swift菜鸟教程24-25（可选链，自动引用计数)

今日学习内容：

1.Swift 可选链

1.1定义

如果目标有值，调用就会成功，返回该值

如果目标为nil，调用将返回nil

class Person {
    var residence: Residence?
}

class Residence {
    var numberOfRooms = 1
}

let john = Person()

// 链接可选residence?属性，如果residence存在则取回numberOfRooms的值
if let roomCount = john.residence?.numberOfRooms {
    print("John 的房间号为 \(roomCount)。")
} else {
    print("不能查看房间号")
}
以上程序执行输出结果为：

不能查看房间号

只要是通过可选链的请求就意味着最后numberOfRooms总是返回一个Int?而不是Int。

1.2通过可选链调用方法

使用可选链的来调用可选值的方法并检查方法调用是否成功

class Person {
    var residence: Residence?
}

// 定义了一个变量 rooms，它被初始化为一个Room[]类型的空数组
class Residence {
    var rooms = [Room]()
    var numberOfRooms: Int {
        return rooms.count
    }
    subscript(i: Int) -> Room {
        return rooms[i]
    }
    func printNumberOfRooms() {
        print("房间号为 \(numberOfRooms)")
    }
    var address: Address?
}

// Room 定义一个name属性和一个设定room名的初始化器
class Room {
    let name: String
    init(name: String) { self.name = name }
}

// 模型中的最终类叫做Address
class Address {
    var buildingName: String?
    var buildingNumber: String?
    var street: String?
    func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
        if (buildingName != nil) {
            return buildingName
        } else if (buildingNumber != nil) {
            return buildingNumber
        } else {
            return nil
        }
    }
}

let john = Person()


if ((john.residence?.printNumberOfRooms()) != nil) {
    print("输出房间号")
} else {
    print("无法输出房间号")
}
以上程序执行输出结果为：

无法输出房间号

1.3使用可选链调用下标脚本

实例中创建一个 Residence 实例给 john.residence，且在他的 rooms 数组中有一个或多个 Room 实例，那么你可以使用可选链通过 Residence 下标脚本来获取在 rooms 数组中的实例了：

let john = Person()
let johnsHouse = Residence()
johnsHouse.rooms.append(Room(name: "客厅"))
johnsHouse.rooms.append(Room(name: "厨房"))
john.residence = johnsHouse

let johnsAddress = Address()
johnsAddress.buildingName = "The Larches"
johnsAddress.street = "Laurel Street"
john.residence!.address = johnsAddress

if let johnsStreet = john.residence?.address?.street {
    print("John 所在的街道是 \(johnsStreet)。")
} else {
    print("无法检索到地址。 ")
}

以上程序执行输出结果为：

John 所在的街道是 Laurel Street。

1.4通过可选链接调用来访问下标

let john = Person()

let johnsHouse = Residence()
johnsHouse.rooms.append(Room(name: "客厅"))
johnsHouse.rooms.append(Room(name: "厨房"))
john.residence = johnsHouse

if let firstRoomName = john.residence?[0].name {
    print("第一个房间名为\(firstRoomName)")
} else {
    print("无法检索到房间")
}
以上程序执行输出结果为：

第一个房间名为客厅

1.4访问可选类型的下标

var testScores = ["Dave": [86, 82, 84], "Bev": [79, 94, 81]]
testScores["Dave"]?[0] = 91
testScores["Bev"]?[0]++
testScores["Brian"]?[0] = 72
// the "Dave" array is now [91, 82, 84] and the "Bev" array is now [80, 94, 81]

2.Swift 自动引用计数（ARC）

2.1实例之间的循环强引用会造成内存泄露

class Person {
    let name: String
    init(name: String) { self.name = name }
    var apartment: Apartment?
    deinit { print("\(name) 被析构") }
}

class Apartment {
    let number: Int
    init(number: Int) { self.number = number }
    var tenant: Person?
    deinit { print("Apartment #\(number) 被析构") }
}

// 两个变量都被初始化为nil
var runoob: Person?
var number73: Apartment?

// 赋值
runoob = Person(name: "Runoob")
number73 = Apartment(number: 73)

// 意感叹号是用来展开和访问可选变量 runoob 和 number73 中的实例
// 循环强引用被创建
runoob!.apartment = number73
number73!.tenant = runoob

// 断开 runoob 和 number73 变量所持有的强引用时，引用计数并不会降为 0，实例也不会被 ARC 销毁
// 注意，当你把这两个变量设为nil时，没有任何一个析构函数被调用。
// 强引用循环阻止了Person和Apartment类实例的销毁，并在你的应用程序中造成了内存泄漏
runoob = nil
number73 = nil

2.2弱引用（weak）和无主引用（unowned）实例

class Module {
    let name: String
    init(name: String) { self.name = name }
    var sub: SubModule?
    deinit { print("\(name) 主模块") }
}

class SubModule {
    let number: Int
    
    init(number: Int) { self.number = number }
    
    weak var topic: Module?
    
    deinit { print("子模块 topic 数为 \(number)") }
}

var toc: Module?
var list: SubModule?
toc = Module(name: "ARC")
list = SubModule(number: 4)
toc!.sub = list
list!.topic = toc

toc = nil
list = nil

class Student {
    let name: String
    var section: Marks?
    
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
    
    deinit { print("\(name)") }
}
class Marks {
    let marks: Int
    unowned let stname: Student
    
    init(marks: Int, stname: Student) {
        self.marks = marks
        self.stname = stname
    }
    
    deinit { print("学生的分数为 \(marks)") }
}

var module: Student?
module = Student(name: "ARC")
module!.section = Marks(marks: 98, stname: module!)
module = nil

2.3闭包引起的循环强引用

class HTMLElement {
    
    let name: String
    let text: String?
    
    lazy var asHTML: () -> String = {
        if let text = self.text {
            return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>"
        } else {
            return "<\(self.name) />"
        }
    }
    
    init(name: String, text: String? = nil) {
        self.name = name
        self.text = text
    }
    
    deinit {
        print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
    }
    
}

// 创建实例并打印信息
var paragraph: HTMLElement? = HTMLElement(name: "p", text: "hello, world")
print(paragraph!.asHTML())

2.4 当闭包和捕获的实例总是互相引用时并且总是同时销毁时，将闭包内的捕获定义为无主引用。

class HTMLElement {
    
    let name: String
    let text: String?
    
    lazy var asHTML: () -> String = {
        [unowned self] in
        if let text = self.text {
            return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>"
        } else {
            return "<\(self.name) />"
        }
    }
    
    init(name: String, text: String? = nil) {
        self.name = name
        self.text = text
    }
    
    deinit {
        print("\(name) 被析构")
    }
    
}

//创建并打印HTMLElement实例
var paragraph: HTMLElement? = HTMLElement(name: "p", text: "hello, world")
print(paragraph!.asHTML())

// HTMLElement实例将会被销毁，并能看到它的析构函数打印出的消息
paragraph = nil
以上程序执行输出结果为：

<p>hello, world</p>
p 被析构