被动语态是英语中的一种重要语法结构,用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。在被动语态中,句子的主语是动作的承受者,而动作的执行者通常通过介词 "by" 引出。下面详细解释被动语态的构成、用法和各种时态的变化。
被动语态的基本结构
被动语态的基本结构是:be + 过去分词
- be:根据时态和主语的人称变化。
- 过去分词:动词的过去分词形式。
被动语态的时态变化
- 一般现在时 (Simple Present Passive)
- 结构:主语 + am/is/are + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book is read by John.(这本书被约翰读。)
- The room is cleaned every day.(房间每天被清洁。)
- 一般过去时 (Simple Past Passive)
- 结构:主语 + was/were + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book was read by John.(这本书被约翰读了。)
- The room was cleaned yesterday.(房间昨天被清洁了。)
- 一般将来时 (Simple Future Passive)
- 结构:主语 + will/shall + be + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book will be read by John.(这本书将会被约翰读。)
- The room will be cleaned tomorrow.(房间明天会被清洁。)
- 现在进行时 (Present Continuous Passive)
- 结构:主语 + am/is/are + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book is being read by John.(这本书正在被约翰读。)
- The room is being cleaned now.(房间正在被清洁。)
- 过去进行时 (Past Continuous Passive)
- 结构:主语 + was/were + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book was being read by John.(这本书当时正在被约翰读。)
- The room was being cleaned when I arrived.(我到的时候房间正在被清洁。)
- 将来进行时 (Future Continuous Passive)
- 结构:主语 + will/shall + be + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book will be being read by John.(这本书将会正在被约翰读。)
- The room will be being cleaned at 3 o'clock.(到三点钟的时候房间将会正在被清洁。)
- 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Passive)
- 结构:主语 + have/has + been + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book has been read by John.(这本书已经被约翰读了。)
- The room has been cleaned.(房间已经被清洁了。)
- 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Passive)
- 结构:主语 + had + been + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book had been read by John.(这本书在那之前已经被约翰读了。)
- The room had been cleaned before I arrived.(我到之前房间已经被清洁了。)
- 将来完成时 (Future Perfect Passive)
- 结构:主语 + will/shall + have + been + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book will have been read by John.(到那时这本书将会已经被约翰读了。)
- The room will have been cleaned by the time you arrive.(你到的时候房间将会已经被清洁了。)
- 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous Passive)
- 结构:主语 + have/has + been + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book has been being read by John.(这本书一直被约翰读。)
- The room has been being cleaned for hours.(房间已经被清洁了好几个小时。)
- 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous Passive)
- 结构:主语 + had + been + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book had been being read by John.(在那之前这本书一直被约翰读。)
- The room had been being cleaned for hours when I arrived.(我到的时候房间已经被清洁了好几个小时。)
- 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous Passive)
- 结构:主语 + will/shall + have + been + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book will have been being read by John.(到那时这本书将会一直被约翰读。)
- The room will have been being cleaned for hours by the time you arrive.(你到的时候房间将会已经被清洁了好几个小时。)
被动语态的特殊情况
-
省略动作的执行者:
在很多情况下,被动语态中可以省略动作的执行者,特别是在执行者不重要或未知的情况下。
- The book is read.(这本书被读。)
- The room is cleaned every day.(房间每天被清洁。)
-
双重被动:
在某些情况下,被动语态可以与另一个被动结构结合使用。
- The book was given to be read.(这本书被给来读。)
- The room was scheduled to be cleaned.(房间被安排清洁。)
-
情态动词的被动形式:
情态动词后接被动语态时,结构为:情态动词 + be + 过去分词
- The book can be read by John.(这本书可以被约翰读。)
- The room should be cleaned.(房间应该被清洁。)
总结
被动语态是一种重要的语法结构,用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。通过不同的时态变化,被动语态可以表达各种时间和状态。
补充
动词的-ing形式(现在分词)可以用于表示被动语态,尤其是在某些特定的结构和语境中。这种用法通常被称为“被动进行时”或“被动分词”。下面详细介绍几种使用-ing形式表示被动语态的方式。
1. 被动进行时 (Passive Continuous)
被动进行时用于表示过去、现在或将来某个时间点正在进行的被动动作。
- 结构:be + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book is being read by John.(这本书正在被约翰读。)
- The room was being cleaned when I arrived.(我到的时候房间正在被清洁。)
- The project will be being developed by the team next month.(下个月团队将正在开发这个项目。)
2. 被动分词 (Passive Participle)
被动分词用于表示动作的被动状态,通常出现在某些固定结构中。
- 结构:being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The problem of being understood is common.(被理解的问题很常见。)
- He is proud of being recognized by his peers.(他为被同行认可而自豪。)
3. 在介词短语中使用被动分词
在介词短语中,被动分词可以用来表示被动意义。
- 结构:介词 + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- He is thinking about being interviewed by the media.(他在考虑被媒体采访。)
- The proposal is under consideration by the committee.(提案正在被委员会审议。)
4. 在动名词短语中使用被动分词
在动名词短语中,被动分词可以用来表示被动意义。
- 结构:动名词 + being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- I appreciate the effort of being included in the project.(我很感激被纳入项目的努力。)
- The challenge of being recognized in the industry is significant.(在行业中被认可的挑战很大。)
5. 在定语从句中使用被动分词
在定语从句中,被动分词可以用来表示被动意义。
- 结构:being + 过去分词
- 例子:
- The book, being read by John, is very interesting.(这本书,被约翰读,非常有趣。)
- The project, being developed by the team, is progressing well.(这个项目,被团队开发,进展顺利。)
例子总结
-
被动进行时:
- The book is being read by John.(这本书正在被约翰读。)
- The room was being cleaned when I arrived.(我到的时候房间正在被清洁。)
-
被动分词:
- The problem of being understood is common.(被理解的问题很常见。)
- He is proud of being recognized by his peers.(他为被同行认可而自豪。)
-
在介词短语中:
- He is thinking about being interviewed by the media.(他在考虑被媒体采访。)
- The proposal is under consideration by the committee.(提案正在被委员会审议。)
-
在动名词短语中:
- I appreciate the effort of being included in the project.(我很感激被纳入项目的努力。)
- The challenge of being recognized in the industry is significant.(在行业中被认可的挑战很大。)
-
在定语从句中:
- The book, being read by John, is very interesting.(这本书,被约翰读,非常有趣。)
- The project, being developed by the team, is progressing well.(这个项目,被团队开发,进展顺利。)
英语中除了使用 "be + done" 的形式表示被动之外,还有其他几种方式可以表达被动意义。这些方式包括使用 "get + done"、"have + object + past participle" 和一些固定的被动表达方式。下面详细解释这些方法:
1. get + done
- 结构:主语 + get + 过去分词
- 用途:常用于非正式场合,表示意外或突然发生的事情。
- 例子:
- I got caught in the rain.(我被雨淋了。)
- The car got fixed last week.(汽车上周修好了。)
- She got fired from her job.(她被解雇了。)
2. have + object + past participle
- 结构:主语 + have + 对象 + 过去分词
- 用途:表示请别人做某事或安排某事被完成。
- 例子:
- I will have the house painted next week.(我下周会让房子油漆。)
- She had her hair cut yesterday.(她昨天剪了头发。)
- We had the car repaired.(我们让汽车修理了。)
3. 固定被动表达方式
- 结构:使用一些固定的短语或表达方式来表示被动意义。
- 例子:
- The book is worth reading.(这本书值得一读。)
- The problem remains unsolved.(问题仍然未解决。)
- The project is under construction.(项目正在建设中。)
- The decision was made.(决定已经做出。)
4. 使用主动语态但带有被动意义的动词
- 结构:使用一些动词的主动形式,但带有被动意义。
- 例子:
- The book sells well.(这本书卖得很好。)
- The door opens easily.(门很容易打开。)
- The machine works automatically.(机器自动工作。)
5. 使用 "to be + verb + ed" 的不定式形式
- 结构:主语 + to be + 过去分词
- 用途:表示动作应该被完成。
- 例子:
- The room needs to be cleaned.(房间需要被清洁。)
- The book is to be read by John.(这本书应该被约翰读。)
- The project is to be completed by next month.(项目应在下个月完成。)
6. 使用 "to have + object + past participle" 的不定式形式
- 结构:主语 + to have + 对象 + 过去分词
- 用途:表示安排某事被完成。
- 例子:
- I plan to have the house painted next week.(我计划下周让房子油漆。)
- She wants to have her hair cut.(她想剪头发。)
- We hope to have the car repaired soon.(我们希望汽车尽快修好。)
总结
- get + done:常用于非正式场合,表示意外或突然发生的事情。
- have + object + past participle:表示请别人做某事或安排某事被完成。
- 固定被动表达方式:使用一些固定的短语或表达方式来表示被动意义。
- 使用主动语态但带有被动意义的动词:使用一些动词的主动形式,但带有被动意义。
- 使用 "to be + verb + ed" 的不定式形式:表示动作应该被完成。
- 使用 "to have + object + past participle" 的不定式形式:表示安排某事被完成。