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Decorations
plt.gca().set(ylabel=‘ M o d e l Model Model’, xlabel=‘ M i l e a g e Mileage Mileage’)
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars, fontsize=12)
plt.title(‘Diverging Bars of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
11. 发散型文本
分散的文本类似于发散条,如果你想以一种漂亮和可呈现的方式显示图表中每个项目的价值,它更喜欢。
Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = [‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘green’ for x in df[‘mpg_z’]]
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
plt.figure(figsize=(14,14), dpi= 80)
plt.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=df.mpg_z)
for x, y, tex in zip(df.mpg_z, df.index, df.mpg_z):
t = plt.text(x, y, round(tex, 2), horizontalalignment=‘right’ if x < 0 else ‘left’,
verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘color’:‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘green’, ‘size’:14})
Decorations
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars, fontsize=12)
plt.title(‘Diverging Text Bars of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.xlim(-2.5, 2.5)
plt.show()
12. 发散型包点图
发散点图也类似于发散条。然而,与发散条相比,条的不存在减少了组之间的对比度和差异。
Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = [‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘darkgreen’ for x in df[‘mpg_z’]]
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
plt.figure(figsize=(14,16), dpi= 80)
plt.scatter(df.mpg_z, df.index, s=450, alpha=.6, color=df.colors)
for x, y, tex in zip(df.mpg_z, df.index, df.mpg_z):
t = plt.text(x, y, round(tex, 1), horizontalalignment=‘center’,
verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘color’:‘white’})
Decorations
Lighten borders
plt.gca().spines[“top”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.gca().spines[“bottom”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.gca().spines[“right”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.gca().spines[“left”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars)
plt.title(‘Diverging Dotplot of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.xlabel(‘ M i l e a g e Mileage Mileage’)
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.xlim(-2.5, 2.5)
plt.show()
13. 带标记的发散型棒棒糖图
带标记的棒棒糖通过强调您想要引起注意的任何重要数据点并在图表中适当地给出推理,提供了一种可视化分歧的灵活方式。
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Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = ‘black’
color fiat differently
df.loc[df.cars == ‘Fiat X1-9’, ‘colors’] = ‘darkorange’
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
import matplotlib.patches as patches
plt.figure(figsize=(14,16), dpi= 80)
plt.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=df.mpg_z, color=df.colors, alpha=0.4, linewidth=1)
plt.scatter(df.mpg_z, df.index, color=df.colors, s=[600 if x == ‘Fiat X1-9’ else 300 for x in df.cars], alpha=0.6)
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars)
plt.xticks(fontsize=12)
Annotate
plt.annotate(‘Mercedes Models’, xy=(0.0, 11.0), xytext=(1.0, 11), xycoords=‘data’,
fontsize=15, ha=‘center’, va=‘center’,
bbox=dict(boxstyle=‘square’, fc=‘firebrick’),
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=‘-[, widthB=2.0, lengthB=1.5’, lw=2.0, color=‘steelblue’), color=‘white’)
Add Patches
p1 = patches.Rectangle((-2.0, -1), width=.3, height=3, alpha=.2, facecolor=‘red’)
p2 = patches.Rectangle((1.5, 27), width=.8, height=5, alpha=.2, facecolor=‘green’)
plt.gca().add_patch(p1)
plt.gca().add_patch(p2)
Decorate
plt.title(‘Diverging Bars of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
14.面积图
通过对轴和线之间的区域进行着色,区域图不仅强调峰值和低谷,而且还强调高点和低点的持续时间。高点持续时间越长,线下面积越大。
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/economics.csv”, parse_dates=[‘date’]).head(100)
x = np.arange(df.shape[0])
y_returns = (df.psavert.diff().fillna(0)/df.psavert.shift(1)).fillna(0) * 100
Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
plt.fill_between(x[1:], y_returns[1:], 0, where=y_returns[1:] >= 0, facecolor=‘green’, interpolate=True, alpha=0.7)
plt.fill_between(x[1:], y_returns[1:], 0, where=y_returns[1:] <= 0, facecolor=‘red’, interpolate=True, alpha=0.7)
Annotate
plt.annotate('Peak
1975’, xy=(94.0, 21.0), xytext=(88.0, 28),
bbox=dict(boxstyle=‘square’, fc=‘firebrick’),
arrowprops=dict(facecolor=‘steelblue’, shrink=0.05), fontsize=15, color=‘white’)
Decorations
xtickvals = [str(m)[:3].upper()+“-”+str(y) for y,m in zip(df.date.dt.year, df.date.dt.month_name())]
plt.gca().set_xticks(x[::6])
plt.gca().set_xticklabels(xtickvals[::6], rotation=90, fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘center’, ‘verticalalignment’: ‘center_baseline’})
plt.ylim(-35,35)
plt.xlim(1,100)
plt.title(“Month Economics Return %”, fontsize=22)
plt.ylabel(‘Monthly returns %’)
plt.grid(alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
15. 有序条形图
有序条形图有效地传达了项目的排名顺序。但是,在图表上方添加度量标准的值,用户可以从图表本身获取精确信息。
Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
import matplotlib.patches as patches
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), facecolor=‘white’, dpi= 80)
ax.vlines(x=df.index, ymin=0, ymax=df.cty, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=20)
Annotate Text
for i, cty in enumerate(df.cty):
ax.text(i, cty+0.5, round(cty, 1), horizontalalignment=‘center’)
Title, Label, Ticks and Ylim
ax.set_title(‘Bar Chart for Highway Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set(ylabel=‘Miles Per Gallon’, ylim=(0, 30))
plt.xticks(df.index, df.manufacturer.str.upper(), rotation=60, horizontalalignment=‘right’, fontsize=12)
Add patches to color the X axis labels
p1 = patches.Rectangle((.57, -0.005), width=.33, height=.13, alpha=.1, facecolor=‘green’, transform=fig.transFigure)
p2 = patches.Rectangle((.124, -0.005), width=.446, height=.13, alpha=.1, facecolor=‘red’, transform=fig.transFigure)
fig.add_artist(p1)
fig.add_artist(p2)
plt.show()
16. 棒棒糖图
棒棒糖图表以一种视觉上令人愉悦的方式提供与有序条形图类似的目的。
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Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
ax.vlines(x=df.index, ymin=0, ymax=df.cty, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=2)
ax.scatter(x=df.index, y=df.cty, s=75, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7)
Title, Label, Ticks and Ylim
ax.set_title(‘Lollipop Chart for Highway Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set_ylabel(‘Miles Per Gallon’)
ax.set_xticks(df.index)
ax.set_xticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.upper(), rotation=60, fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘right’, ‘size’:12})
ax.set_ylim(0, 30)
Annotate
for row in df.itertuples():
ax.text(row.Index, row.cty+.5, s=round(row.cty, 2), horizontalalignment= ‘center’, verticalalignment=‘bottom’, fontsize=14)
plt.show()
17. 包点图
点图表传达了项目的排名顺序。由于它沿水平轴对齐,因此您可以更容易地看到点彼此之间的距离。
Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
ax.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=11, xmax=26, color=‘gray’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dashdot’)
ax.scatter(y=df.index, x=df.cty, s=75, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7)
Title, Label, Ticks and Ylim
ax.set_title(‘Dot Plot for Highway Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set_xlabel(‘Miles Per Gallon’)
ax.set_yticks(df.index)
ax.set_yticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.title(), fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘right’})
ax.set_xlim(10, 27)
plt.show()
18. 坡度图
斜率图最适合比较给定人/项目的“之前”和“之后”位置。
import matplotlib.lines as mlines
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/gdppercap.csv”)
left_label = [str© + ', '+ str(round(y)) for c, y in zip(df.continent, df[‘1952’])]
right_label = [str© + ', '+ str(round(y)) for c, y in zip(df.continent, df[‘1957’])]
klass = [‘red’ if (y1-y2) < 0 else ‘green’ for y1, y2 in zip(df[‘1952’], df[‘1957’])]
draw line
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36470343/how-to-draw-a-line-with-matplotlib/36479941
def newline(p1, p2, color=‘black’):
ax = plt.gca()
l = mlines.Line2D([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], color=‘red’ if p1[1]-p2[1] > 0 else ‘green’, marker=‘o’, markersize=6)
ax.add_line(l)
return l
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(14,14), dpi= 80)
Vertical Lines
ax.vlines(x=1, ymin=500, ymax=13000, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=3, ymin=500, ymax=13000, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
Points
ax.scatter(y=df[‘1952’], x=np.repeat(1, df.shape[0]), s=10, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7)
ax.scatter(y=df[‘1957’], x=np.repeat(3, df.shape[0]), s=10, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7)
Line Segmentsand Annotation
for p1, p2, c in zip(df[‘1952’], df[‘1957’], df[‘continent’]):
newline([1,p1], [3,p2])
ax.text(1-0.05, p1, c + ', ’ + str(round(p1)), horizontalalignment=‘right’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:14})
ax.text(3+0.05, p2, c + ', ’ + str(round(p2)), horizontalalignment=‘left’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:14})
‘Before’ and ‘After’ Annotations
ax.text(1-0.05, 13000, ‘BEFORE’, horizontalalignment=‘right’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:18, ‘weight’:700})
ax.text(3+0.05, 13000, ‘AFTER’, horizontalalignment=‘left’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:18, ‘weight’:700})
Decoration
ax.set_title(“Slopechart: Comparing GDP Per Capita between 1952 vs 1957”, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set(xlim=(0,4), ylim=(0,14000), ylabel=‘Mean GDP Per Capita’)
ax.set_xticks([1,3])
ax.set_xticklabels([“1952”, “1957”])
plt.yticks(np.arange(500, 13000, 2000), fontsize=12)
Lighten borders
plt.gca().spines[“top”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.gca().spines[“bottom”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.gca().spines[“right”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.gca().spines[“left”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.show()
19. 哑铃图
哑铃图传达各种项目的“前”和“后”位置以及项目的排序。如果您想要将特定项目/计划对不同对象的影响可视化,那么它非常有用。
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import matplotlib.lines as mlines
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/health.csv”)
df.sort_values(‘pct_2014’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Func to draw line segment
def newline(p1, p2, color=‘black’):
ax = plt.gca()
l = mlines.Line2D([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], color=‘skyblue’)
ax.add_line(l)
return l
Figure and Axes
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(14,14), facecolor=‘#f7f7f7’, dpi= 80)
Vertical Lines
ax.vlines(x=.05, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=.10, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=.15, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=.20, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
Points
ax.scatter(y=df[‘index’], x=df[‘pct_2013’], s=50, color=‘#0e668b’, alpha=0.7)
ax.scatter(y=df[‘index’], x=df[‘pct_2014’], s=50, color=‘#a3c4dc’, alpha=0.7)
Line Segments
for i, p1, p2 in zip(df[‘index’], df[‘pct_2013’], df[‘pct_2014’]):
newline([p1, i], [p2, i])
Decoration
ax.set_facecolor(‘#f7f7f7’)
ax.set_title(“Dumbell Chart: Pct Change - 2013 vs 2014”, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set(xlim=(0,.25), ylim=(-1, 27), ylabel=‘Mean GDP Per Capita’)
ax.set_xticks([.05, .1, .15, .20])
ax.set_xticklabels([‘5%’, ‘15%’, ‘20%’, ‘25%’])
ax.set_xticklabels([‘5%’, ‘15%’, ‘20%’, ‘25%’])
plt.show()
20. 连续变量的直方图
直方图显示给定变量的频率分布。下面的表示基于分类变量对频率条进行分组,从而更好地了解连续变量和串联变量。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Prepare data
x_var = ‘displ’
groupby_var = ‘class’
df_agg = df.loc[:, [x_var, groupby_var]].groupby(groupby_var)
vals = [df[x_var].values.tolist() for i, df in df_agg]
Draw
plt.figure(figsize=(16,9), dpi= 80)
colors = [plt.cm.Spectral(i/float(len(vals)-1)) for i in range(len(vals))]
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(vals, 30, stacked=True, density=False, color=colors[:len(vals)])
Decoration
plt.legend({group:col for group, col in zip(np.unique(df[groupby_var]).tolist(), colors[:len(vals)])})
plt.title(f"Stacked Histogram of x v a r {x_var} xvar colored by g r o u p b y v a r {groupby_var} groupbyvar", fontsize=22)
plt.xlabel(x_var)
plt.ylabel(“Frequency”)
plt.ylim(0, 25)
plt.xticks(ticks=bins[::3], labels=[round(b,1) for b in bins[::3]])
plt.show()
21. 类型变量的直方图
分类变量的直方图显示该变量的频率分布。通过对条形图进行着色,您可以将分布与表示颜色的另一个分类变量相关联。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Prepare data
x_var = ‘manufacturer’
groupby_var = ‘class’
df_agg = df.loc[:, [x_var, groupby_var]].groupby(groupby_var)
vals = [df[x_var].values.tolist() for i, df in df_agg]
Draw
plt.figure(figsize=(16,9), dpi= 80)
colors = [plt.cm.Spectral(i/float(len(vals)-1)) for i in range(len(vals))]
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(vals, df[x_var].unique().len(), stacked=True, density=False, color=colors[:len(vals)])
Decoration
plt.legend({group:col for group, col in zip(np.unique(df[groupby_var]).tolist(), colors[:len(vals)])})
plt.title(f"Stacked Histogram of x v a r {x_var} xvar colored by g r o u p b y v a r {groupby_var} groupbyvar", fontsize=22)
plt.xlabel(x_var)
plt.ylabel(“Frequency”)
plt.ylim(0, 40)
plt.xticks(ticks=bins, labels=np.unique(df[x_var]).tolist(), rotation=90, horizontalalignment=‘left’)
plt.show()
22. 密度图
密度图是一种常用工具,可视化连续变量的分布。通过“响应”变量对它们进行分组,您可以检查X和Y之间的关系。以下情况,如果出于代表性目的来描述城市里程的分布如何随着汽缸数的变化而变化。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Draw Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df[‘cyl’] == 4, “cty”], shade=True, color=“g”, label=“Cyl=4”, alpha=.7)
sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df[‘cyl’] == 5, “cty”], shade=True, color=“deeppink”, label=“Cyl=5”, alpha=.7)
sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df[‘cyl’] == 6, “cty”], shade=True, color=“dodgerblue”, label=“Cyl=6”, alpha=.7)
sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df[‘cyl’] == 8, “cty”], shade=True, color=“orange”, label=“Cyl=8”, alpha=.7)
Decoration
plt.title(‘Density Plot of City Mileage by n_Cylinders’, fontsize=22)
plt.legend()
23. 直方密度线图
带有直方图的密度曲线将两个图表传达的集体信息汇集在一起,这样您就可以将它们放在一个图形而不是两个图形中。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Draw Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(13,10), dpi= 80)
sns.distplot(df.loc[df[‘class’] == ‘compact’, “cty”], color=“dodgerblue”, label=“Compact”, hist_kws={‘alpha’:.7}, kde_kws={‘linewidth’:3})
sns.distplot(df.loc[df[‘class’] == ‘suv’, “cty”], color=“orange”, label=“SUV”, hist_kws={‘alpha’:.7}, kde_kws={‘linewidth’:3})
sns.distplot(df.loc[df[‘class’] == ‘minivan’, “cty”], color=“g”, label=“minivan”, hist_kws={‘alpha’:.7}, kde_kws={‘linewidth’:3})
plt.ylim(0, 0.35)
Decoration
plt.title(‘Density Plot of City Mileage by Vehicle Type’, fontsize=22)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
24. Joy Plot
Joy Plot允许不同组的密度曲线重叠,这是一种可视化相对于彼此的大量组的分布的好方法。它看起来很悦目,并清楚地传达了正确的信息。它可以使用joypy基于的包来轻松构建matplotlib。
!pip install joypy
Import Data
mpg = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Draw Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(mpg, column=[‘hwy’, ‘cty’], by=“class”, ylim=‘own’, figsize=(14,10))
Decoration
plt.title(‘Joy Plot of City and Highway Mileage by Class’, fontsize=22)
plt.show()
25. 分布式点图
分布点图显示按组分割的点的单变量分布。点数越暗,该区域的数据点集中度越高。通过对中位数进行不同着色,组的真实定位立即变得明显。
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
cyl_colors = {4:‘tab:red’, 5:‘tab:green’, 6:‘tab:blue’, 8:‘tab:orange’}
df_raw[‘cyl_color’] = df_raw.cyl.map(cyl_colors)
Mean and Median city mileage by make
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, ascending=False, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
df_median = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.median())
Draw horizontal lines
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
ax.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=40, color=‘gray’, alpha=0.5, linewidth=.5, linestyles=‘dashdot’)
Draw the Dots
for i, make in enumerate(df.manufacturer):
df_make = df_raw.loc[df_raw.manufacturer==make, :]
ax.scatter(y=np.repeat(i, df_make.shape[0]), x=‘cty’, data=df_make, s=75, edgecolors=‘gray’, c=‘w’, alpha=0.5)
ax.scatter(y=i, x=‘cty’, data=df_median.loc[df_median.index==make, :], s=75, c=‘firebrick’)
Annotate
ax.text(33, 13, “ r e d ; d o t s ; a r e ; t h e : m e d i a n red ; dots ; are ; the : median red;dots;are;the:median”, fontdict={‘size’:12}, color=‘firebrick’)
Decorations
red_patch = plt.plot([],[], marker=“o”, ms=10, ls=“”, mec=None, color=‘firebrick’, label=“Median”)
plt.legend(handles=red_patch)
ax.set_title(‘Distribution of City Mileage by Make’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set_xlabel(‘Miles Per Gallon (City)’, alpha=0.7)
ax.set_yticks(df.index)
ax.set_yticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.title(), fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘right’}, alpha=0.7)
ax.set_xlim(1, 40)
plt.xticks(alpha=0.7)
plt.gca().spines[“top”].set_visible(False)
plt.gca().spines[“bottom”].set_visible(False)
plt.gca().spines[“right”].set_visible(False)
plt.gca().spines[“left”].set_visible(False)
plt.grid(axis=‘both’, alpha=.4, linewidth=.1)
plt.show()
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