shell中变量扩展/子串替换（三）

3、变量扩展/子串替换
这些结构从ksh中学习而来.
${var:pos}
变量var被展开成从位移pos个字符往后的值.
${var:pos:len}
从变量var中展开成从位移pos的字符往后最长为len的字符串。
${var/Pattern/Replacement}
在变量var第一个匹配Pattern的字符串用Replacement代替.
如果省略了Replacement ，则第一个匹配Pattern的字符串会被删除.
${var//Pattern/Replacement}
全局替换Global replacement.所有在变量var中被Pattern匹配到的都由Replacement代替.
和上面的一样,如果Replacement被省略,则所有的匹配Pattern的字符串都会被删除.

var1=abcd-1234-defg
echo "var1 = $var1"

t=${var1#*-*}
echo "var1 (with everything,up to and including first - stripped out) = $t"
#  t=${var1#*-} 也一样，
#+ 因为 # 匹配最短的字符串，
#+ 并且 * 匹配前面所说的所有字符，也包括空字符串.

t=${var1##*-*}
echo "If var1 contains a \"-\",returns empty string... var1 = $t"

t=${var1%*-*}
echo "var1 (with everything from the last - on stripped out) = $t"

echo

# -------------------------------------------------------
path_name=/home/bozo/ideas/thoughts.for.tody
# -------------------------------------------------------
echo "path_name = $path_name"
t=${path_name##/*/}
echo "path_name, stripped of prefixes = $t"
# 在这个特例中，和 t=`basename $path_name` 效果一样.
# t=${path_name%/}; t=${t##*/} 是更一般的解决办法，
#+ 但有时还是会失败.
# 如果$path_name 以一个新行符结尾，那么`basename $path_name` 就>不能正常工作了，
#+ 但上面的表达式可以正常工作.

t=${path_name%/*.*}
# 效果和 t=`dirname $path_name` 一样
echo "path_name, stripped of suffixes = $t"
# 有时这会失败，比如"../", "/foo", # "foo/", "/".
# 移除前缀，特别当basename没有前缀时，
#+ 但目录名可以，但也是问题更复杂了.

echo

t=${path_name:11}
echo "$path_name,with first 11 chars stripped off = $t"
t=${path_name:11:5}
echo "$path_name, with first 11 chars stripped off, length 5 = $t"
echo

t=${path_name/bozo/clown}
echo "$path_name with \"bozo\" replaced by \"clown\" = $t"
t=${path_name/tody/}
echo "$path_name with \"today\" deleted = $t"
t=${path_name//o/O}
echo "$path_name with all o's capitalized = $t"
t=${path_name//o/}
echo "$path_name with all o's deleted = $t"

exit 0

${var/#Pattern/Replacement}
如果变量var的前缀匹配模式Pattern,则用Replacement代替匹配模式的字符串.
${var/%Pattern/Replacement}
如果变量var的后缀匹配模式Pattern,则用Replacement代替匹配模式的字符串.

#!/bin/bash
# var-match.sh:
# Demo of pattern replacement at prefix / suffix of string.

v0=abc1234zip1234abc    # 初值.
echo "v0 = $v0"         # abc1234zip1234abc
echo

# 匹配字符串的前缀（开头）.
v1=${v0/#abc/ABCDEF}    # abc1234zip1234abc

echo "v1 = $v1"         # ABCDEF1234zip1234abc

# 匹配字符串的后缀（尾部）.
v2=${v0/%abc/ABCDEF}    # abc1234zip1234abc

echo "v2 = $v2"         # abc1234zip1234ABCDEF

echo

# ---------------------------------------------
#  必须匹配字符串的开头/尾部
#+ 否则不会发生替换.
# ---------------------------------------------

v3=${v0/#123/000}       # 匹配，但不是在开头
echo "v3 = $v3"         # abc1234zip1234abc
                        # 不会被替换.
v4=${v0/%123/000}       # 匹配，但不是尾部.
echo "v4 = $v4"         # abc1234zip1234abc
                        # 不会被替换.

exit 0

${!varprefix*}, ${!varprefix@}
匹配所有前面声明过的变量，并且变量名以varprefix开头.

#!/bin/bash
# prefix.sh

xyz23=whatever
xyz24=

a=${!xyz*}      # 展开为声明过的并以“xyz”开头.
echo "a = $a"   # a = xyz23 xyz24
a=${!xyz@}      # Same as above
echo "a = $a"   # a = xyz23 xyz24

# Bash,版本2.04，增加了这个属性.