openstack上内网环境的最小化linux虚拟机安装桌面服务，给qcow2格式的linux虚拟机安装桌面服务、linux系统模式查看和命令模式永久改为桌面模式

最后的话

最近很多小伙伴找我要Linux学习资料，于是我翻箱倒柜，整理了一些优质资源，涵盖视频、电子书、PPT等共享给大家！

资料预览

给大家整理的视频资料：

给大家整理的电子书资料：

如果本文对你有帮助，欢迎点赞、收藏、转发给朋友，让我有持续创作的动力！

网上学习资料一大堆，但如果学到的知识不成体系，遇到问题时只是浅尝辄止，不再深入研究，那么很难做到真正的技术提升。

需要这份系统化的资料的朋友，可以点击这里获取！

一个人可以走的很快，但一群人才能走的更远！不论你是正从事IT行业的老鸟或是对IT行业感兴趣的新人，都欢迎加入我们的的圈子（技术交流、学习资源、职场吐槽、大厂内推、面试辅导），让我们一起学习成长！

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

centos | 3.6 kB 00:00:00

http | 2.9 kB 00:00:00

(1/2): centos/group_gz | 166 kB 00:00:00

(2/2): centos/primary_db | 3.1 MB 00:00:00

repo id repo name status

centos centos 4,021

http http 4,021

repolist: 8,042

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

注意看，下面是报错的，有报错Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)

理论上这样是不行的，必须先吧报错处理了才能正常安装【但qcow2的镜像有些报错也能安装成功】

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

There is no installed groups file.

Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

安装桌面

• 上面报错我没处理成功的，不是我不想处理，而是网上的方法该试的都试了，而且group这个文件也存在，无法了。。。

• 不能有其他源，如我配置了http源，先移掉

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# ls

bak centos.repo http.repo

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# mv http.repo bak

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# ls

bak centos.repo

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

repo id repo name status

centos centos 4,021

repolist: 4,021

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

• 安装

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# yum groupinstall -y “GNOME Desktop”

• 忽略依赖安装

这样能安装成功，但是呢，只有600多个包被安装，肯定是有问题的，qcow2格式的桌面包正常的有1100个左右。

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# yum groupinstall -y GNOME Desktop --skip-broken

。。。忽略大量输出

Verifying : 1:libglvnd-gles-1.0.1-0.8.git5baa1e5.el7.x86_64 598/617

Verifying : libepoxy-1.5.2-1.el7.x86_64 599/617

Verifying : libglade2-2.6.4-11.el7.x86_64 600/617

Verifying : libtdb-1.3.15-1.el7.x86_64 601/617

Verifying : libcanberra-0.30-5.el7.x86_64 602/617

Verifying : dconf-0.28.0-4.el7.x86_64 603/617

Verifying : 1:enchant-1.6.0-8.el7.x86_64 604/617

Verifying : libblockdev-swap-2.18-3.el7.x86_64 605/617

Verifying : jbigkit-libs-2.0-11.el7.x86_64 606/617

Verifying : libproxy-0.4.11-11.el7.x86_64 607/617

Verifying : 1:cups-libs-1.6.3-35.el7.x86_64 608/617

Verifying : perl-Pod-Perldoc-3.20-4.el7.noarch 609/617

Verifying : libarchive-3.1.2-10.el7_2.x86_64 610/617

Verifying : pulseaudio-module-bluetooth-10.0-5.el7.x86_64 611/617

Verifying : libreport-plugin-reportuploader-2.1.11-42.el7.centos.x86_64 612/617

Verifying : xdg-desktop-portal-1.0.2-1.el7.x86_64 613/617

Verifying : ipset-libs-6.38-2.el7.x86_64 614/617

Verifying : rtkit-0.11-10.el7.x86_64 615/617

Verifying : libfontenc-1.1.3-3.el7.x86_64 616/617

Verifying : libnice-0.1.3-4.el7.x86_64 617/617

Installed:

Skipped (dependency problems):

NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.12.0-6.el7 anaconda-core.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos

anaconda-gui.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos anaconda-tui.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos

anaconda-widgets.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos boost-iostreams.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7

boost-random.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7 boost-system.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7

boost-thread.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7 bridge-utils.x86_64 0:1.5-9.el7

cryptsetup.x86_64 0:2.0.3-3.el7 cryptsetup-python.x86_64 0:2.0.3-3.el7

cyrus-sasl.x86_64 0:2.1.26-23.el7 cyrus-sasl-gssapi.x86_64 0:2.1.26-23.el7

daxctl-libs.x86_64 0:62-1.el7 device-mapper-event.x86_64 7:1.02.149-8.el7

device-mapper-event-libs.x86_64 7:1.02.149-8.el7 device-mapper-persistent-data.x86_64 0:0.7.3-3.el7

dmraid.x86_64 0:1.0.0.rc16-28.el7 dmraid-events.x86_64 0:1.0.0.rc16-28.el7

dnsmasq.x86_64 0:2.76-7.el7 fcoe-utils.x86_64 0:1.0.32-1.el7

glade-libs.x86_64 0:3.22.1-1.el7 glusterfs.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7

glusterfs-api.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7 glusterfs-cli.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7

glusterfs-client-xlators.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7 glusterfs-libs.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7

gnome-boxes.x86_64 0:3.28.5-2.el7 gperftools-libs.x86_64 0:2.6.1-1.el7

initial-setup.x86_64 0:0.3.9.43-1.el7.centos initial-setup-gui.x86_64 0:0.3.9.43-1.el7.centos

ipxe-roms-qemu.noarch 0:20170123-1.git4e85b27.el7_4.1 isomd5sum.x86_64 1:1.0.10-5.el7

keybinder3.x86_64 0:0.3.0-1.el7 langtable.noarch 0:0.0.31-3.el7

langtable-data.noarch 0:0.0.31-3.el7 langtable-python.noarch 0:0.0.31-3.el7

libXfont2.x86_64 0:2.0.3-1.el7 libblockdev-nvdimm.x86_64 0:2.18-3.el7

libconfig.x86_64 0:1.4.9-5.el7 libgovirt.x86_64 0:0.3.4-1.el7

libibverbs.x86_64 0:17.2-3.el7 libiscsi.x86_64 0:1.9.0-7.el7

librados2.x86_64 1:10.2.5-4.el7 librbd1.x86_64 1:10.2.5-4.el7

librdmacm.x86_64 0:17.2-3.el7 libreport-anaconda.x86_64 0:2.1.11-42.el7.centos

libreport-plugin-bugzilla.x86_64 0:2.1.11-42.el7.centos libreport-rhel-anaconda-bugzilla.x86_64 0:2.1.11-42.el7.centos

libtimezonemap.x86_64 0:0.4.4-1.el7 libuser-python.x86_64 0:0.60-9.el7

libvirt-daemon.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-config-network.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-interface.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-network.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-nodedev.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-nwfilter.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-qemu.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-secret.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-core.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-disk.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-gluster.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-iscsi.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-logical.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-mpath.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-rbd.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-scsi.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-kvm.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-gconfig.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7 libvirt-glib.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7

libvirt-gobject.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7 libvirt-libs.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

lldpad.x86_64 0:1.0.1-3.git036e314.el7 lsof.x86_64 0:4.87-6.el7

lvm2.x86_64 7:2.02.180-8.el7 lvm2-libs.x86_64 7:2.02.180-8.el7

mtools.x86_64 0:4.0.18-5.el7 ndctl.x86_64 0:62-1.el7

ndctl-libs.x86_64 0:62-1.el7 netcf-libs.x86_64 0:0.2.8-4.el7

nmap-ncat.x86_64 2:6.40-16.el7 numad.x86_64 0:0.5-18.20150602git.el7

oddjob.x86_64 0:0.31.5-4.el7 oddjob-mkhomedir.x86_64 0:0.31.5-4.el7

pciutils.x86_64 0:3.5.1-3.el7 pykickstart.noarch 0:1.99.66.19-2.el7

pyparted.x86_64 1:3.9-15.el7 python-blivet.noarch 1:0.61.15.72-1.el7

python-coverage.x86_64 0:3.6-0.5.b3.el7 python-di.noarch 0:0.3-2.el7

python-meh-gui.noarch 0:0.25.2-1.el7 python-nss.x86_64 0:0.16.0-3.el7

python-ntplib.noarch 0:0.3.2-1.el7 python-pwquality.x86_64 0:1.2.3-5.el7

python-pyblock.x86_64 0:0.53-6.el7 python2-blockdev.x86_64 0:2.18-3.el7

python2-subprocess32.x86_64 0:3.2.6-13.el7 pytz.noarch 0:2016.10-2.el7

qemu-img.x86_64 10:1.5.3-160.el7 qemu-kvm.x86_64 10:1.5.3-160.el7

qemu-kvm-common.x86_64 10:1.5.3-160.el7 radvd.x86_64 0:2.17-3.el7

rdma-core.x86_64 0:17.2-3.el7 realmd.x86_64 0:0.16.1-11.el7

seabios-bin.noarch 0:1.11.0-2.el7 seavgabios-bin.noarch 0:1.11.0-2.el7

sgabios-bin.noarch 1:0.20110622svn-4.el7 sgpio.x86_64 0:1.2.0.10-13.el7

spice-server.x86_64 0:0.14.0-6.el7 tigervnc-license.noarch 0:1.8.0-13.el7

tigervnc-server-minimal.x86_64 0:1.8.0-13.el7 usermode.x86_64 0:1.111-5.el7

yajl.x86_64 0:2.0.4-4.el7 yelp.x86_64 2:3.28.1-1.el7

yelp-libs.x86_64 2:3.28.1-1.el7 yelp-xsl.noarch 0:3.28.0-1.el7

Complete!

报错忽然就消失了，离谱

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

切换桌面

• 顺便提一下，我们这的dashboard是纳入移动云管的，在云管上创建的应用系统要在底层做如下操作才能切换到对应的项目【不进入项目就进不去虚拟机控制台】

• -进入虚拟机所属项目-进入控制台

• 登陆以后，输入init 5切换到 桌面模式

• 然后。。。就没有然后了，强制安装的，肯定不得行的。。。。

这种情况通过ssh远程登陆以后，输入init 3切换到命令模式，如果不行就重启，然后系统就会重新回到命令行模式了。

正常安装【跟这做】

---

准备源

• 下面呢，是我已经配置好的本地源。

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]# mount /root/CentOS-7.6-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso /centos/

mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]# df -h | tail -n1

/dev/loop0 4.3G 4.3G 0 100% /centos

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# ls

bak http.repo

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# cat http.repo

[http]

name=http

baseurl=file:///centos

gpgcheck=0

enabled=1

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

repo id repo name status

http http 4,021

repolist: 4,021

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

可以看到，现在依然报错，我们先不管他

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

There is no installed groups file.

Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

安装桌面

• 切记，不能有其他源，仅留一个本地源即可

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# ls

bak http.repo

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

• 安装命令

此外还需要安装常见的其他图形界面包，比如图形管理工具，系统管理工具等软件组，后面按需安装即可，我这只需要图形化，所以只安装GNOME Desktop即可

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum groupinstall -y “GNOME Desktop”

安装报错Transaction check error:

• 报错内容如下图

• 是因为缺少2个依赖，安装即可

下面安装grub2-efi

这个本地源有，可以直接安装

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y grub2-efi

。。.大量输出

Installed:

grub2.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-efi-x64.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-tools.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-tools-extra.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-tools-minimal.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos

Dependency Updated:

grub2-common.noarch 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-pc.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-pc-modules.noarch 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos

Replaced:

grub2.x86_64 1:2.02-0.64.el7.centos grub2-tools.x86_64 1:2.02-0.64.el7.centos

Complete!

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

• 另一个是fwupdate

这个本地源没有，得下载源安装，源可以自己搞，也可以用我上传的

fwupdate安装包及依赖.rar

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# cd /root/fw/

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# ls

efivar-libs-36-12.el7.x86_64.rpm fwupdate-efi-12-6.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm mokutil-15-8.el7.x86_64.rpm

fwupdate-12-6.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm fwupdate-libs-12-6.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm shim-x64-15-8.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

在当前目录下，执行下面命令即可安装完毕

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# rpm -ivhU * --nodeps --force

warning: efivar-libs-36-12.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:efivar-libs-36-12.el7 ################################# [ 17%]

2:mokutil-15-8.el7 ################################# [ 33%]

3:shim-x64-15-8.el7 ################################# [ 50%]

4:fwupdate-efi-12-6.el7.centos ################################# [ 67%]

5:fwupdate-libs-12-6.el7.centos ################################# [ 83%]

6:fwupdate-12-6.el7.centos ################################# [100%]

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

安装成功界面

• 上面2个依赖安装完毕以后，重新安装即可

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# yum groupinstall -y “GNOME Desktop”

。。。大量输出，一共有1173个包

Verifying : nss-sysinit-3.28.4-8.el7.x86_64 1169/1173

Verifying : libuser-0.60-7.el7_1.x86_64 1170/1173

Verifying : systemd-219-42.el7.x86_64 1171/1173

Verifying : python-gobject-base-3.22.0-1.el7.x86_64 1172/1173

Verifying : libattr-2.4.46-12.el7.x86_64 1173/1173

Installed:

先自我介绍一下，小编浙江大学毕业，去过华为、字节跳动等大厂，目前在阿里

深知大多数程序员，想要提升技能，往往是自己摸索成长，但自己不成体系的自学效果低效又漫长，而且极易碰到天花板技术停滞不前！

因此收集整理了一份《2024年最新Linux运维全套学习资料》，初衷也很简单，就是希望能够帮助到想自学提升又不知道该从何学起的朋友。

既有适合小白学习的零基础资料，也有适合3年以上经验的小伙伴深入学习提升的进阶课程，涵盖了95%以上运维知识点，真正体系化！

由于文件比较多，这里只是将部分目录截图出来，全套包含大厂面经、学习笔记、源码讲义、实战项目、大纲路线、讲解视频，并且后续会持续更新

需要这份系统化的资料的朋友，可以点击这里获取！

1172/1173 

Verifying : libattr-2.4.46-12.el7.x86_64 1173/1173

Installed:

先自我介绍一下，小编浙江大学毕业，去过华为、字节跳动等大厂，目前在阿里

深知大多数程序员，想要提升技能，往往是自己摸索成长，但自己不成体系的自学效果低效又漫长，而且极易碰到天花板技术停滞不前！

因此收集整理了一份《2024年最新Linux运维全套学习资料》，初衷也很简单，就是希望能够帮助到想自学提升又不知道该从何学起的朋友。
[外链图片转存中…(img-cnBXW4V8-1714987810375)]
[外链图片转存中…(img-dRdWQbAz-1714987810376)]
[外链图片转存中…(img-0DX42cfG-1714987810376)]
[外链图片转存中…(img-coNYrhBR-1714987810377)]
[外链图片转存中…(img-dttPJcTG-1714987810377)]

既有适合小白学习的零基础资料，也有适合3年以上经验的小伙伴深入学习提升的进阶课程，涵盖了95%以上运维知识点，真正体系化！

由于文件比较多，这里只是将部分目录截图出来，全套包含大厂面经、学习笔记、源码讲义、实战项目、大纲路线、讲解视频，并且后续会持续更新

需要这份系统化的资料的朋友，可以点击这里获取！