光、光源

光：能够照在物体上使人能够看见物体的东西就是“光”，是人的视觉能够感知的电磁波。

发光强度 : 表示光源到底有多“亮”，发光强度越大，光源看起来就越亮。

亮度：单元表面在某一方向上的光强密度，它等于该方向上的发光强度和此表面在该方向上的投影面积之比。

光通量：光源在单位时间内发射出的光量称为光源的发光通量。它是光源的固有属性，是单位时间内光源辐射的总能量，即光功率。是描述光源发光总量的大小的，与光功率等价。光源的光通量越大，则发出的光线越多。

光效:光源发光效率越高，所表示的光通量也越高，光源的光通量需要考虑到光源的类型、发光原理等。

照度:是光通量与被照面之比值。1 lux之照度为1 lumen之光通量均匀分布在面积为一平方米之区域.

亮度单位：cd/m2 
发光强度单位：坎德拉、cd、1000mcd=1cd。
光通量（Flux、F）单位：流明，即lm。在相同光通量的情况下，瓦数越低说明此种光源更节能。
光通量=光效x瓦数
照度(Illuminance, E)单位：勒克斯(Lux, lx) 
光效的单位是:lm/w，一般普通的节能的光效在65-80之间，好的节能灯在90左右。
普通的白炽灯泡发光效率是10LM/W左右
100W白炽灯泡的光通量为1000LM
萤光灯的发光效率是80~90LM/W
LED节能灯的发光效率是80~100LM/W

色温:以绝对温度 K 来表示，即将一标准黑体加热，温度升高到一定程度时颜色开始由深红 - 浅红 - 橙黄 - 白 - 蓝，逐渐改变，某光源与黑体的颜色相同时，我们将黑体当时的绝对温度称为该光源之色温。

暖色小于3300K，中间色3300至5000K， 冷色大于5000K。
太阳光的色温则是随日出日落不断在变化：
早晨或下午的阳光：4000-5000K
上午10时或下午3时的阳光（夏季）：5400-5600K
中午透过薄云的阳光：6500K
日出和日落时的阳光：2000-3000K
晴朗的蓝天：10000-20000K
发蓝的云天：8000-10000K
一般云天：7000K
闪光灯和影棚闪光灯的色温一般 5500K

显色性:原则上，人造光线应与自然光线相同，使人的肉眼能正确辨别事物的颜色，光源对于物体颜色呈现的程度称为显色性。通常叫做"显色指数"（Ra）。
太阳光和白炽灯对物体颜色的反应是最好、最真实的，所以给他们的显色性定义为100，Ra值为100的光源表示，事物在其灯光下显示出来的颜色与在标准光源下一致。一般显色指数在80以上就是比较好的光源。

BC Light, Light Source

Light: That which illuminates objects and allows them to be seen is "light," electromagnetic waves perceptible by human vision.
Luminous Intensity: Indicates how "bright" a light source is. The greater the luminous intensity, the brighter the light source appears.
Brightness: The density of light intensity on a unit surface in a certain direction. It is equal to the ratio of the luminous intensity in that direction to the projected area of the surface in that direction.
Luminous Flux: The amount of light emitted by a light source per unit time is called the luminous flux of the light source. It is an inherent property of the light source, representing the total energy radiated by the light source per unit time, i.e., light power. It describes the total amount of light emitted by the light source and is equivalent to light power. The greater the luminous flux of a light source, the more light it emits.
Luminous Efficacy: The higher the luminous efficiency of a light source, the higher the luminous flux it represents. The luminous flux of a light source needs to consider factors such as the type of light source and the principle of light emission.
Illuminance: The ratio of luminous flux to the illuminated surface. An illuminance of 1 lux is when 1 lumen of light flux is evenly distributed over an area of one square meter.

Brightness Unit: cd/m2
Luminous Intensity Unit: Candela, cd, with 1000 mcd = 1 cd.
Luminous Flux (Flux, F) Unit: Lumen, or lm. Under the same luminous flux conditions, a lower wattage indicates a more energy-efficient light source.
Luminous Flux = Luminous Efficacy x Wattage
Illuminance (Illuminance, E) Unit: Lux (Lux, lx)
Unit for Luminous Efficacy: lm/w, typically between 65-80 for ordinary energy-saving lights, around 90 for high-quality energy-saving lights.
Ordinary incandescent bulbs have a luminous efficiency of about 10 LM/W.
A 100W incandescent bulb has a luminous flux of 1000 LM.
Fluorescent lights have a luminous efficiency of 80~90 LM/W.
LED energy-saving lights have a luminous efficiency of 80~100 LM/W.
Color Temperature: Expressed in absolute temperature K, which is the color change of a standard black body heated to a certain temperature, starting from deep red - light red - orange yellow - white - blue. When the color of a light source matches that of the black body, the absolute temperature of the black body at that time is called the color temperature of the light source.
Warm colors are less than 3300K, intermediate colors are between 3300 to 5000K, and cool colors are greater than 5000K.
The color temperature of sunlight varies continuously with sunrise and sunset:
Sunlight in the morning or afternoon: 4000-5000K
Sunlight at 10 am or 3 pm (summer): 5400-5600K
Sunlight through thin clouds at noon: 6500K
Sunlight at sunrise and sunset: 2000-3000K
Clear blue sky: 10000-20000K
Blue cloudy sky: 8000-10000K
General cloudy sky: 7000K
Flash and studio flash color temperatures are generally 5500K.
Color Rendering: In principle, artificial light should be the same as natural light, allowing the human eye to correctly distinguish the colors of objects. The degree to which a light source presents the color of objects is called color rendering, commonly referred to as the "Color Rendering Index" (Ra).
Sunlight and incandescent lamps provide the best and most accurate color response for objects, so their color rendering is defined as 100. A light source with an Ra value of 100 indicates that colors appear under its light the same as they do under standard light sources. Generally, a color rendering index of 80 or above is considered a good light source.