python 拾遗（一）

PyVarObject

typedef struct {
    PyObject ob_base;
    Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */
} PyVarObject;

内置类型：可变长度容器的底层C语言结构体
于是如果my_object是一个内置类型的实例的话 len(my_object) 会直接读取ob_size的值

for i in my_object

会隐式调用 my_object.__iter__() 或是 my_object.__getitem()
而索引的选择是range(+∞)

class MyObject:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        # return self.data[key] 正常
        # return key #result:无限输出1，2，3...
        # return 1  #result:无限输出1
        if key==0:
            return 1
        elif key==1:
            return 2
        else:
            raise StopIteration #result：1，2，finished
            # raise IndexError #result：1，2，finished
            # 注：IndexError: list index out of range
            # raise KeyError #result:1，2，KeyError

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data)

my_object = MyObject([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])
for i in my_object:
    print(i)
print("finished")

内置序列

• • 容器序列：可存放不同类型项（存放的是对象）
  • 扁平序列：存放一种简单类型的项（存放的是值） array(‘d’,[9.46,2.08])
• • 可变序列
    不可变序列

句法tips

[] () {} 中的换行会被忽略，项与项之间用",“隔开，并且会主动忽略末尾的”,"，在跨行定义列表字面量时，最好在最后一项加入一个,

listcomps

x = 'ABC'
codes = [ord(x) for x in x]
x
'ABC'
codes
[65, 66, 67]
codes = [last := ord(c) for c in x]
last
67
#x 依旧不变
#last 依旧可以访问（见下）
#c 消失了，只存在于列表推导式内部

and

In [1]: a=1

In [2]: b=2

In [3]: c=(a==1 and b)

In [4]: c
Out[4]: 2

如果and第一项为真
那么第二项将直接被赋值

walrus operator

Starting in Python 3.8, you can!

Assignment expressions using the walrus operator ``:=`` assign a variable in an
expression::

   while chunk := fp.read(200):
      print(chunk)

See :pep:`572` for more information.

注：似乎有点类似c语言赋值语句也是有返回值的

# Handle a matched regex
if (match := pattern.search(data)) is not None:
    # Do something with match

# A loop that can't be trivially rewritten using 2-arg iter()
while chunk := file.read(8192):
   process(chunk)

# Reuse a value that's expensive to compute
[y := f(x), y**2, y**3]

# Share a subexpression between a comprehension filter clause and its output
filtered_data = [y for x in data if (y := f(x)) is not None]

# Compute partial sums in a list comprehension
values=[1,2,3,4,5]
total = 0
partial_sums = [total := total + v for v in values]

使用上有些限制

y:= f(x)  # INVALID
(y := f(x))  # Valid, though not recommended
# there is no syntactic position where both are valid

foo(x = y := f(x))  # INVALID
foo(x=(y := f(x)))  # Valid, though probably confusing
foo(x := 3, cat='vector')# Valid
# parsing keyword arguments is complex enough already


(lambda: x := 1) # INVALID
lambda: (x := 1) # Valid, but unlikely to be useful
(x := lambda: 1) # Valid
lambda line: (m := re.match(pattern, line)) and m.group(1) # Valid
# Unparenthesized assignment expressions are prohibited in lambda functions.

[i := i+1 for i in range(5)] # INVALID
# the for i part establishes that i is local to the comprehension
# but the i := part insists that i is not local to the comprehension. 

字节码的实现

import dis
def f(x=0,y=0):
    print(x,y)

def g():
    f(x:=3)
print(dis.dis(g))

def h():
    f(y=3)
print(dis.dis(h))
########################result##########################
 51           0 RESUME                   0

 52           2 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (NULL + f)
             14 LOAD_CONST               1 (3)
             16 COPY                     1
             18 STORE_FAST               0 (x)#x被作为本地变量保存了下来
             20 PRECALL                  1
             24 CALL                     1
             34 POP_TOP
             36 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             38 RETURN_VALUE
None
 56           0 RESUME                   0

 57           2 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (NULL + f)
             14 LOAD_CONST               1 (3)#直接是常量的传递
             16 KW_NAMES                 2
             18 PRECALL                  1
             22 CALL                     1
             32 POP_TOP
             34 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             36 RETURN_VALUE

总结来说：就是能用 = 的时候，不支持用 := （虽然可以给赋值打上括号，使他不仅仅是赋值还是一个有返回值的表达式）
基本上打个括号作为能赋值的表达式使用不会错

参考：

• 《流畅的python》
• https://github.com/python/cpython
• https://peps.python.org/pep-0572/

如有错误，欢迎指出