ChatGPT 使用嵌入的推荐

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-30 11:11:45 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-04-30 11:11:45 发布

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分类专栏： ChatGPT 文章标签： python pandas 推荐 ChatGPT

原文链接：https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook

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使用嵌入和最近邻搜索的推荐

推荐在网络上很普遍：

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此笔记本演示了如何使用嵌入来查找要推荐的相似项目。特别是，我们使用 AG 的新闻文章语料库作为我们的数据集。

我们的模型将回答这个问题：给定一篇文章，还有哪些其他文章与它最相似？

1.导入

首先，让我们导入稍后需要的包和函数。如果您没有这些，则需要安装它们。您可以通过控制台运行pip install {package_name}来安装，例如 pip install pandas

# imports
import pandas as pd
import pickle

from openai.embeddings_utils import (
    get_embedding,
    distances_from_embeddings,
    tsne_components_from_embeddings,
    chart_from_components,
    indices_of_nearest_neighbors_from_distances,
)

# constants
EMBEDDING_MODEL = "text-embedding-ada-002"

2.加载数据

接下来我们加载AG新闻数据，看看长什么样子。

# load data (full dataset available at http://groups.di.unipi.it/~gulli/AG_corpus_of_news_articles.html)
dataset_path = "data/AG_news_samples.csv"
df = pd.read_csv(dataset_path)

# print dataframe
n_examples = 5
df.head(n_examples)

title	description	label_int	label
World Briefings	BRITAIN: BLAIR WARNS OF CLIMATE THREAT Prime M…	1	World
Nvidia Puts a Firewall on a Motherboard (PC Wo…	PC World - Upcoming chip set will include buil…	4	Sci/Tech
Olympic joy in Greek, Chinese press	Newspapers in Greece reflect a mixture of exhi…	2	Sports
U2 Can iPod with Pictures	SAN JOSE, Calif. – Apple Computer (Quote, Cha…	4	Sci/Tech
The Dream Factory	Any product, any shape, any size – manufactur…	4	Sci/Tech

让我们看一下那些相同的例子，但没有被省略号截断。

# print the title, description, and label of each example
for idx, row in df.head(n_examples).iterrows():
    print("")
    print(f"Title: {row['title']}")
    print(f"Description: {row['description']}")
    print(f"Label: {row['label']}")

Title: World Briefings
Description: BRITAIN: BLAIR WARNS OF CLIMATE THREAT Prime Minister Tony Blair urged the international community to consider global warming a dire threat and agree on a plan of action to curb the  quot;alarming quot; growth of greenhouse gases.
Label: World

Title: Nvidia Puts a Firewall on a Motherboard (PC World)
Description: PC World - Upcoming chip set will include built-in security features for your PC.
Label: Sci/Tech

Title: Olympic joy in Greek, Chinese press
Description: Newspapers in Greece reflect a mixture of exhilaration that the Athens Olympics proved successful, and relief that they passed off without any major setback.
Label: Sports

Title: U2 Can iPod with Pictures
Description: SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Apple Computer (Quote, Chart) unveiled a batch of new iPods, iTunes software and promos designed to keep it atop the heap of digital music players.
Label: Sci/Tech

Title: The Dream Factory
Description: Any product, any shape, any size -- manufactured on your desktop! The future is the fabricator. By Bruce Sterling from Wired magazine.
Label: Sci/Tech

3.构建缓存以保存嵌入

在获取这些文章的嵌入之前，让我们设置一个缓存来保存我们生成的嵌入。通常，保存嵌入是个好主意，以便以后可以重新使用它们。如果您不保存它们，则每次重新计算它们时都会再次付费。

缓存是一个字典，将 (text, model) 的元组映射到嵌入，这是一个浮点数列表。缓存保存为 Python pickle 文件。

# establish a cache of embeddings to avoid recomputing
# cache is a dict of tuples (text, model) -> embedding, saved as a pickle file

# set path to embedding cache
embedding_cache_path = "data/recommendations_embeddings_cache.pkl"

# load the cache if it exists, and save a copy to disk
try:
    embedding_cache = pd.read_pickle(embedding_cache_path)
except FileNotFoundError:
    embedding_cache = {}
with open(embedding_cache_path, "wb") as embedding_cache_file:
    pickle.dump(embedding_cache, embedding_cache_file)

# define a function to retrieve embeddings from the cache if present, and otherwise request via the API
def embedding_from_string(
    string: str,
    model: str = EMBEDDING_MODEL,
    embedding_cache=embedding_cache
) -> list:
    """Return embedding of given string, using a cache to avoid recomputing."""
    if (string, model) not in embedding_cache.keys():
        embedding_cache[(string, model)] = get_embedding(string, model)
        with open(embedding_cache_path, "wb") as embedding_cache_file:
            pickle.dump(embedding_cache, embedding_cache_file)
    return embedding_cache[(string, model)]

让我们通过嵌入来检查它是否有效。

# as an example, take the first description from the dataset
example_string = df["description"].values[0]
print(f"\nExample string: {example_string}")

# print the first 10 dimensions of the embedding
example_embedding = embedding_from_string(example_string)
print(f"\nExample embedding: {example_embedding[:10]}...")

Example string: BRITAIN: BLAIR WARNS OF CLIMATE THREAT Prime Minister Tony Blair urged the international community to consider global warming a dire threat and agree on a plan of action to curb the  quot;alarming quot; growth of greenhouse gases.

Example embedding: [-0.01071077398955822, -0.022362446412444115, -0.00883542187511921, -0.0254171434789896, 0.031423427164554596, 0.010723662562668324, -0.016717055812478065, 0.004195375367999077, -0.008074969984591007, -0.02142154797911644]...

4.基于嵌入推荐相似文章

要查找类似的文章，让我们遵循一个三步计划：

获取所有文章描述的相似度嵌入
计算来源标题与所有其他文章之间的距离
打印出最接近源标题的其他文章

def print_recommendations_from_strings(
    strings: list[str],
    index_of_source_string: int,
    k_nearest_neighbors: int = 1,
    model=EMBEDDING_MODEL,
) -> list[int]:
    """Print out the k nearest neighbors of a given string."""
    # get embeddings for all strings
    embeddings = [embedding_from_string(string, model=model) for string in strings]
    # get the embedding of the source string
    query_embedding = embeddings[index_of_source_string]
    # get distances between the source embedding and other embeddings (function from embeddings_utils.py)
    distances = distances_from_embeddings(query_embedding, embeddings, distance_metric="cosine")
    # get indices of nearest neighbors (function from embeddings_utils.py)
    indices_of_nearest_neighbors = indices_of_nearest_neighbors_from_distances(distances)

    # print out source string
    query_string = strings[index_of_source_string]
    print(f"Source string: {query_string}")
    # print out its k nearest neighbors
    k_counter = 0
    for i in indices_of_nearest_neighbors:
        # skip any strings that are identical matches to the starting string
        if query_string == strings[i]:
            continue
        # stop after printing out k articles
        if k_counter >= k_nearest_neighbors:
            break
        k_counter += 1

        # print out the similar strings and their distances
        print(
            f"""
        --- Recommendation #{k_counter} (nearest neighbor {k_counter} of {k_nearest_neighbors}) ---
        String: {strings[i]}
        Distance: {distances[i]:0.3f}"""
        )

    return indices_of_nearest_neighbors

5.示例建议

让我们寻找与第一篇相似的文章，那篇文章是关于托尼·布莱尔的。

article_descriptions = df["description"].tolist()

tony_blair_articles = print_recommendations_from_strings(
    strings=article_descriptions,  # let's base similarity off of the article description
    index_of_source_string=0,  # let's look at articles similar to the first one about Tony Blair
    k_nearest_neighbors=5,  # let's look at the 5 most similar articles
)

Source string: BRITAIN: BLAIR WARNS OF CLIMATE THREAT Prime Minister Tony Blair urged the international community to consider global warming a dire threat and agree on a plan of action to curb the  quot;alarming quot; growth of greenhouse gases.

        --- Recommendation #1 (nearest neighbor 1 of 5) ---
        String: THE re-election of British Prime Minister Tony Blair would be seen as an endorsement of the military action in Iraq, Prime Minister John Howard said today.
        Distance: 0.153

        --- Recommendation #2 (nearest neighbor 2 of 5) ---
        String: LONDON, England -- A US scientist is reported to have observed a surprising jump in the amount of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas.
        Distance: 0.160

        --- Recommendation #3 (nearest neighbor 3 of 5) ---
        String: The anguish of hostage Kenneth Bigley in Iraq hangs over Prime Minister Tony Blair today as he faces the twin test of a local election and a debate by his Labour Party about the divisive war.
        Distance: 0.160

        --- Recommendation #4 (nearest neighbor 4 of 5) ---
        String: Israel is prepared to back a Middle East conference convened by Tony Blair early next year despite having expressed fears that the British plans were over-ambitious and designed 
        Distance: 0.171

        --- Recommendation #5 (nearest neighbor 5 of 5) ---
        String: AFP - A battle group of British troops rolled out of southern Iraq on a US-requested mission to deadlier areas near Baghdad, in a major political gamble for British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
        Distance: 0.173

让我们看看我们的推荐器在第二篇关于 NVIDIA 的新芯片组的安全性更高的示例文章中是如何做的。

chipset_security_articles = print_recommendations_from_strings(
    strings=article_descriptions,  # let's base similarity off of the article description
    index_of_source_string=1,  # let's look at articles similar to the second one about a more secure chipset
    k_nearest_neighbors=5,  # let's look at the 5 most similar articles
)

Source string: PC World - Upcoming chip set will include built-in security features for your PC.

        --- Recommendation #1 (nearest neighbor 1 of 5) ---
        String: PC World - Updated antivirus software for businesses adds intrusion prevention features.
        Distance: 0.112

        --- Recommendation #2 (nearest neighbor 2 of 5) ---
        String: PC World - The one-time World Class Product of the Year PDA gets a much-needed upgrade.
        Distance: 0.145

        --- Recommendation #3 (nearest neighbor 3 of 5) ---
        String: PC World - Send your video throughout your house--wirelessly--with new gateways and media adapters.
        Distance: 0.153

        --- Recommendation #4 (nearest neighbor 4 of 5) ---
        String: PC World - Symantec, McAfee hope raising virus-definition fees will move users to\  suites.
        Distance: 0.157

        --- Recommendation #5 (nearest neighbor 5 of 5) ---
        String: Gateway computers will be more widely available at Office Depot, in the PC maker #39;s latest move to broaden distribution at retail stores since acquiring rival eMachines this year. 
        Distance: 0.168

从打印的距离，您可以看到 #1 推荐比所有其他推荐更接近（0.11 对 0.14+）。 #1 推荐看起来与起始文章非常相似 - 这是 PC World 的另一篇关于提高计算机安全性的文章。不错！

附录：在更复杂的推荐系统中使用嵌入

构建推荐系统的一种更复杂的方法是训练一个机器学习模型，该模型接收数十或数百个信号，例如项目受欢迎程度或用户点击数据。即使在这个系统中，嵌入对于推荐系统来说也是一个非常有用的信号，特别是对于那些还没有用户数据的“冷启动”项目（例如，一个全新的产品添加到目录中还没有任何点击）。

附录：使用嵌入可视化相似文章

为了了解我们最近的邻居推荐器在做什么，让我们可视化文章嵌入。虽然我们无法绘制每个嵌入向量的 2048 维，但我们可以使用 t-SNE 或 PCA 等技术将嵌入压缩为 2 或 3 维，我们可以绘制图表。

在可视化最近邻之前，让我们使用 t-SNE 可视化所有文章描述。请注意，t-SNE 不是确定性的，这意味着结果可能因运行而异。

# get embeddings for all article descriptions
embeddings = [embedding_from_string(string) for string in article_descriptions]
# compress the 2048-dimensional embeddings into 2 dimensions using t-SNE
tsne_components = tsne_components_from_embeddings(embeddings)
# get the article labels for coloring the chart
labels = df["label"].tolist()

chart_from_components(
    components=tsne_components,
    labels=labels,
    strings=article_descriptions,
    width=600,
    height=500,
    title="t-SNE components of article descriptions",
)

正如您在上图中所见，即使是高度压缩的嵌入也能很好地按类别对文章描述进行聚类。值得强调的是：这种聚类是在不知道标签本身的情况下完成的！

此外，如果您仔细观察最令人震惊的异常值，它们通常是由于错误标记而不是嵌入不良造成的。例如，绿色体育集群中的大部分蓝色世界点似乎都是体育故事。

接下来，让我们根据它们是源文章、最近的邻居还是其他来重新着色这些点。

# create labels for the recommended articles
def nearest_neighbor_labels(
    list_of_indices: list[int],
    k_nearest_neighbors: int = 5
) -> list[str]:
    """Return a list of labels to color the k nearest neighbors."""
    labels = ["Other" for _ in list_of_indices]
    source_index = list_of_indices[0]
    labels[source_index] = "Source"
    for i in range(k_nearest_neighbors):
        nearest_neighbor_index = list_of_indices[i + 1]
        labels[nearest_neighbor_index] = f"Nearest neighbor (top {k_nearest_neighbors})"
    return labels


tony_blair_labels = nearest_neighbor_labels(tony_blair_articles, k_nearest_neighbors=5)
chipset_security_labels = nearest_neighbor_labels(chipset_security_articles, k_nearest_neighbors=5
)

# a 2D chart of nearest neighbors of the Tony Blair article
chart_from_components(
    components=tsne_components,
    labels=tony_blair_labels,
    strings=article_descriptions,
    width=600,
    height=500,
    title="Nearest neighbors of the Tony Blair article",
    category_orders={"label": ["Other", "Nearest neighbor (top 5)", "Source"]},
)

查看上面的二维图表，我们可以看到有关托尼·布莱尔的文章在世界新闻集群中有些靠得很近。有趣的是，虽然 5 个最近的邻居（红色）在高维空间中最近，但它们并不是这个压缩二维空间中的最近点。将嵌入压缩到 2 维会丢弃它们的大部分信息，并且 2D 空间中的最近邻似乎不如完整嵌入空间中的那些相关。

# a 2D chart of nearest neighbors of the chipset security article
chart_from_components(
    components=tsne_components,
    labels=chipset_security_labels,
    strings=article_descriptions,
    width=600,
    height=500,
    title="Nearest neighbors of the chipset security article",
    category_orders={"label": ["Other", "Nearest neighbor (top 5)", "Source"]},
)