MYSQL基础篇02-运算符

MYSQL基础篇02-运算符

1. 算术运算符： + - * / div % mod

SELECT 100, 100 + 0, 100 - 0, 100 + 50, 100 + 50 * 30, 100 + 35.5, 100 - 35.5

FROM DUAL;

# 在SQL中，+没有连接的作用，就表示加法运算。此时，会将字符串转换为数值（隐式转换）

SELECT 100 + ‘1’ # 在Java语言中，结果是：1001。

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 100 + ‘a’ #此时将’a’看做0处理

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 100 + NULL # null值参与运算，结果为null

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 100, 100 * 1, 100 * 1.0, 100 / 1.0, 100 / 2,

100 + 2 * 5 / 2,100 / 3, 100 DIV 0 # 分母如果为0，则结果为null

FROM DUAL;

# 取模运算： % mod

SELECT 12 % 3,12 % 5, 12 MOD -5,-12 % 5,-12 % -5

FROM DUAL;

#练习：查询员工id为偶数的员工信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary

FROM employees

WHERE employee_id % 2 = 0;

2. 比较运算符

2.1 = <=> <> != < <= > >=

2.1.1 = 的使用

SELECT 1 = 2,1 != 2,1 = ‘1’,1 = ‘a’,0 = ‘a’ #字符串存在隐式转换。如果转换数值不成功，则看做0

FROM DUAL;

SELECT ‘a’ = ‘a’,‘ab’ = ‘ab’,‘a’ = ‘b’ #两边都是字符串的话，则按照ANSI的比较规则进行比较。

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 1 = NULL,NULL = NULL # 只要有null参与判断，结果就为null

FROM DUAL;

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct

FROM employees

#where salary = 6000;

WHERE commission_pct = NULL; #此时执行，不会有任何的结果

2.1.2 <=> ：安全等于。

记忆技巧：为NULL而生。

SELECT 1 <=> 2,1 <=> ‘1’,1 <=> ‘a’,0 <=> ‘a’

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 1 <=> NULL, NULL <=> NULL

FROM DUAL;

#练习：查询表中commission_pct为null的数据有哪些

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct

FROM employees

WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL;

2.1.3 <> 不等于运算符

SELECT 3 <> 2,‘4’ <> NULL, ‘’ != NULL,NULL != NULL

FROM DUAL;

其余运算符不做解释了。

2.2 非符号类型的运算符

2.2.1 IS NULL \ IS NOT NULL \ ISNULL

#练习：查询表中commission_pct为null的数据有哪些

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct

FROM employees

WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;

#或

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct

FROM employees

WHERE ISNULL(commission_pct);

#练习：查询表中commission_pct不为null的数据有哪些

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct

FROM employees

WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

#或

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct

FROM employees

WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL;

2.2.2 LEAST() \ GREATEST

SELECT LEAST(‘g’,‘b’,‘t’,‘m’),GREATEST(‘g’,‘b’,‘t’,‘m’)

FROM DUAL;

SELECT LEAST(first_name,last_name),LEAST(LENGTH(first_name),LENGTH(last_name))

FROM employees;

2.2.3 BETWEEN 条件下界1 AND 条件上界2 （查询条件1和条件2范围内的数据，包含边界）

#查询工资在6000 到 8000的员工信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary

FROM employees

#where salary between 6000 and 8000;

WHERE salary >= 6000 && salary <= 8000;

#交换6000 和 8000之后，查询不到数据

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary

FROM employees

WHERE salary BETWEEN 8000 AND 6000;

#查询工资不在6000 到 8000的员工信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary

FROM employees

WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 6000 AND 8000;

#where salary < 6000 or salary > 8000;

2.2.4 in (set)\ not in (set)

#练习：查询部门为10,20,30部门的员工信息

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id

FROM employees

#where department_id = 10 or department_id = 20 or department_id = 30;

WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30);

#练习：查询工资不是6000,7000,8000的员工信息

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id

FROM employees

WHERE salary NOT IN (6000,7000,8000);

2.2.5 LIKE :模糊查询

# % : 代表不确定个数的字符 （0个，1个，或多个）

#练习：查询last_name中包含字符’a’的员工信息

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%a%’;

#练习：查询last_name中以字符’a’开头的员工信息

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘a%’;

#练习：查询last_name中包含字符’a’且包含字符’e’的员工信息

#写法1：

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%a%’ AND last_name LIKE ‘%e%’;

#写法2：

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%a%e%’ OR last_name LIKE ‘%e%a%’;

# _ ：代表一个不确定的字符

#练习：查询第3个字符是’a’的员工信息

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘__a%’;

#练习：查询第2个字符是_且第3个字符是’a’的员工信息

#需要使用转义字符: \

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘__a%’;

#或者 ESCAPE (了解)

SELECT last_name

FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE ‘_${}_a$’;

2.2.6 REGEXP \ RLIKE :正则表达式

SELECT ‘shkstart’ REGEXP ‘^shk’, ‘shkstart’ REGEXP ‘t$’, ‘shkstart’ REGEXP ‘hk’

FROM DUAL;

SELECT ‘atguigu’ REGEXP ‘gu.gu’,‘atguigu’ REGEXP ‘[ab]’

FROM DUAL;

正则表达式的部分规则：

（1）‘^’匹配以该字符后面的字符开头的字符串。
（2）‘$’匹配以该字符前面的字符结尾的字符串。
（3）‘.’匹配任何一个单字符。
（4）“[…]”匹配在方括号内的任何字符。例如，“[abc]”匹配“a”或“b”或“c”。为了命名字符的范围，使用一
个‘-’。“[a-z]”匹配任何字母，而“[0-9]”匹配任何数字。
（5）‘’匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符。例如，“x”匹配任何数量的‘x’字符，“[0-9]”匹配任何数量的数字，
而“”匹配任何数量的任何字符。

3.逻辑运算符：OR || AND && NOT ! XOR

3.1 or and

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id

FROM employees

#where department_id = 10 or department_id = 20;

#where department_id = 10 and department_id = 20;

WHERE department_id = 50 AND salary > 6000;

3.2 not

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id

FROM employees

#where salary not between 6000 and 8000;

#where commission_pct is not null;

WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL;

3.3 XOR :追求的"异"

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id

FROM employees

WHERE department_id = 50 XOR salary > 6000;

#注意：AND的优先级高于OR

4. 位运算符： & | ^ ~ >> <<

SELECT 12 & 5, 12 | 5,12 ^ 5

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 10 & ~1 FROM DUAL;

#在一定范围内满足：每向左移动1位，相当于乘以2；每向右移动一位，相当于除以2。

SELECT 4 << 1 , 8 >> 1

commission_pct <=> NULL;

3.3 XOR :追求的"异"

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id

FROM employees

WHERE department_id = 50 XOR salary > 6000;

#注意：AND的优先级高于OR

4. 位运算符： & | ^ ~ >> <<

SELECT 12 & 5, 12 | 5,12 ^ 5

FROM DUAL;

SELECT 10 & ~1 FROM DUAL;

#在一定范围内满足：每向左移动1位，相当于乘以2；每向右移动一位，相当于除以2。

SELECT 4 << 1 , 8 >> 1

FROM DUAL;