easy to run programs.
• The primary way the OS does this is through a general technique that we call virtualization. That is, the OS takes a physical resource (such as the processor, or memory, or a disk) and transforms it into a more general, powerful, and easy-to-use virtual form of itself. Thus, we sometimes refer to the operating system as a virtual machine.
• OS is sometimes known as a* resource manager*

Virtualizing

• It turns out that the operating system, with some help from the hard-ware, is in charge of this illusion, i.e., the illusion that the system has a very large number of virtual CPUs. Turning a single CPU (or a small set of them) into a seemingly infinite number of CPUs and thus allowing many programs to seemingly run at once is what we call virtualizing the CPU, the focus of the first major part of this book.
• that is exactly what is happening here as the OS is virtualizing memory. Each process accesses its own private virtual address space (sometimes just called its address space), which the OS somehow maps onto the physical memory of the machine.

Concurrency

• Another main theme of this book is concurrency.

Persistence

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Design Goals

• One goal in designing and implementing an operating system is to provide high performance; another way to say this is our goal is to minimize the overheads of the OS.
• Another goal will be to provide protection between applications, as well as between the OS and applications.
• Other goals make sense: energy-efficiency is important in our increasingly green world; security (an extension of protection, really) against malicious applications is critical, especially in these highly-networked times; mobility is increasingly important as OSes are run on smaller and smaller devices.