Docker与微服务实战（入门），Java开发面试书籍

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6.1 Tomcat

[root@VM-16-8-centos ~]# docker pull tomcat

Using default tag: latest

latest: Pulling from library/tomcat

dbba69284b27: Pull complete

9baf437a1bad: Pull complete

6ade5c59e324: Pull complete

b19a994f6d4c: Pull complete

43c0aceedb57: Pull complete

24e7c71ec633: Pull complete

612cf131e488: Pull complete

dc655e69dd90: Pull complete

efe57b7441f6: Pull complete

8db51a0119f4: Pull complete

Digest: sha256:263f93ac29cb2dbba4275a4e647b448cb39a66334a6340b94da8bf13bde770aa

Status: Downloaded newer image for tomcat:latest

docker.io/library/tomcat:latest

[root@VM-16-8-centos ~]# docker images

REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE

124.221.228.148:5000/pyyubuntu 1.1 138c010d2c99 About an hour ago 109MB

ubuntu 1.0 138c010d2c99 About an hour ago 109MB

tomcat latest b00440a36b99 37 hours ago 680MB

registry latest d3241e050fc9 4 days ago 24.2MB

ubuntu latest ff0fea8310f3 2 weeks ago 72.8MB

新版tomcat，首页不在webapp下了

把webapps.dist目录换成webapps

当然我们不修改也是可以的，只需要下载tomcat8即可

6.2 Mysql

[root@VM-16-8-centos ~]# docker run --name test-mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=a -d mysql:5.7

b0fbfe45fce1ef90b4caf946efacbef0e50a425a25dec1d8e15902244e43747b

[root@VM-16-8-centos ~]# docker ps

CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES

b0fbfe45fce1 mysql:5.7 “docker-entrypoint.s…” 8 seconds ago Up 7 seconds 3306/tcp, 33060/tcp test-mysql

ce89351d51ec tomcat “catalina.sh run” 16 minutes ago Up 16 minutes 0.0.0.0:8080->8080/tcp funny_bose

de0f937528ac ubuntu “bash” 29 minutes ago Up 29 minutes u2

2e431ba4f3bf ubuntu “bash” 45 minutes ago Up 45 minutes u1

9dabfdf1b57d registry “/entrypoint.sh /etc…” About an hour ago Up About an hour 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp sharp_brown

1f1ed5798baa ubuntu “/bin/bash” 6 hours ago Up 47 minutes vigorous_dewdney

[root@VM-16-8-centos ~]# docker exec -it b0fbfe45fce1 /bin/bash

root@b0fbfe45fce1:/# mysql -uroot -pa

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 2

Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> create database test_mysql;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use test_mysql;

Database changed

mysql> create table docker_mysql (id int,name varchar(22));

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into docker_mysql values(1,‘zs’),(2,‘ls’);

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select count(*) Sum from docker_mysql;

±----+

| Sum |

±----+

| 2 |

±----+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE ‘character%’;

±-------------------------±---------------------------+

| Variable_name | Value |

±-------------------------±---------------------------+

| character_set_client | latin1 |

| character_set_connection | latin1 |

| character_set_database | latin1 |

| character_set_filesystem | binary |

| character_set_results | latin1 |

| character_set_server | latin1 |

| character_set_system | utf8 |

| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |

±-------------------------±---------------------------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

navicat测试连接

6.2.1 编码问题的解决

插入中文会报错

在本地写好my.cnf文件

[root@VM-16-8-centos conf]# cat my.cnf

[client]

default_character_set=utf-8

[mysqld]

collation_server=utf8_general_ci

character_set_server=utf8

[root@VM-16-8-centos conf]# pwd

/pyy/mysql/conf

重新启动mysql容器实例再重新进入并查看字符编码

6.3 Redis

复制一份好的redis配置文件，

6.3.1 Redis配置文件

开启redis验证可选

requirepass 123

允许redis外地连接必须

注释掉 # bind 127.0.0.1

daemonize no

将daemonize yes注释起来或者 daemonize no设置，因为该配置和docker run中-d参数冲突，会导致容器一直启动失败

开启redis数据持久化 appendonly yes 可选

[root@VM-16-8-centos ~]# cat /app/redis/redis.conf

redis configuration file example.

####### Main configuration start #######

#注释掉bind 127.0.0.1，使redis可以外部访问

#bind 127.0.0.1

端口号

port 6379

#给redis设置密码

requirepass redis123

##redis持久化　　默认是no

appendonly yes

#开启protected-mode保护模式，需配置bind ip或者设置访问密码

#关闭protected-mode模式，此时外部网络可以直接访问

protected-mode no

#是否开启集群

#cluster-enabled no

#集群的配置文件,该文件自动生成

#cluster-config-file nodes.conf

#集群的超时时间

#cluster-node-timeout 5000

#用守护线程的方式启动

daemonize no

#防止出现远程主机强迫关闭了一个现有的连接的错误默认是300

tcp-keepalive 300

####### Main configuration end #######

timeout 0

tcp-backlog 511

Note: these supervision methods only signal “process is ready.”

They do not enable continuous liveness pings back to your supervisor.

supervised no

If a pid file is specified, Redis writes it where specified at startup

and removes it at exit.

When the server runs non daemonized, no pid file is created if none is

specified in the configuration. When the server is daemonized, the pid file

is used even if not specified, defaulting to “/var/run/redis.pid”.

Creating a pid file is best effort: if Redis is not able to create it

nothing bad happens, the server will start and run normally.

pidfile /var/run/redis_6379.pid

Specify the server verbosity level.

This can be one of:

debug (a lot of information, useful for development/testing)

verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level)

notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably)

warning (only very important / critical messages are logged)

loglevel notice

Specify the log file name. Also the empty string can be used to force

Redis to log on the standard output. Note that if you use standard

output for logging but daemonize, logs will be sent to /dev/null

logfile “”

To enable logging to the system logger, just set ‘syslog-enabled’ to yes,

and optionally update the other syslog parameters to suit your needs.

syslog-enabled no

Specify the syslog identity.

syslog-ident redis

Specify the syslog facility. Must be USER or between LOCAL0-LOCAL7.

syslog-facility local0

Set the number of databases. The default database is DB 0, you can select

a different one on a per-connection basis using SELECT where

dbid is a number between 0 and ‘databases’-1

databases 16

By default Redis shows an ASCII art logo only when started to log to the

standard output and if the standard output is a TTY. Basically this means

that normally a logo is displayed only in interactive sessions.

However it is possible to force the pre-4.0 behavior and always show a

ASCII art logo in startup logs by setting the following option to yes.

always-show-logo yes

################################ SNAPSHOTTING ################################

Save the DB on disk:

save

Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given

number of write operations against the DB occurred.

In the example below the behaviour will be to save:

after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed

after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed

after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed

Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all “save” lines.

It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save

points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument

like in the following example:

save “”

save 900 1

save 300 10

save 60 10000

By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled

(at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.

This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting

on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some

disaster will happen.

If the background saving process will start working again Redis will

automatically allow writes again.

However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server

and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will

continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,

permissions, and so forth.

stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?

For default that’s set to ‘yes’ as it’s almost always a win.

If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to ‘no’ but

the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.

rdbcompression yes

Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.

This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance

hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it

for maximum performances.

RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will

tell the loading code to skip the check.

rdbchecksum yes

The filename where to dump the DB

dbfilename dump.rdb

Remove RDB files used by replication in instances without persistence

enabled. By default this option is disabled, however there are environments

where for regulations or other security concerns, RDB files persisted on

disk by masters in order to feed replicas, or stored on disk by replicas

in order to load them for the initial synchronization, should be deleted

ASAP. Note that this option ONLY WORKS in instances that have both AOF

and RDB persistence disabled, otherwise is completely ignored.

An alternative (and sometimes better) way to obtain the same effect is

to use diskless replication on both master and replicas instances. However

in the case of replicas, diskless is not always an option.

rdb-del-sync-files no

The working directory.

The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified

above using the ‘dbfilename’ configuration directive.

The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.

Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.

dir ./

When a replica loses its connection with the master, or when the replication

is still in progress, the replica can act in two different ways:

1) if replica-serve-stale-data is set to ‘yes’ (the default) the replica will

still reply to client requests, possibly with out of date data, or the

data set may just be empty if this is the first synchronization.

2) if replica-serve-stale-data is set to ‘no’ the replica will reply with

an error “SYNC with master in progress” to all the kind of commands

but to INFO, replicaOF, AUTH, PING, SHUTDOWN, REPLCONF, ROLE, CONFIG,

SUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE, PSUBSCRIBE, PUNSUBSCRIBE, PUBLISH, PUBSUB,

COMMAND, POST, HOST: and LATENCY.

replica-serve-stale-data yes

You can configure a replica instance to accept writes or not. Writing against

a replica instance may be useful to store some ephemeral data (because data

written on a replica will be easily deleted after resync with the master) but

may also cause problems if clients are writing to it because of a

misconfiguration.

Since Redis 2.6 by default replicas are read-only.

Note: read only replicas are not designed to be exposed to untrusted clients

on the internet. It’s just a protection layer against misuse of the instance.

Still a read only replica exports by default all the administrative commands

such as CONFIG, DEBUG, and so forth. To a limited extent you can improve

security of read only replicas using ‘rename-command’ to shadow all the

administrative / dangerous commands.

replica-read-only yes

When diskless replication is used, the master waits a configurable amount of

time (in seconds) before starting the transfer in the hope that multiple

replicas will arrive and the transfer can be parallelized.

With slow disks and fast (large bandwidth) networks, diskless replication

works better.

repl-diskless-sync no

When diskless replication is enabled, it is possible to configure the delay

the server waits in order to spawn the child that transfers the RDB via socket

to the replicas.

This is important since once the transfer starts, it is not possible to serve

new replicas arriving, that will be queued for the next RDB transfer, so the

server waits a delay in order to let more replicas arrive.

The delay is specified in seconds, and by default is 5 seconds. To disable

it entirely just set it to 0 seconds and the transfer will start ASAP.

repl-diskless-sync-delay 5

In many cases the disk is slower than the network, and storing and loading

the RDB file may increase replication time (and even increase the master’s

Copy on Write memory and salve buffers).

However, parsing the RDB file directly from the socket may mean that we have

to flush the contents of the current database before the full rdb was

received. For this reason we have the following options:

“disabled” - Don’t use diskless load (store the rdb file to the disk first)

“on-empty-db” - Use diskless load only when it is completely safe.

“swapdb” - Keep a copy of the current db contents in RAM while parsing

the data directly from the socket. note that this requires

sufficient memory, if you don’t have it, you risk an OOM kill.

repl-diskless-load disabled

Disable TCP_NODELAY on the replica socket after SYNC?

If you select “yes” Redis will use a smaller number of TCP packets and

less bandwidth to send data to replicas. But this can add a delay for

the data to appear on the replica side, up to 40 milliseconds with

Linux kernels using a default configuration.

If you select “no” the delay for data to appear on the replica side will

be reduced but more bandwidth will be used for replication.

By default we optimize for low latency, but in very high traffic conditions

or when the master and replicas are many hops away, turning this to “yes” may

be a good idea.

repl-disable-tcp-nodelay no

The replica priority is an integer number published by Redis in the INFO

output. It is used by Redis Sentinel in order to select a replica to promote

into a master if the master is no longer working correctly.

A replica with a low priority number is considered better for promotion, so

for instance if there are three replicas with priority 10, 100, 25 Sentinel

will pick the one with priority 10, that is the lowest.

However a special priority of 0 marks the replica as not able to perform the

role of master, so a replica with priority of 0 will never be selected by

Redis Sentinel for promotion.

By default the priority is 100.

replica-priority 100

ACL LOG

The ACL Log tracks failed commands and authentication events associated

with ACLs. The ACL Log is useful to troubleshoot failed commands blocked

by ACLs. The ACL Log is stored in memory. You can reclaim memory with

ACL LOG RESET. Define the maximum entry length of the ACL Log below.

acllog-max-len 128

Using an external ACL file

Instead of configuring users here in this file, it is possible to use

a stand-alone file just listing users. The two methods cannot be mixed:

if you configure users here and at the same time you activate the exteranl

ACL file, the server will refuse to start.

The format of the external ACL user file is exactly the same as the

format that is used inside redis.conf to describe users.

aclfile /etc/redis/users.acl

Command renaming (DEPRECATED).

------------------------------------------------------------------------

WARNING: avoid using this option if possible. Instead use ACLs to remove

commands from the default user, and put them only in some admin user you

create for administrative purposes.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

It is possible to change the name of dangerous commands in a shared

environment. For instance the CONFIG command may be renamed into something

hard to guess so that it will still be available for internal-use tools

but not available for general clients.

Example:

rename-command CONFIG b840fc02d524045429941cc15f59e41cb7be6c52

It is also possible to completely kill a command by renaming it into

an empty string:

rename-command CONFIG “”

Please note that changing the name of commands that are logged into the

AOF file or transmitted to replicas may cause problems.

################################### CLIENTS ####################################

Set the max number of connected clients at the same time. By default

this limit is set to 10000 clients, however if the Redis server is not

able to configure the process file limit to allow for the specified limit

the max number of allowed clients is set to the current file limit

minus 32 (as Redis reserves a few file descriptors for internal uses).

Once the limit is reached Redis will close all the new connections sending

an error ‘max number of clients reached’.

IMPORTANT: When Redis Cluster is used, the max number of connections is also

shared with the cluster bus: every node in the cluster will use two

connections, one incoming and another outgoing. It is important to size the

limit accordingly in case of very large clusters.

maxclients 10000

############################## MEMORY MANAGEMENT ################################

Set a memory usage limit to the specified amount of bytes.

When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys

according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).

If Redis can’t remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is

set to ‘noeviction’, Redis will start to reply with errors to commands

that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue

to reply to read-only commands like GET.

This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU or LFU cache, or to

set a hard memory limit for an instance (using the ‘noeviction’ policy).

WARNING: If you have replicas attached to an instance with maxmemory on,

the size of the output buffers needed to feed the replicas are subtracted

from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will

not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output

buffer of replicas is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion

of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.

In short… if you have replicas attached it is suggested that you set a lower

limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for replica

output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is ‘noeviction’).

maxmemory

MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory

is reached. You can select one from the following behaviors:

volatile-lru -> Evict using approximated LRU, only keys with an expire set.

allkeys-lru -> Evict any key using approximated LRU.

volatile-lfu -> Evict using approximated LFU, only keys with an expire set.

allkeys-lfu -> Evict any key using approximated LFU.

volatile-random -> Remove a random key having an expire set.

allkeys-random -> Remove a random key, any key.

volatile-ttl -> Remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)

noeviction -> Don’t evict anything, just return an error on write operations.

LRU means Least Recently Used

LFU means Least Frequently Used

Both LRU, LFU and volatile-ttl are implemented using approximated

randomized algorithms.

Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write

operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction.

At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append

incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd

sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby

zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby

getset mset msetnx exec sort

The default is:

maxmemory-policy noeviction

LRU, LFU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated

algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can tune it for speed or

accuracy. For default Redis will check five keys and pick the one that was

used less recently, you can change the sample size using the following

configuration directive.

The default of 5 produces good enough results. 10 Approximates very closely

true LRU but costs more CPU. 3 is faster but not very accurate.

maxmemory-samples 5

Starting from Redis 5, by default a replica will ignore its maxmemory setting

(unless it is promoted to master after a failover or manually). It means

that the eviction of keys will be just handled by the master, sending the

DEL commands to the replica as keys evict in the master side.

This behavior ensures that masters and replicas stay consistent, and is usually

what you want, however if your replica is writable, or you want the replica

to have a different memory setting, and you are sure all the writes performed

to the replica are idempotent, then you may change this default (but be sure

to understand what you are doing).

Note that since the replica by default does not evict, it may end using more

memory than the one set via maxmemory (there are certain buffers that may

be larger on the replica, or data structures may sometimes take more memory

and so forth). So make sure you monitor your replicas and make sure they

have enough memory to never hit a real out-of-memory condition before the

master hits the configured maxmemory setting.

replica-ignore-maxmemory yes

Redis reclaims expired keys in two ways: upon access when those keys are

found to be expired, and also in background, in what is called the

“active expire key”. The key space is slowly and interactively scanned

looking for expired keys to reclaim, so that it is possible to free memory

of keys that are expired and will never be accessed again in a short time.

The default effort of the expire cycle will try to avoid having more than

ten percent of expired keys still in memory, and will try to avoid consuming

more than 25% of total memory and to add latency to the system. However

it is possible to increase the expire “effort” that is normally set to

“1”, to a greater value, up to the value “10”. At its maximum value the

system will use more CPU, longer cycles (and technically may introduce

more latency), and will tollerate less already expired keys still present

in the system. It’s a tradeoff betweeen memory, CPU and latecy.

active-expire-effort 1

############################# LAZY FREEING ####################################

Redis has two primitives to delete keys. One is called DEL and is a blocking

deletion of the object. It means that the server stops processing new commands

in order to reclaim all the memory associated with an object in a synchronous

way. If the key deleted is associated with a small object, the time needed

in order to execute the DEL command is very small and comparable to most other

O(1) or O(log_N) commands in Redis. However if the key is associated with an

aggregated value containing millions of elements, the server can block for

a long time (even seconds) in order to complete the operation.

For the above reasons Redis also offers non blocking deletion primitives

such as UNLINK (non blocking DEL) and the ASYNC option of FLUSHALL and

FLUSHDB commands, in order to reclaim memory in background. Those commands

are executed in constant time. Another thread will incrementally free the

object in the background as fast as possible.

DEL, UNLINK and ASYNC option of FLUSHALL and FLUSHDB are user-controlled.

It’s up to the design of the application to understand when it is a good

idea to use one or the other. However the Redis server sometimes has to

delete keys or flush the whole database as a side effect of other operations.

Specifically Redis deletes objects independently of a user call in the

following scenarios:

1) On eviction, because of the maxmemory and maxmemory policy configurations,

in order to make room for new data, without going over the specified

memory limit.

2) Because of expire: when a key with an associated time to live (see the

EXPIRE command) must be deleted from memory.

3) Because of a side effect of a command that stores data on a key that may

already exist. For example the RENAME command may delete the old key

content when it is replaced with another one. Similarly SUNIONSTORE

or SORT with STORE option may delete existing keys. The SET command

itself removes any old content of the specified key in order to replace

it with the specified string.

4) During replication, when a replica performs a full resynchronization with

its master, the content of the whole database is removed in order to

load the RDB file just transferred.

In all the above cases the default is to delete objects in a blocking way,

like if DEL was called. However you can configure each case specifically

in order to instead release memory in a non-blocking way like if UNLINK

was called, using the following configuration directives.

lazyfree-lazy-eviction no

lazyfree-lazy-expire no

lazyfree-lazy-server-del no

replica-lazy-flush no

It is also possible, for the case when to replace the user code DEL calls

with UNLINK calls is not easy, to modify the default behavior of the DEL

command to act exactly like UNLINK, using the following configuration

directive:

lazyfree-lazy-user-del no

The name of the append only file (default: “appendonly.aof”)

appendfilename “appendonly.aof”

The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk

instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush

data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.

Redis supports three different modes:

no: don’t fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.

always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.

everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.

The default is “everysec”, as that’s usually the right compromise between

speed and data safety. It’s up to you to understand if you can relax this to

“no” that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when

it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of

some data loss consider the default persistence mode that’s snapshotting),

or on the contrary, use “always” that’s very slow but a bit safer than

everysec.

http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html

If unsure, use “everysec”.

appendfsync always

appendfsync everysec

appendfsync no

When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background

saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is

performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations

Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for

this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block

our synchronous write(2) call.

In order to mitigate this problem it’s possible to use the following option

that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a

BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.

This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is

the same as “appendfsync none”. In practical terms, this means that it is

possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the

default Linux settings).

If you have latency problems turn this to “yes”. Otherwise leave it as

“no” that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

Automatic rewrite of the append only file.

Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling

BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.

This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the

latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of

the AOF at startup is used).

This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is

bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also

you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this

is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase

is reached but it is still pretty small.

Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF

rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100

auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis

startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.

This may happen when the system where Redis is running

crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the

data=ordered option (however this can’t happen when Redis itself

crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).

Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much

data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found

to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.

If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and

the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.

Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error

and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires

to fix the AOF file using the “redis-check-aof” utility before to restart

the server.

Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle

the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when

Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes

will be found.

aof-load-truncated yes

When rewriting the AOF file, Redis is able to use an RDB preamble in the

AOF file for faster rewrites and recoveries. When this option is turned

on the rewritten AOF file is composed of two different stanzas:

[RDB file][AOF tail]

When loading Redis recognizes that the AOF file starts with the “REDIS”

string and loads the prefixed RDB file, and continues loading the AOF

tail.

aof-use-rdb-preamble yes

################################ LUA SCRIPTING ###############################

Max execution time of a Lua script in milliseconds.

If the maximum execution time is reached Redis will log that a script is

still in execution after the maximum allowed time and will start to

reply to queries with an error.

When a long running script exceeds the maximum execution time only the

SCRIPT KILL and SHUTDOWN NOSAVE commands are available. The first can be

used to stop a script that did not yet called write commands. The second

is the only way to shut down the server in the case a write command was

already issued by the script but the user doesn’t want to wait for the natural

termination of the script.

Set it to 0 or a negative value for unlimited execution without warnings.

lua-time-limit 5000

################################ REDIS CLUSTER ###############################

Normal Redis instances can’t be part of a Redis Cluster; only nodes that are

started as cluster nodes can. In order to start a Redis instance as a

cluster node enable the cluster support uncommenting the following:

cluster-enabled yes

Every cluster node has a cluster configuration file. This file is not

intended to be edited by hand. It is created and updated by Redis nodes.

Every Redis Cluster node requires a different cluster configuration file.

Make sure that instances running in the same system do not have

overlapping cluster configuration file names.

cluster-config-file nodes-6379.conf

Cluster node timeout is the amount of milliseconds a node must be unreachable

for it to be considered in failure state.

Most other internal time limits are multiple of the node timeout.

cluster-node-timeout 15000

A replica of a failing master will avoid to start a failover if its data

looks too old.

There is no simple way for a replica to actually have an exact measure of

its “data age”, so the following two checks are performed:

1) If there are multiple replicas able to failover, they exchange messages

in order to try to give an advantage to the replica with the best

replication offset (more data from the master processed).

Replicas will try to get their rank by offset, and apply to the start

of the failover a delay proportional to their rank.

2) Every single replica computes the time of the last interaction with

its master. This can be the last ping or command received (if the master

is still in the “connected” state), or the time that elapsed since the

disconnection with the master (if the replication link is currently down).

If the last interaction is too old, the replica will not try to failover

at all.

The point “2” can be tuned by user. Specifically a replica will not perform

the failover if, since the last interaction with the master, the time

elapsed is greater than:

(node-timeout * replica-validity-factor) + repl-ping-replica-period

So for example if node-timeout is 30 seconds, and the replica-validity-factor

is 10, and assuming a default repl-ping-replica-period of 10 seconds, the

replica will not try to failover if it was not able to talk with the master

for longer than 310 seconds.

A large replica-validity-factor may allow replicas with too old data to failover

a master, while a too small value may prevent the cluster from being able to

elect a replica at all.

For maximum availability, it is possible to set the replica-validity-factor

to a value of 0, which means, that replicas will always try to failover the

master regardless of the last time they interacted with the master.

(However they’ll always try to apply a delay proportional to their

offset rank).

Zero is the only value able to guarantee that when all the partitions heal

the cluster will always be able to continue.

cluster-replica-validity-factor 10

Cluster replicas are able to migrate to orphaned masters, that are masters

that are left without working replicas. This improves the cluster ability

to resist to failures as otherwise an orphaned master can’t be failed over

in case of failure if it has no working replicas.

Replicas migrate to orphaned masters only if there are still at least a

given number of other working replicas for their old master. This number

is the “migration barrier”. A migration barrier of 1 means that a replica

will migrate only if there is at least 1 other working replica for its master

and so forth. It usually reflects the number of replicas you want for every

master in your cluster.

Default is 1 (replicas migrate only if their masters remain with at least

one replica). To disable migration just set it to a very large value.

A value of 0 can be set but is useful only for debugging and dangerous

in production.

cluster-migration-barrier 1

By default Redis Cluster nodes stop accepting queries if they detect there

is at least an hash slot uncovered (no available node is serving it).

This way if the cluster is partially down (for example a range of hash slots

are no longer covered) all the cluster becomes, eventually, unavailable.

It automatically returns available as soon as all the slots are covered again.

However sometimes you want the subset of the cluster which is working,

to continue to accept queries for the part of the key space that is still

covered. In order to do so, just set the cluster-require-full-coverage

option to no.

cluster-require-full-coverage yes

This option, when set to yes, prevents replicas from trying to failover its

master during master failures. However the master can still perform a

manual failover, if forced to do so.

This is useful in different scenarios, especially in the case of multiple

data center operations, where we want one side to never be promoted if not

in the case of a total DC failure.

cluster-replica-no-failover no

This option, when set to yes, allows nodes to serve read traffic while the

the cluster is in a down state, as long as it believes it owns the slots.

This is useful for two cases. The first case is for when an application

doesn’t require consistency of data during node failures or network partitions.

One example of this is a cache, where as long as the node has the data it

should be able to serve it.

The second use case is for configurations that don’t meet the recommended

three shards but want to enable cluster mode and scale later. A

master outage in a 1 or 2 shard configuration causes a read/write outage to the

entire cluster without this option set, with it set there is only a write outage.

Without a quorum of masters, slot ownership will not change automatically.

cluster-allow-reads-when-down no

In order to setup your cluster make sure to read the documentation

available at http://redis.io web site.

########################## CLUSTER DOCKER/NAT support ########################

In certain deployments, Redis Cluster nodes address discovery fails, because

addresses are NAT-ted or because ports are forwarded (the typical case is

Docker and other containers).

In order to make Redis Cluster working in such environments, a static

configuration where each node knows its public address is needed. The

following two options are used for this scope, and are:

* cluster-announce-ip

* cluster-announce-port

* cluster-announce-bus-port

Each instruct the node about its address, client port, and cluster message

bus port. The information is then published in the header of the bus packets

so that other nodes will be able to correctly map the address of the node

publishing the information.

If the above options are not used, the normal Redis Cluster auto-detection

will be used instead.

Note that when remapped, the bus port may not be at the fixed offset of

clients port + 10000, so you can specify any port and bus-port depending

on how they get remapped. If the bus-port is not set, a fixed offset of

10000 will be used as usually.

Example:

cluster-announce-ip 10.1.1.5

cluster-announce-port 6379

cluster-announce-bus-port 6380

################################## SLOW LOG ###################################

The Redis Slow Log is a system to log queries that exceeded a specified

execution time. The execution time does not include the I/O operations

like talking with the client, sending the reply and so forth,

but just the time needed to actually execute the command (this is the only

stage of command execution where the thread is blocked and can not serve

other requests in the meantime).

You can configure the slow log with two parameters: one tells Redis

what is the execution time, in microseconds, to exceed in order for the

command to get logged, and the other parameter is the length of the

slow log. When a new command is logged the oldest one is removed from the

queue of logged commands.

The following time is expressed in microseconds, so 1000000 is equivalent

to one second. Note that a negative number disables the slow log, while

a value of zero forces the logging of every command.

slowlog-log-slower-than 10000

There is no limit to this length. Just be aware that it will consume memory.

You can reclaim memory used by the slow log with SLOWLOG RESET.

slowlog-max-len 128

By default latency monitoring is disabled since it is mostly not needed

if you don’t have latency issues, and collecting data has a performance

impact, that while very small, can be measured under big load. Latency

monitoring can easily be enabled at runtime using the command

“CONFIG SET latency-monitor-threshold ” if needed.

latency-monitor-threshold 0

By default all notifications are disabled because most users don’t need

this feature and the feature has some overhead. Note that if you don’t

specify at least one of K or E, no events will be delivered.

notify-keyspace-events “”

############################### ADVANCED CONFIG ###############################

Hashes are encoded using a memory efficient data structure when they have a

small number of entries, and the biggest entry does not exceed a given

threshold. These thresholds can be configured using the following directives.

hash-max-ziplist-entries 512

hash-max-ziplist-value 64

Lists are also encoded in a special way to save a lot of space.

The number of entries allowed per internal list node can be specified

as a fixed maximum size or a maximum number of elements.

For a fixed maximum size, use -5 through -1, meaning:

-5: max size: 64 Kb <-- not recommended for normal workloads

-4: max size: 32 Kb <-- not recommended

-3: max size: 16 Kb <-- probably not recommended

-2: max size: 8 Kb <-- good

-1: max size: 4 Kb <-- good

Positive numbers mean store up to exactly that number of elements

per list node.

The highest performing option is usually -2 (8 Kb size) or -1 (4 Kb size),

but if your use case is unique, adjust the settings as necessary.

list-max-ziplist-size -2

Lists may also be compressed.

Compress depth is the number of quicklist ziplist nodes from each side of

the list to exclude from compression. The head and tail of the list

are always uncompressed for fast push/pop operations. Settings are:

0: disable all list compression

1: depth 1 means "don’t start compressing until after 1 node into the list,

going from either the head or tail"

So: [head]->node->node->…->node->[tail]

[head], [tail] will always be uncompressed; inner nodes will compress.

2: [head]->[next]->node->node->…->node->[prev]->[tail]

2 here means: don’t compress head or head->next or tail->prev or tail,

but compress all nodes between them.

3: [head]->[next]->[next]->node->node->…->node->[prev]->[prev]->[tail]

etc.

list-compress-depth 0

Sets have a special encoding in just one case: when a set is composed

of just strings that happen to be integers in radix 10 in the range

of 64 bit signed integers.

The following configuration setting sets the limit in the size of the

set in order to use this special memory saving encoding.

set-max-intset-entries 512

Similarly to hashes and lists, sorted sets are also specially encoded in

order to save a lot of space. This encoding is only used when the length and

elements of a sorted set are below the following limits:

zset-max-ziplist-entries 128

zset-max-ziplist-value 64

The suggested value is ~ 3000 in order to have the benefits of

the space efficient encoding without slowing down too much PFADD,

which is O(N) with the sparse encoding. The value can be raised to

~ 10000 when CPU is not a concern, but space is, and the data set is

composed of many HyperLogLogs with cardinality in the 0 - 15000 range.

hll-sparse-max-bytes 3000

Streams macro node max size / items. The stream data structure is a radix

tree of big nodes that encode multiple items inside. Using this configuration

it is possible to configure how big a single node can be in bytes, and the

maximum number of items it may contain before switching to a new node when

appending new stream entries. If any of the following settings are set to

zero, the limit is ignored, so for instance it is possible to set just a

max entires limit by setting max-bytes to 0 and max-entries to the desired

value.

stream-node-max-bytes 4096