SpringMVC

1. Spring MVC 简介

Spring MVC（Model-View-Controller）是Spring Framework的一个模块，用于构建基于Web的应用程序。它通过将应用程序的不同方面（输入逻辑、业务逻辑和UI逻辑）分离来促进开发和维护。

2. Spring MVC 核心概念

DispatcherServlet
DispatcherServlet是Spring MVC的核心组件，负责接收HTTP请求，将其转发给适当的处理器，并将处理结果返回给客户端。它的作用包括：

分发请求到相应的处理器（Controller）。
处理器调用后将数据返回给视图（View）。
将视图渲染成最终的HTTP响应。
Controller
Controller用于处理用户请求并返回模型和视图。控制器是通过注解@Controller标记的类。

ModelAndView
ModelAndView是一个封装了模型数据和视图名称的对象。控制器通过返回ModelAndView对象将数据传递给视图。

ViewResolver
ViewResolver负责将逻辑视图名称解析为具体的视图实现，例如JSP、Thymeleaf等。

3. Spring MVC 配置

XML 配置

<!-- web.xml -->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
    <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
 
<!-- dispatcher-servlet.xml -->
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
 
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.example.controller"/>
 
    <mvc:annotation-driven/>
 
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/"/>
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

Java 配置（基于注解）

// WebConfig.java
@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.example.controller")
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
 
    @Bean
    public InternalResourceViewResolver viewResolver() {
        InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver();
        resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/views/");
        resolver.setSuffix(".jsp");
        return resolver;
    }
}
 
// WebAppInitializer.java
public class WebAppInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer {
 
    @Override
    public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
        AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
        context.register(WebConfig.class);
 
        ServletRegistration.Dynamic dispatcher = servletContext.addServlet("dispatcher",
                new DispatcherServlet(context));
        dispatcher.setLoadOnStartup(1);
        dispatcher.addMapping("/");
    }
}

4. Spring MVC 基本示例

控制器示例

@Controller
public class HomeController {
 
    @RequestMapping("/")
    public String home(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome to Spring MVC!");
        return "home"; // 逻辑视图名，实际视图为 /WEB-INF/views/home.jsp
    }
}

表单处理

@Controller
public class UserController {
 
    @GetMapping("/user")
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }
 
    @PostMapping("/user")
    public String submitForm(@ModelAttribute User user, Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", user);
        return "userDetail";
    }
}

数据校验

import javax.validation.constraints.NotEmpty;
import javax.validation.constraints.Size;
 
public class User {
    @NotEmpty
    private String name;
 
    @Size(min = 6, max = 15)
    private String password;
 
    // getters and setters
}
 
// 控制器
@Controller
public class UserController {
 
    @GetMapping("/user")
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }
 
    @PostMapping("/user")
    public String submitForm(@Valid @ModelAttribute User user, BindingResult result, Model model) {
        if (result.hasErrors()) {
            return "userForm";
        }
        model.addAttribute("user", user);
        return "userDetail";
    }
}

5. 高级主题

拦截器

public class LoggingInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
 
    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("Request URL: " + request.getRequestURL());
        return true;
    }
 
    @Override
    public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler,
                           ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
        // 执行处理器之后
    }
 
    @Override
    public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex)
            throws Exception {
        // 完成请求处理
    }
}
 
// 配置拦截器
@Configuration
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
 
    @Override
    public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
        registry.addInterceptor(new LoggingInterceptor());
    }
}

异常处理

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
 
    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ModelAndView handleException(Exception ex) {
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("error");
        mav.addObject("message", ex.getMessage());
        return mav;
    }
}

文件上传

@Configuration
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
 
    @Bean
    public MultipartResolver multipartResolver() {
        CommonsMultipartResolver resolver = new CommonsMultipartResolver();
        resolver.setMaxUploadSize(10485760); // 10MB
        return resolver;
    }
}
 
// 控制器
@Controller
public class FileUploadController {
 
    @GetMapping("/upload")
    public String uploadForm() {
        return "uploadForm";
    }
 
    @PostMapping("/upload")
    public String handleFileUpload(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file, Model model) {
        if (!file.isEmpty()) {
            // 处理文件
            model.addAttribute("message", "File uploaded successfully: " + file.getOriginalFilename());
        } else {
            model.addAttribute("message", "File upload failed because the file was empty.");
        }
        return "uploadStatus";
    }
}