引言
随着软件定义网络(SDN)技术的快速发展,OpenFlow作为SDN架构中的核心协议之一,其重要性不言而喻。本次实践,我深入了解了OpenFlow协议的基本原理、报文结构和应用场景,并通过实际的分析和实验,加深了对该协议的理解。
一、实验目的
1.能够运用 wireshark 对 OpenFlow 协议数据交互过程进行抓包;
2.能够借助包解析工具,分析与解释 OpenFlow协议的数据包交互过程与机制。
二、实验环境
1.下载虚拟机软件Oracle VisualBox;
2.在虚拟机中安装Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop amd64,并完整安装Mininet;
三、实验要求
理论学习:我首先阅读了OpenFlow协议的官方文档和相关资料,了解了OpenFlow协议的基本原理、报文结构、工作流程等。
环境搭建:为了进行实践分析,我搭建了一个基于OpenFlow的SDN网络环境,包括控制器(如OpenDaylight或Ryu)、交换机(如Open vSwitch)和终端设备。
报文分析:我使用网络抓包工具(如Wireshark)对OpenFlow协议报文进行了捕获和分析。通过观察报文的格式、字段和交互过程,我更加深入地理解了OpenFlow协议的工作原理
(一)基本要求
1.搭建下图所示拓扑,完成相关 IP 配置,并实现主机与主机之间的 IP 通信。用抓包软件获取控制器与交换机之间的通信数据包。
主机 | IP地址 |
h1 | 192.168.0.101/24 |
h2 | 192.168.0.102/24 |
h3 | 192.168.0.103/24 |
h4 | 192.168.0.104/24 |
- 在终端输入
sudo ./../mininet/examples/miniedit.py
搭建拓扑
- 配置网段
配置IP地址
2.查看抓包结果,分析OpenFlow协议中交换机与控制器的消息交互过程,画出相关交互图或流程图。
(1)Hello
- 控制器6633端口(我最高能支持OpenFlow 1.0) ---> 交换机39280端口
- 交换机39286端口(我最高能支持OpenFlow 1.5)--- 控制器6633端口
- 于是双方建立连接,并使用OpenFlow 1.0
(2)Features Request / Set Conig
- 控制器6633端口(我需要你的特征信息) ---> 交换机39280端口
- 控制器6633端口(请按照我给你的flag和max bytes of packet进行配置) ---> 交换机39280端口
- flag:指示交换机如何处理 IP 分片数据包
- max bytes of packet:当交换机无法处理到达的数据包时,向控制器发送如何处理的最大字节数,本实验中控制器发送的值是0x0080,即128字节。
(3)Port_Status
- 当交换机端口发生变化时,告知控制器相应的端口状态。
(4)Features Reply
- 交换机39280端口(这是我的特征信息,请查收)--- 控制器6633端口
(5)Packet_in
- 有两种情况:
- 交换机查找流表,发现没有匹配条目时
- 有匹配条目但是对应的action是OUTPUT=CONTROLLER时
- 交换机56346端口(有数据包进来,请指示)--- 控制器6633端口
- 分析抓取的数据包,可以发现是因为交换机发现此时自己并没有匹配的流表(Reason: No matching flow (table-miss flow entry) (0)),所以要问控制器如何处理
(6)Flow_mod
- 分析抓取的flow_mod数据包,控制器通过6633端口向交换机56354端口、交换机56346端口下发流表项,指导数据的转发处理
- 分析抓取的flow_mod数据包,控制器通过6633端口向交换机56354端口、交换机56346端口下发流表项,指导数据的转发处理
(7)Packet_out
- 控制器6633端口(请按照我给你的action进行处理) ---> 交换机56346端口
(8)交互图
3.回答问题:交换机与控制器建立通信时是使用TCP协议还是UDP协议?
分析wireshark抓包,可以看出交换器与控制器建立通信时使用的是TCP协议。
(二)进阶要求
1.将抓包结果对照OpenFlow源码,了解OpenFlow主要消息类型对应的数据结构定义。
(1)Hello
struct
ofp_header {
uint8_t version;
/* OFP_VERSION. */
uint8_t type;
/* One of the OFPT_ constants. */
uint16_t length;
/* Length including this ofp_header. */
uint32_t xid;
/* Transaction id associated with this packet.
Replies use the same id as was in the request
to facilitate pairing. */
};
/* OFPT_HELLO. This message has an empty body, but implementations must
* ignore any data included in the body, to allow for future extensions. */
struct
ofp_hello {
struct
ofp_header header;
};
- 对应
(2)Features Request
- 与Hello中的数据格式相同
(3)Set Conig
/* Switch configuration. */
struct
ofp_switch_config {
struct
ofp_header header;
uint16_t flags;
/* OFPC_* flags. */
uint16_t miss_send_len;
/* Max bytes of new flow that datapath should
send to the controller. */
};
- 对应
(4)Port_Status
/* A physical port has changed in the datapath */
struct
ofp_port_status {
struct
ofp_header header;
uint8_t reason;
/* One of OFPPR_*. */
uint8_t pad[
7];
/* Align to 64-bits. */
struct
ofp_phy_port desc;
};
- 对应
(5)Features Reply
/* Description of a physical port */
struct
ofp_phy_port {
uint16_t port_no;
uint8_t hw_addr[OFP_ETH_ALEN];
char name[OFP_MAX_PORT_NAME_LEN];
/* Null-terminated */
uint32_t config;
/* Bitmap of OFPPC_* flags. */
uint32_t state;
/* Bitmap of OFPPS_* flags. */
/* Bitmaps of OFPPF_* that describe features. All bits zeroed if
* unsupported or unavailable. */
uint32_t curr;
/* Current features. */
uint32_t advertised;
/* Features being advertised by the port. */
uint32_t supported;
/* Features supported by the port. */
uint32_t peer;
/* Features advertised by peer. */
};
/* Switch features. */
struct
ofp_switch_features {
struct
ofp_header header;
uint64_t datapath_id;
/* Datapath unique ID. The lower 48-bits are for
a MAC address, while the upper 16-bits are
implementer-defined. */
uint32_t n_buffers;
/* Max packets buffered at once. */
uint8_t n_tables;
/* Number of tables supported by datapath. */
uint8_t pad[
3];
/* Align to 64-bits. */
/* Features. */
uint32_t capabilities;
/* Bitmap of support "ofp_capabilities". */
uint32_t actions;
/* Bitmap of supported "ofp_action_type"s. */
/* Port info.*/
struct
ofp_phy_port ports[
0];
/* Port definitions. The number of ports
is inferred from the length field in
the header. */
};
- 对应
(6)Packet_in
/* Why is this packet being sent to the controller? */
enum
ofp_packet_in_reason {
OFPR_NO_MATCH,
/* No matching flow. */
OFPR_ACTION
/* Action explicitly output to controller. */
};
/* Packet received on port (datapath -> controller). */
struct
ofp_packet_in {
struct
ofp_header header;
uint32_t buffer_id;
/* ID assigned by datapath. */
uint16_t total_len;
/* Full length of frame. */
uint16_t in_port;
/* Port on which frame was received. */
uint8_t reason;
/* Reason packet is being sent (one of OFPR_*) */
uint8_t pad;
uint8_t data[
0];
/* Ethernet frame, halfway through 32-bit word,
so the IP header is 32-bit aligned. The
amount of data is inferred from the length
field in the header. Because of padding,
offsetof(struct ofp_packet_in, data) ==
sizeof(struct ofp_packet_in) - 2. */
};
- 对应
(7)Flow_mod
/* Fields to match against flows */
struct
ofp_match {
uint32_t wildcards;
/* Wildcard fields. */
uint16_t in_port;
/* Input switch port. */
uint8_t dl_src[OFP_ETH_ALEN];
/* Ethernet source address. */
uint8_t dl_dst[OFP_ETH_ALEN];
/* Ethernet destination address. */
uint16_t dl_vlan;
/* Input VLAN id. */
uint8_t dl_vlan_pcp;
/* Input VLAN priority. */
uint8_t pad1[
1];
/* Align to 64-bits */
uint16_t dl_type;
/* Ethernet frame type. */
uint8_t nw_tos;
/* IP ToS (actually DSCP field, 6 bits). */
uint8_t nw_proto;
/* IP protocol or lower 8 bits of
* ARP opcode. */
uint8_t pad2[
2];
/* Align to 64-bits */
uint32_t nw_src;
/* IP source address. */
uint32_t nw_dst;
/* IP destination address. */
uint16_t tp_src;
/* TCP/UDP source port. */
uint16_t tp_dst;
/* TCP/UDP destination port. */
};
/* Flow setup and teardown (controller -> datapath). */
struct
ofp_flow_mod {
struct
ofp_header header;
struct
ofp_match match;
/* Fields to match */
uint64_t cookie;
/* Opaque controller-issued identifier. */
/* Flow actions. */
uint16_t command;
/* One of OFPFC_*. */
uint16_t idle_timeout;
/* Idle time before discarding (seconds). */
uint16_t hard_timeout;
/* Max time before discarding (seconds). */
uint16_t priority;
/* Priority level of flow entry. */
uint32_t buffer_id;
/* Buffered packet to apply to (or -1).
Not meaningful for OFPFC_DELETE*. */
uint16_t out_port;
/* For OFPFC_DELETE* commands, require
matching entries to include this as an
output port. A value of OFPP_NONE
indicates no restriction. */
uint16_t flags;
/* One of OFPFF_*. */
struct
ofp_action_header actions[
0];
/* The action length is inferred
from the length field in the
header. */
};
- 对应
(8)Packet_out
/* Action header that is common to all actions. The length includes the
* header and any padding used to make the action 64-bit aligned.
* NB: The length of an action *must* always be a multiple of eight. */
struct
ofp_action_header {
uint16_t type;
/* One of OFPAT_*. */
uint16_t len;
/* Length of action, including this
header. This is the length of action,
including any padding to make it
64-bit aligned. */
uint8_t pad[
4];
};
OFP_ASSERT(
sizeof(
struct ofp_action_header) ==
8);
/* Send packet (controller -> datapath). */
struct
ofp_packet_out {
struct
ofp_header header;
uint32_t buffer_id;
/* ID assigned by datapath (-1 if none). */
uint16_t in_port;
/* Packet's input port (OFPP_NONE if none). */
uint16_t actions_len;
/* Size of action array in bytes. */
struct
ofp_action_header actions[
0];
/* Actions. */
/* uint8_t data[0]; */
/* Packet data. The length is inferred
from the length field in the header.
(Only meaningful if buffer_id == -1.) */
};
- 对应
四、个人总结
实践成果
加深了对OpenFlow协议的理解:通过实践分析,我更加深入地理解了OpenFlow协议的基本原理和工作机制,掌握了报文的格式和字段含义。
提高了网络编程能力:在编写控制器应用程序的过程中,我提高了自己的网络编程能力,熟悉了SDN网络编程的基本流程和技巧。
锻炼了分析问题和解决问题的能力:在实验过程中,我遇到了许多问题,但通过查阅资料和不断尝试,我最终解决了这些问题,锻炼了自己的分析问题和解决问题的能力。
体会与感悟
通过这次实践,我深刻体会到了OpenFlow协议在SDN技术中的重要作用和广泛应用前景。同时,我也认识到网络编程的复杂性和挑战性,需要不断学习和实践才能不断提高自己的能力。
未来展望
未来,我将继续关注SDN技术和OpenFlow协议的发展动态,不断学习和探索新的技术和应用。同时,我也将积极参与相关的科研和工程项目,为网络技术的发展贡献自己的力量。