Java程序设计学习笔记【第二篇】Java语言基础


学习产出


2.1 数据类型
2.1.1 Java的数据类型

Java语言的数据类型可以分为两大类:基本数据类型和引用数据类型(复合数据类型)。

| 数据类型 | 特点 |

| — | — |

| | 由程序设计语言系统所定义的、不可再划分 |

| 基本数据类型 | 数据所占的内存大小固定,与软硬件环境无关 |

| | 在内存中存入的是数据值本身 |

| | 在内存中存入的是指向该数据的地址,不是数据本身 |

| 引用数据类型 | 往往由多个基本数据组成 |

Java定义了8个基本数据类型:字节型、短整型、整型、长整型、字符型、浮点型、双精度型、布尔型。

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数据类型

基本数据类型

引用类型

整数型

字节型

整型

短整型

长整型

浮点型

单精度

双精度

字符型

布尔型

数组

类 包括对象

接口


2.2.2 常量与变量

在程序运行过程中,数据值不能改变的称为常量,数据值可以改变的称为变量。

在Java语言中,所有的常量和变量都要“先声明后使用”。

声明变量的格式:

数据类型 变量名1,变量名2,…;

常量的声明在前面加一个关键词:final

例如:

final int DAY = 10; //DAY的值在整个程序中保持不变,将其声明为常量

习惯上,常量名用大写字母,变量名用小写字母。


2.1.3 变量赋值

在Java中赋值用(=)表示,所谓赋值就是把赋值号右边的数据或运算结果赋给左边的变量。一般格式为:

变量 = 表达式

例如:

int x = 5; //指定x为整型变量,并赋初值5


2.1.4 关键字

关键字就是Java语言中已经规定了特定意义的单词,用来表示一种数据型或表示程序的结构等。这些单词不能用作常量名或者变量名。

Java语言中规定的关键字有:

abstract、boolean、break、byte、case、catch、char、class、

continue、default、do、double、else、extends、false、final、

finally、float、for、if、implements、import、instanceof、int、

interface、long、native、new、null、package、private、protected、

public、return、short、static、super、switch、synchronized、

this、throw、throws、 transient、true、try、void、volatile、while。

2.1.5 转义符

| 转义符 | 含义 |

| — | — |

| \b | 退格 |

| \f | 走纸换页 |

| \n | 换行 |

| \r | 回车 |

| \t | 横向跳格 |

| ’ | 单引号 |

| " | 双引号 |

| \ | 反斜杠 |


2.2基本数据类型应用示例
2.2.1 整数类型与浮点类型

1.整数类型

import javax.swing.*;

class Example_1

{

public static void mian(String args[])

{

int x,y,sum; //声明三个整型变量

x = 3;

y = 5;

sum = x + y;

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,

“x = 3;”+“\n y = 5;”+"\n x + y = "+sum);

System.exit(0);

}

}

运行结果:

在这里插入图片描述

2.浮点类型

浮点数也称为实数,当计算的表达水有精度要求时就要使用浮点类型。

/* 计算圆的面积 */

import javax.swing.*;

class Example2_2

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

double pi,r,s;

r = 10.8; //圆的半径

pi = 3.1416;

s = pi * r * r; //计算面积

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,“圆的面积为:” + s);

System.exit(0);

}

}

运行结果:

在这里插入图片描述

2.2.2 字符型

1.字符型变量

在Java中,存储字符的数据类型是 char。一个字符在内存中占2个字节。

给字符型变量赋值时,字符需要用单引号括起来,例如:

char ch = ‘a’

/* char 变量的用法 */

import javax.swing.*;

class example_1

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

char ch1,ch2,ch3;

ch1 = 88; // code for X

ch2 = ‘Y’; ch3 = ‘汉’;

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"ch1、ch2 、ch3: " + ch1 + “、” + ch2 + “、” +ch3);

System.exit(0);

}

}

运行结果:

在这里插入图片描述

Java的char与C或C++中的char不同。在C或C++中char只有8位,而在Java中char有16位,因为它使用的是Uniocode定义的国际化的字符集。


2.字符串

用双引号括起来的多个字符常量称为字符串。

'abc’是不合法的,而""是合法的,表示空字符。


2.2.3 布尔型

Java表示逻辑值的基本类型称为布尔型。它只有true和false两个值。

/* 布尔类型的用法 */

class Example2_4 {

public static void main(String args[]) {

boolean b;

b = false;

System.out.println("b is " + b);

b = true;

System.out.println("b is " + b);

// outcome of a relational operator is a boolean value

System.out.println("10 > 9 is " + (10 > 9));

}

}

运行结果:

在这里插入图片描述


2.2.4 数据类型转换

1.自动类型转换(级别低的变量值赋给级别高的变量)

数据类型转换需要符合的两个条件:

a.转换前的数据类型与转换后的数据类型兼容;

b.转换后的数据类型比转换前的数据类型表示的范围大。

基本数据类型精度从低到高依次为:

byte --> short --> int --> long --> float --> double

2.强制类型转换

强制类型转换是指当把级别高的变量赋给级别低的变量时,必须使用类型的强制转换运算。转换的格式为:

(类型名)要转换的值或者变量;

例:

int a;

double b = 3.14;

a = (int)b;

//结果a = 3,b = 3.14(强质类型转换会降低数据精度)


2.3 表达式和运算符
2.3.1 表达式与运算符分类

1.表达式

表达式是由运算符、操作数和方法调用按照语言的语法构造而成的符号序列。

2.运算符以及分类

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运算符

算数运算符
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[外链图片转存中…(img-TpNpMquE-1711387468307)]

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