计算机概论第一章

For Exercises 1–10, match the following people with their accomplishments.

1. Leibnizj 加减乘除
2. Pascal加减
3. Babbage分析机
4. Lovelace ada第一位程序员
5. Hollerith 电子制表机，人口普查
6. Byron ada他爸
7. Turing 图灵
8. Jacquard 织布机
   1. What French mathematician built and sold the first gear- driven mechanical machine that did addition and subtraction? B

加减

1. 1. Who built the first mechanical machine that did addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division?

A

加减乘除

1. 1. Who designed the first mechanical machine that included memory?

C

分析机器

1. 1. Who is considered the first programmer? D
   2. Who proposed that a punched card be used for counting the census? E Hor Ibm
2. Who edited Babbage’s work? D
   1. 后期负责他的工作的是ada
   2. Who was Ada Lovelace’s father? F他爸
   3. Who would have been mentioned in the book The Code Breakers?G图灵被一本书提及
   4. Who developed the concept of punched holes used in weav- ing cloth?
      1. 织布机H
3. 1. Who is associated with IBM? E Hor

For Exercises 11–23, match the hardware listed to the appropriate generation.

1. 1. 1. First
      2. Second

 

1. 1. 1. Third
      2. Fourth
      3. Fifth
   2. Circuit boards C

集成电路第三代

1. 1. Transistor

B

晶体管，第二代

1. 1. Magnetic core memory B

磁芯，第二代

1. 1. Card input/output A
   2. 穿孔卡片，第一代
   3. Parallel computing

并行计算D

1. 1. Magnetic drum A
   2. 磁鼓
   3. Magnetic tape drives
   4. 磁带A
   5. Integrated circuits C
   6. 集成电路
   7. Personal computer D
   8. 个人计算机，第四代
   9. Vacuum tube A真空管
   10. Large-scale integration D
   11. 大规模，第四代
   12. Magnetic disc B
   13. 二代磁盘
   14. Networking D网络四代

For Exercises 24–38, match the software or software concepts listed to the appropriate generatio        n

1. First
   1. Fifth
   2. Fourth
   3. Third
   4. Second
   5. Assemblers A

1. FORTRANB第二代
2. Operating systems C第三代
   1.  C++ D第四代
   2. SPSS C第三代
   3. 第五代
   4. Java E
   5. 第三代
   6. Loaders/linkers bundled into operating system C
   7. PC-DOS D第四代
   8. Lisp B第二代
   9. Word processors D第四代
   10. Spreadsheets D第四代
   11. Loaders B第二代
   12. HTML (for the Web) E带五代
   13. Time sharing C第三代
   14. Structured programming D第四代

Exercises 39–59 are short answer.

1. What do we mean by the statement that “the 1980s and 1990s must be characterized by the changing profile of the user”?

The original user was the programmer who had a problem to solve. By the 1970s, application programs were being written such that nonprogrammers could use them to solve prob- lems. With the advent of the personal computer, many peo- ple began using the computer for personal correspondence, personal accounts, and games.

1. Why was Mosaic important?

Mosaic was the first graphics-capable browser. It ushered in the world of user-friendly browsers such as Netscape, Inter- net Explorer, and Firefox.

1. Discuss the browser wars.

Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer were the big com- peting user-friendly browsers. Microsoft’s IE was bundled with the Windows operating system, giving IE the edge, which led to a monopoly lawsuit. However, the damage was done and IE was the winner.

1. Describe how the Web changed after 2002.

The advent of social networking sites allowed users to pro- vide content to Internet sites. Blogging, both personal and professional, also changed the character of Internet content. This change is sometimes referred to as Web 2.0.

1. Of the predictions listed, which do you consider the biggest error in judgment?

This is a personal choice; no answer needed.

1. Name the four areas in which the practitioner must be skilled. Algorithmic thinking, representation (of data storage), pro- gramming, and design.
2. Distinguish between computing as a tool and computing as a discipline.

Computing as a tool refers to the use of computing to solve problems in a person’s professional or personal life. Comput- ing as a discipline refers to the study of the body of knowl- edge that makes up computer science and/or computer engineering.

1. Is computing a mathematical discipline, a scientific disci- pline, or an engineering discipline? Explain.

Computing is not a mathematical discipline nor a scien- tific discipline nor an engineering discipline; it has roots in all three disciplines. Boolean algebra, logic, and numerical analysis contribute greatly to the foundations of computing. Simulation and model building from the scientific discipline contribute to the foundations of computing. The techniques from engineering of building large systems contribute to the foundations of computing.

1. Distinguish between systems areas and applications areas in computing as a discipline.

The systems areas of computing as a discipline relate to the understanding and building of computer tools: algorithms and data structures, programming languages, (computer) architecture, operating systems, software methodology and engineering, and human–computer communication. The applications areas in computing relate to the computer’s use as a tool: numerical computation, databases and informa- tional retrieval, artificial intelligence and robotics, graphics, organizational informatics, and bioinformatics.

1. Define the word abstraction and relate it to the drawing in Figure 1.2.

An abstraction is a mental model that removes complex details. An abstraction lets the viewer see only those details that are relevant to the user’s view. An engine is a mental model of a car from the builder or mechanic’s view. The cockpit is the mental model for an ordinary driver, who does not have to know the details of the engine in order to drive the car.

1. What is cloud computing?

The use of computer resources such as servers on the Inter- net instead of relying on devices at your physical location.

使用互联网上的资源，如服务器，而不是依赖于物理设备

1. Define the word protocol and explain how it is used in computing.

A protocol is a code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and procedure (as in a diplomatic exchange). Com- puting terminology has borrowed the word to describe the correct etiquette for computers to use when communicating with one another.

协议是一种规定严格遵守正确礼仪和程序的代码（例如外交交流中的协议）。计算机术语借用了这个词来描述计算机之间通信时应遵循的正确礼仪。

1. Distinguish between machine language and assembly language.

Machine language is the language that is built into the electrical circuitry of a computer. Assembly language is

a language made up of mnemonic codes that represent machine-language instructions. Programs written in assem- bly language are translated into machine-language pro- grams by a computer program called an assembler.

1. Distinguish between assembly language and high-level languages.

Whereas assembly language is a language made up of mnemonic codes that represent machine-language instruc- tions, high-level languages use English-like statements to represent groups of assembly-language statements or machine-language statements. There is a one-to-one cor- respondence between statements in an assembly language and the statements they represent in machine language. There is a one-to-many correspondence between high- level statements and the corresponding machine-language statements.

汇编语言是由代表机器语言指令的助记符代码组成的语言，而高级语言使用类似英语的语句来表示一组汇编语言语句或机器语言语句。汇编语言中的语句与它们在机器语言中所代表的语句之间是一对一的对应关系。而高级语言语句与相应的机器语言语句之间是一对多的对应关系。

借助帮助记忆，而高级语言是类似英语的语句

1. FORTRAN and COBOL were two high-level languages defined during the second generation of computer software. Compare and contrast these languages in terms of their his- tory and their purpose.

FORTRAN was written at IBM for use in solving scientific and engineering problems. It was not formally designed and has grown greatly over the years. COBOL was designed by a team for business applications and has been relatively stable.

Fortran是用IBM编写的，用于解决科学和工程问题，后者正式设计，稳定

1. Distinguish between an assembler and a compiler.

An assembler translates assembly-language programs into machine code. A compiler translates programs in a high- level language into either assembly-language programs or machine-language programs.

、汇编器将汇编语言程序转换为机器码。编译器将高级语言程序转换为汇编语言程序或机器语言程序。

一个是将汇编语言转化为机器码，一个则是将高级语言转化为机器码

1. Distinguish between a systems programmer and an applica- tions programmer.

A systems programmer writes programs that are tools to help others write programs. An applications programmer writes programs to solve specific problems.

系统程序员编写的测序是帮助其他人编写程序，而应用程序员则是解决特定问题。

1. What was the rationale behind the development of operat- ing systems?

The human operator was too slow. Computers were idle while the human prepared the next program to be run. The computer has the speed to organize itself.

人类操作员速度太慢了。在人类准备运行下一个程序的时候，计算机处于闲置状态。计算机有足够的速度来自我组织。

1. What constitutes systems software?

Utility programs such as loaders and linkers, operating sys- tems, and language translators are systems software.

诸如加载程序和链接器、操作系统以及语言翻译器等实用程序都属于系统软件。

1. What do the following pieces of software do?
   1. Loader

A loader puts a program’s instructions into memory, where they can be executed.

将程序的指令加载到内存中，以便能执行

1. 1. Linker

A linker is a program that puts pieces of a large program together so that it can be put into memory, where it can be executed.

将大型程序的各个部分连接在一起

1. 1. Editor

An editor is a word processing program that allows the user to enter and edit text.

允许用户输入和编辑文档

1. How was the program SPSS different from the programs that came before it?

SPSS was the first application program written so that the nonprogrammer user could enter data and specify the pro- cessing of the data.

SPSS是第一个应用程序，专门供非程序员用户输入数据并指定数据处理的程序。

第一个应用程序，让非程序员的人输入数据并指定数据处理的程序