我们在刚开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点,实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点,当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。
内核中定义了struct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。
注意,在2.6较早的内核版本中,device_create(…)函数名称不同,是class_device_create(…),所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错,就是因为函数名称不同,而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。
struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中,使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件,否则编译器会报错。
在2.6.26.6内核版本中,struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中:
- /*
- * device classes
- */
- struct class {
- const char *name;
- struct module *owner;
- nbsp;struct kset subsys;
- struct list_head devices;
- struct list_head interfaces;
- struct kset class_dirs;
- struct semaphore sem; /* locks children, devices, interfaces */
- struct class_attribute *class_attrs;
- struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;
- int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
- void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
- void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);
- int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
- int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
- };
- class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现:
- /**
- * class_create - create a struct class structure
- * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
- * @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
- *
- * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
- * in calls to device_create().
- *
- * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
- * making a call to class_destroy().
- */
- struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name)
- {
- struct class *cls;
- int retval;
- cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!cls) {
- retval = -ENOMEM;
- goto error;
- }
- cls->name = name;
- cls->owner = owner;
- cls->class_release = class_create_release;
- retval = class_register(cls);
- if (retval)
- goto error;
- return cls;
- error:
- kfree(cls);
- return ERR_PTR(retval);
- }
第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块,第二个参数指定类名。
在class.c中,还定义了class_destroy(…)函数,用于在模块卸载时删除类。
device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现:
- /**
- * device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
- * @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
- * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
- * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
- * @fmt: string for the device's name
- *
- * This function can be used by char device classes. A struct device
- * will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
- *
- * A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
- * the dev_t is not 0,0.
- * If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
- * struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
- * The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
- * Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
- * pointer.
- *
- * Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
- * been created with a call to class_create().
- */
- struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
- dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list vargs;
- struct device *dev;
- va_start(vargs, fmt);
- dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, NULL, fmt, vargs);
- va_end(vargs);
- return dev;
- }
第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类,第二个参数是这个设备的父设备,如果没有就指定为NULL,第三个参数是设备号,第四个参数是设备名称,第五个参数是从设备号。
下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <linux/kernel.h>
- #include <linux/init.h>
- #include <linux/fs.h>
- #include <linux/cdev.h>
- #include <linux/device.h>
- MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
- int hello_major = 555;
- int hello_minor = 0;
- int number_of_devices = 1;
- struct cdev cdev;
- dev_t dev = 0;
- struct file_operations hello_fops = {
- .owner = THIS_MODULE
- };
- static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)
- {
- int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
- cdev_init (&cdev, &hello_fops);
- cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
- cdev.ops = &hello_fops;
- error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno , 1);
- if (error)
- printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);
- }
- struct class *my_class;
- static int __init hello_2_init (void)
- {
- int result;
- dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
- result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, "hello");
- if (result<0) {
- printk (KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d/n", hello_major);
- return result;
- }
- char_reg_setup_cdev ();
- /* create your own class under /sysfs */
- my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "my_class");
- if(IS_ERR(my_class))
- {
- printk("Err: failed in creating class./n");
- return -1;
- }
- /* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */
- device_create( my_class, NULL, MKDEV(hello_major, 0), "hello" "%d", 0 );
- printk (KERN_INFO "Registered character driver/n");
- return 0;
- }
- static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)
- {
- dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
- cdev_del (&cdev);
- device_destroy(my_class, MKDEV(adc_major, 0)); //delete device node under /dev
- class_destroy(my_class); //delete class created by us
- unregister_chrdev_region (devno, number_of_devices);
- printk (KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up/n");
- }
- module_init (hello_2_init);
- module_exit (hello_2_exit);
这样,模块加载后,就能在/dev目录下找到hello0这个设备节点了。