19条Python编程技巧

1.交换赋值

#不推荐  
temp = a  
a = b  
b = a  
  
#推荐  
a , b = b , a  #先生成一个元组（tuple）对象，然后在unpack  

2.Unpacking

#不推荐  
l = ['David' , 'Pythonista' , '+1-514-555-1234']  
first_name = l[0]  
last_name = l[1]  
phone_number = l[2]  
  
#推荐  
l = ['David' , 'Pythonista' , '+1-514-555-1234']  
first_name, last_name, phone_number = l  
#python 3 only  
first, *middle, last = another_list  

3.使用操作符in

#不推荐  
if fruit = "apple" or fruit == "orange" or fruit == "berry":  
        #多次判断  
#推荐  
if fruit in ["apple","orange","berry"]:  
        #使用in更加简洁  

4.字符串操作

#不推荐  
colors = ['red' ,'blue' ,'green' , 'yellow' ]  
  
result = ' '  
for s in colors:  
    result += s   #每次赋值都丢弃以前的字符串对象，生成一个新对象  
  
#推荐  
colors = ['red' , 'blue' , 'green' , 'yellow' ]  
result = ' '.join(colors)  #没有额外的内存分配  

5.字典键值列表

#不推荐  
for key in my_dict.keys():  
    #my_dict[key] ...  
  
#推荐  
for key in my_dict:  
    #my_dict[key] ...  
  
#只有当循环中需要更改key值的情况下，我们需要使用 my_dict.keys()  
#生成静态的键值列表  

6.字典键值判断

#不推荐  
if my_dict.has_key(key):  
    #...do something with d[key]  
  
#推荐  
if key in my_dict:  
    #...do something with d[key]  

7.字典 get 和 setdefault 方法

#不推荐  
 navs = {}  
 for (portfolio, equity, position) in data:  
 　　if portfolio not in navs:  
 　　　　navs[portfolio] = 0  
     navs[portfolio]  += position * prices[equity]  
  
 #推荐  
 navs = {}  
 for (portfolio, equity, position) in data:  
     # 使用 get 方法  
     navs[portfolio] = navs.get(portfolio,0) + position * prices[equity]  
  
     #或者使用 setdefault 方法  
     navs.setdefault(portfolio,0)  
     navs[portfolio] += position * prices[equity]  

8.判断真伪

#不推荐  
if x == True:  
    #...  
if len(items) != 0:  
    #...  
if items != []:  
    #...  
  
#推荐  
if x:  
    #...  
if items:  
    #...  

9.遍历列表以及索引

#不推荐  
items = 'zero one two three'.split()  
#method 1  
i = 0  
for item in items:  
    print i , item  
    i += 1  
#method 2  
for i in range(len(items)):  
    print i , items[i]  
  
#推荐  
items = 'zero one two three'.split()  
for i,item in enumerate(items):  
    print i , item  

10.列表推导

#不推荐  
new_list = []  
for item in a_list:  
    if condition(item):  
        new_list.append(fn(item))  
  
#推荐  
new_list = [fn(item) for item in a_list if condition(item)]  

11.列表推导-嵌套

#不推荐  
for sub_list in nested_list:  
    if list_condition(sub_list):  
        for item in sub_list:  
            if item_condition(item):  
                #do something...  
  
#推荐  
gen = (item for s1 in nested_list if list_condition(s1) \  
                  for item in s1 if item_condition(item))  
for item in gen:  
    #do something  

12.循环嵌套

#不推荐  
for x in x_list:  
    for y in y_list:  
        for z in z_list:  
            #do something for x &y  
  
#推荐  
from itertools import product  
for x, y, z in product(x_list, y_list, z_list):  
    #do something for x, y, z  

13.尽量使用生成器代替列表

#不推荐  
def my_range(n):  
    i = 0  
    result = []  
    while i <n:  
        result.append(fn(i))  
        i += 1  
    return result  #返回值  
  
#推荐  
def my_range(n):  
    i = 0  
    result = []  
    while i < n:  
        yield fn(i)  #使用生成器代替列表  
        i += 1    

14.中间结果尽量使用 imap/ifilter 代替 map/filter

#不推荐  
reduce(rf, filiter(ff, map(my, a_list)))  
  
#推荐  
from itertools import ifilter,imap  
reduce(rf, ifilter(ff, imap(mf, a_list)))    

15.使用 any/all 函数

#不推荐  
found = False  
for item in a_list:  
    if condition(item):  
        found = True  
        break  
 if found:  
    #do something if found...  
  
#推荐  
if any(condition(item) for item in a_list):  
    #do something if found...  

16.属性（property）

#不推荐  
class Clock(object):  
    def __init__(self):  
        self.__hour = 1  
    def setHour(self,hour):  
        if 25 >hour >0: self.__hour = hour  
        else: raise BadHour Exception  
    def getHour(self):  
        return self.__hour  
  
#推荐  
class Clock(object)：  
    def __init__(self):  
        self.__hour = 1  
    def __setHour(self,hour):  
        if 25 >hour > 0: self.__hour = hour  
        else:raise BadHour Exception  
    def __getHour(self):  
        return self.__hour  
    hour = property(__getHour,__setHour)  

17.使用 with 处理文件打开

#不推荐  
f = open("some_file.txt")  
try:  
    data = f.read()  
    #其他文件操作 ...  
finally:  
    f.close()  
  
#推荐  
with open("some_file.txt") as f:  
    data = f.read()  
    #其他文件操作 ...  

18.使用 with 忽视异常（仅限Python 3）

#不推荐  
try:  
    os.remove("somefile.txt")  
except OSError:  
    pass  
  
#推荐  
from contextlib import ignored   #python 3 only  
  
with ignored(OSError):  
    os.remove("something.txt')  

19.使用 with 处理加锁

#不推荐  
import threading  
lock = threading.Lock()  
  
lock.acquire()  
try:  
    #互斥操作 ...  
finally:  
    lock.release()  
  
#推荐  
import threading  
lock = threading.Lock()  
  
with lock：  
    #互斥操作 ...