Python函数装饰器

目录

一切皆对象

在函数中定义函数

从函数中返回函数

将函数作为参数传给另一个函数

你的第一个装饰器

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装饰器是修改其他函数功能的函数，有利于让我们的代码更简短，也更Pythonic(Python范儿)。

一切皆对象

def hi(name="tom"):
    return "hi " + name


print(hi())  # hi tom # 删除之后也无法正常打印
# 我们甚至可以将函数赋值给一个变量，比如：
greet = hi
# 注意：这里没有小括号，因为不是在调用hi函数
# 而是将它放在greet变量里面
print(greet())  # hi tom
# !!如果我们删掉旧的hi函数，将会发生什么！！
del hi
print(hi())  # NameError报错
print(greet())  # hi tom

在函数中定义函数

def hi(name="tom"):
    print("now you are inside the hi() function")

    def greet():
        return "now you are inside the greet() function"

    def welcome():
        return "now you are inside the welcome() function"

    print(greet())
    print(welcome())
    print("now you are inside the hi() function")


hi()  # 无论何时调用hi(),greet()和welcome()将会被同时调用
# now you are inside the hi() function
# now you are inside the greet() function
# now you are inside the welcome() function
# now you are inside the hi() function
# greet()  # NameError ——greet()和welcome()函数在hi()函数之外不能访问

从函数中返回函数

def hi(name="tom"):
    def greet():
        return "now you are inside the greet() function"

    def welcome():
        return "now you are inside the welcome() function"

    if name == "tom":
        return greet
    else:
        return welcome


a = hi()
print(a)  # <function hi.<locals>.greet at 0x000001A02DD87420>
# 也就是a指向hi()函数中的greet()函数
print(a())  # "now you are inside the greet() function"

上述代码中，在if/else语句中我们返回greet和welcome,而不是greet()和welcome().为什么呢？

是因为当我们把一对小括号放在后面，函数就会执行；如果没有括号，它就会被传递，赋值给别的变量而不去执行

将函数作为参数传给另一个函数

def hi():
    return "hi tom!"


def doSomethingBeforeHi(func):
    print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()")
    print(func())


doSomethingBeforeHi(hi)
# I am doing some boring work before executing hi()
# hi tom!

你的第一个装饰器

在上一个例子中，我们已经创建了一个装饰器，现在我们修改一下上一个装饰器，并编写一个稍微有用点的程序：

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")

    return wrapTheFunction


def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I an the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")


a_function_requiring_decoration()
# "I an the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)
a_function_requiring_decoration()
# "I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()"
# "I an the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
# "I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()"

上述代码应用了之前学习到的原理，它封装了一个函数

下面使用@来运行之前的代码：

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")

    return wrapTheFunction


@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I an the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")


a_function_requiring_decoration()
# I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
# I an the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
# I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)