【必看！！！】Python—requests模块详解!（文末附带无偿大礼包）

宇宙大豹发

于 2024-10-10 15:26:20 发布

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文章标签： python 开发语言 Python入门 python讲解 requests模块 python学习 python使用

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/2401_85855266/article/details/142822735

版权

1、模块说明

requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库。

用python编写。

比urllib2模块更简洁。

Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池，支持使用cookie保持会话，支持文件上传，支持自动响应内容的编码，支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。

在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得python进行网络请求时，变得人性化，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

现代，国际化，友好。

requests会自动实现持久连接keep-alive

2、基础入门

1）导入模块

import requests

2）发送请求的简洁

示例代码：获取一个网页（个人github）

import requests

r \= requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 带参数的get请求

我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种方法

1   requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’)                                # GET请求
2   requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”)                                        # POST请求
3   requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”)                                          # PUT请求
4   requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”)                                    # DELETE请求
5   requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”)                                         # HEAD请求
6   requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” )                                     # OPTIONS请求

3）为url传递参数

\>>> url\_params = {'key':'value'}       #    字典传递参数，如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中
>>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url\_params)
\>>> print(r.url)
　　your url?key\=value

4）响应的内容

r.encoding                       #获取当前的编码
r.encoding = 'utf-8'             #设置编码
r.text                           #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体，会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。
r.content                        #以字节形式（二进制）返回。字节方式的响应体，会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。
r.headers                        #以字典对象存储服务器响应头，但是这个字典比较特殊，字典键不区分大小写，若键不存在则返回None
r.status\_code                     #响应状态码
r.raw                             #返回原始响应体，也就是 urllib 的 response 对象，使用 r.raw.read()   
r.ok                              # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功
 #\*特殊方法\*#
r.json()                         #Requests中内置的JSON解码器，以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的，不然解析出错会抛异常
r.raise\_for\_status()             #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常

post发送json请求：

1 import requests
2 import json
3  
4 r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'}))
5 print(r.json())

5）定制头和cookie信息

header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'}
 r \= requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)

data = {'some': 'data'}
headers \= {'content-type': 'application/json',
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86\_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
 
r \= requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text)

6）响应状态码

使用requests方法后，会返回一个response对象，其存储了服务器响应的内容，如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例：当你访问 r.text 之时，会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码，并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。

1 r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org')
2 print(r.text, '\\n{}\\n'.format('\*'\*79), r.encoding)
3 r.encoding = 'GBK'
4 print(r.text, '\\n{}\\n'.format('\*'\*79), r.encoding)

示例代码：

1 import requests
2 
3 r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
4 print(r.status\_code)                               # 获取返回状态
5 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 带参数的get请求
6 print(r1.url)
7 print(r1.text)        # 打印解码后的返回数据

运行结果：

/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3\_1000/1000/python3\_server/python3\_requests/demo1.py
200
http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python
…………

Process finished with exit code 0

 r.status\_code                      #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise\_for\_status() 抛出异常

7）响应

r.headers                                  #返回字典类型,头信息
r.requests.headers                         #返回发送到服务器的头信息
r.cookies                                  #返回cookie
r.history                                  #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow\_redirects = false 阻止重定向

8）超时

r = requests.get('url',timeout=1)           #设置秒数超时，仅对于连接有效

9)会话对象，能够跨请求保持某些参数

s = requests.Session()
s.auth \= ('auth','passwd')
s.headers \= {'key':'value'}
r \= s.get('url')
r1 \= s.get('url1')

10）代理

proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)

汇总：

# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")

# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示

#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r \= requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa\_list", params=payload) 
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa\_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港

#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）

#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json    

# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers \= {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r \= requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)

#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload \= {'some': 'data'}
r \= requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下

# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files \= {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r \= requests.post(url, files=files)

# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status\_code)
    
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers\['Content-Type'\])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r \= requests.get(url)
r.cookies\['example\_cookie\_name'\]    #读取cookies
    
url \= 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies \= dict(cookies\_are='working')
r \= requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies

#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)

#设置访问代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
           "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
          }
r \= requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)

#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}

# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")

# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示

#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r \= requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa\_list", params=payload) 
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa\_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港

#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）

#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json    

# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers \= {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r \= requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)

#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload \= {'some': 'data'}
r \= requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下

# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files \= {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r \= requests.post(url, files=files)

# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status\_code)
    
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers\['Content-Type'\])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r \= requests.get(url)
r.cookies\['example\_cookie\_name'\]    #读取cookies
    
url \= 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies \= dict(cookies\_are='working')
r \= requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies

#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)

#设置访问代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
           "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
          }
r \= requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)

#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}

3、示例代码

GET请求

1 # 1、无参数实例
 2   
 3 import requests
 4   
 5 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 6   
 7 print(ret.url)
 8 print(ret.text)
 9   
10   
11   
12 # 2、有参数实例
13   
14 import requests
15   
16 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
18   
19 print(ret.url)
20 print(ret.text)

POST请求

# 1、基本POST实例
  
import requests
  
payload \= {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret \= requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
print(ret.text)
  
  
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
  
import requests
import json
  
url \= 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload \= {'some': 'data'}
headers \= {'content-type': 'application/json'}
  
ret \= requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
  
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

请求参数

def request(method, url, \*\*kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:\`Request <Request>\`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:\`Request\` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:\`Request\` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:\`Request\`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:\`Request\`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:\`Request\`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:\`Request\`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:\`Request\`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of \`\`'name': file-like-objects\`\` (or \`\`{'name': file-tuple}\`\`) for multipart encoding upload.
        \`\`file-tuple\`\` can be a 2-tuple \`\`('filename', fileobj)\`\`, 3-tuple \`\`('filename', fileobj, 'content\_type')\`\`
        or a 4-tuple \`\`('filename', fileobj, 'content\_type', custom\_headers)\`\`, where \`\`'content-type'\`\` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and \`\`custom\_headers\`\` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:\`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>\` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow\_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow\_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA\_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to \`\`True\`\`.
    :param stream: (optional) if \`\`False\`\`, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:\`Response <Response>\` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response \[200\]>
    """

参数列表

请求参数

请求参数

def param\_method\_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass

def param\_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass

def param\_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字节
    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data\_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass

def param\_json():
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url\='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json\={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

def param\_headers():
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url\='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json\={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
                     headers\={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )

def param\_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url\='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data\={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies\={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj \= CookieJar()
    obj.set\_cookie(Cookie(version\=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard\=True, comment=None, comment\_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port\_specified\=False, domain\_specified=False, domain\_initial\_dot=False, path\_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method\='POST',
                     url\='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data\={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies\=obj)

def param\_files():
    # 发送文件
    # file\_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file\_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file\_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file\_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file\_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file\_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file\_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file\_dict)

    pass

def param\_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret \= requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #

def param\_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass

def param\_allow\_redirects():
    ret \= requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow\_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)

def param\_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)

    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass

def param\_stream():
    ret \= requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此处理响应。
    # for i in r.iter\_content():
    # print(i)

def requests\_session():
    import requests

    session \= requests.Session()

    #\## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
    i1 \= session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    #\## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = session.post(
        url\="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data\={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )

    i3 \= session.post(
        url\="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)

参数示例代码

json请求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json

class url\_request():
    def \_\_init\_\_(self):
        ''' init '''

if \_\_name\_\_ == '\_\_main\_\_':
    heard \= {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    payload \= {'CountryName': '中国',
               'ProvinceName': '四川省',
               'L1CityName': 'chengdu',
               'L2CityName': 'yibing',
               'TownName': '',
               'Longitude': '107.33393',
               'Latitude': '33.157131',
               'Language': 'CN'}
    r \= requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
    data \= r.json()
    if r.status\_code!=200:
        print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status\_code))
    print(data\['CityEntities'\]\[0\]\['CityID'\])  # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
    print(data\['ResponseStatus'\]\['Ack'\])
    print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort\_keys=True, ensure\_ascii=False))  # 树形打印json，ensure\_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode

Xml请求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests

class url\_request():
    def \_\_init\_\_(self):
        """init"""

if \_\_name\_\_ == '\_\_main\_\_':
    heards \= {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
    XML \= '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>'
    url \= 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
    r \= requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
    data \= r.text
    print(data)

状态异常处理

import requests

URL \= 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php'  # 淘宝IP地址库API
try:
    r \= requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
    r.raise\_for\_status()  # 如果响应状态码不是 200，就主动抛出异常
except requests.RequestException as e:
    print(e)
else:
    result \= r.json()
    print(type(result), result, sep='\\n')

上传文件

使用request模块，也可以上传文件，文件的类型会自动进行处理：

import requests
 
url \= 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files \= {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))}     #显式的设置文件名
 
r \= requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)

request更加方便的是，可以把字符串当作文件进行上传：

import requests
 
url \= 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files \= {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')}     #必需显式的设置文件名
 
r \= requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)

6) 身份验证

基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
 
r \= requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))
# r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd'))    # 简写
print(r.json())

另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证，Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:

requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')

Cookies与会话对象

如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速访问它们：

import requests
 
r \= requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies\['NID'\])
print(tuple(r.cookies))

要想发送你的cookies到服务器，可以使用 cookies 参数：

import requests
 
url \= 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies \= {'testCookies\_1': 'Hello\_Python3', 'testCookies\_2': 'Hello\_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@，冒号，分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())

会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数，最方便的是在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies，且这些都是自动处理的，甚是方便。
下面就来一个真正的实例，如下是快盘签到脚本：

import requests
 
headers \= {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,\*/\*;q=0.8',
           'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress',
           'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
           'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
           'Connection': 'keep-alive',
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86\_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
 
s \= requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)
# s.auth = ('superuser', '123')
s.get('https://www.kuaipan.cn/account\_login.htm')
 
\_URL \= 'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php'
s.post(\_URL, params\={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'},
       data\={'username':'\*\*\*\*@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*', 'isajax':'yes'})
r \= s.get(\_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'})
print(r.json())
s.get(\_URL, params\={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})

requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例

这是一个基本的文件保存操作，但这里有几个值得注意的问题：

1.安装requests包，命令行输入pip install requests即可自动安装。很多人推荐使用requests，自带的urllib.request也可以抓取网页源码

2.open方法encoding参数设为utf-8，否则保存的文件会出现乱码。

3.如果直接在cmd中输出抓取的内容，会提示各种编码错误，所以保存到文件查看。

4.with open方法是更好的写法，可以自动操作完毕后释放资源

#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests

'''requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例'''
html \= requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(html.text)
    
'''读取一个txt文件，每次读取一行，并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例'''
ff \= open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
    for line in f:
        ff.write(line)
        ff.close()

因为在命令行中打印每次读取一行的数据，中文会出现编码错误，所以每次读取一行并保存到另一个文件，这样来测试读取是否正常。（注意open的时候制定encoding编码方式）

自动登陆"示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -\*- coding:utf-8 -\*-
import requests

# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1\_cookies = i1.cookies.get\_dict()

# ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    },
    cookies=i1\_cookies
)

# ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）
gpsd = i1\_cookies\['gpsd'\]
i3 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
    cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)

print(i3.text)
"""

# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests

session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    }
)
i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)

"""

抽屉新热榜

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -\*- coding:utf-8 -\*-

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# ############## 方式一 ##############
#
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity\_token
# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity\_token'})
# authenticity\_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get\_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity\_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form\_data = {
# "authenticity\_token": authenticity\_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form\_data, cookies=c1)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get\_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list\_group = soup3.find(name='div', class\_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list\_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project\_tag = child.find(name='a', class\_='mr-1')
#         size\_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project\_tag.get('href'), size\_tag.string, project\_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)

# ############## 方式二 ##############
# session = requests.Session()
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity\_token
# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity\_token'})
# authenticity\_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get\_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity\_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form\_data = {
#     "authenticity\_token": authenticity\_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form\_data)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get\_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list\_group = soup3.find(name='div', class\_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list\_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project\_tag = child.find(name='a', class\_='mr-1')
#         size\_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project\_tag.get('href'), size\_tag.string, project\_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)

github

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -\*- coding:utf-8 -\*-
import time

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

session \= requests.Session()

i1 \= session.get(
    url\='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
    headers\={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10\_10\_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

soup1 \= BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf\_tag \= soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '\_xsrf'})
xsrf \= xsrf\_tag.get('value')

current\_time \= time.time()
i2 \= session.get(
    url\='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
    params\={'r': current\_time, 'type': 'login'},
    headers\={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10\_10\_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    })

with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(i2.content)

captcha \= input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')
form\_data \= {
    "\_xsrf": xsrf,
    'password': 'xxooxxoo',
    "captcha": 'captcha',
    'email': '424662508@qq.com'
}
i3 \= session.post(
    url\='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
    data\=form\_data,
    headers\={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10\_10\_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

i4 \= session.get(
    url\='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
    headers\={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10\_10\_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

soup4 \= BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag \= soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick\_name \= tag.find('span',class\_='name').string
print(nick\_name)

知乎

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -\*- coding:utf-8 -\*-
import re
import json
import base64

import rsa
import requests

def js\_encrypt(text):
    b64der \= 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
    der \= base64.standard\_b64decode(b64der)

    pk \= rsa.PublicKey.load\_pkcs1\_openssl\_der(der)
    v1 \= rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
    value \= base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\\n', b'')
    value \= value.decode('utf8')

    return value


session \= requests.Session()

i1 \= session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep \= re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.\*)'")
v \= re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification\_token \= v.group(1)

form\_data \= {
    'input1': js\_encrypt('wptawy'),
    'input2': js\_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
    'remember': False
}

i2 \= session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
                  data\=json.dumps(form\_data),
                  headers\={
                      'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                      'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                      'VerificationToken': verification\_token}
                  )

i3 \= session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')

print(i3.text)

博客园

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -\*- coding:utf-8 -\*-

import requests

# 第一步：访问登陆页,拿到X\_Anti\_Forge\_Token，X\_Anti\_Forge\_Code
# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
# 2、请求方法:GET
# 3、请求头:
#    User-agent
r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
                 headers\={
                     'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
                 },
                 )

X\_Anti\_Forge\_Token \= re.findall("X\_Anti\_Forge\_Token = '(.\*?)'", r1.text, re.S)\[0\]
X\_Anti\_Forge\_Code \= re.findall("X\_Anti\_Forge\_Code = '(.\*?)'", r1.text, re.S)\[0\]
print(X\_Anti\_Forge\_Token, X\_Anti\_Forge\_Code)
# print(r1.cookies.get\_dict())
# 第二步：登陆
# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json
# 2、请求方法:POST
# 3、请求头:
#    cookie
#    User-agent
#    Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
#    X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984
#    X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78
#    X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest
# 4、请求体：
# isValidate:true
# username:15131252215
# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d
# request\_form\_verifyCode:''
# submit:''
r2 = requests.post(
    'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',
    headers\={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
        'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
        'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X\_Anti\_Forge\_Code,
        'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X\_Anti\_Forge\_Token,
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
    },
    data\={
        "isValidate": True,
        'username': '15131255089',
        'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d',
        'request\_form\_verifyCode': '',
        'submit': ''
    },
    cookies\=r1.cookies.get\_dict()
)
print(r2.text)

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