OpenSceneGraph实现的NeHe OpenGL教程 - 第十九课

• 简介

这节课我们将使用osg实现一个简单的粒子系统。从NeHe的教程中可以看到，制作一个简单的粒子系统并没有想象中的那么困难，不过粒子系统涉及的细节计算还是有些繁琐的。粒子系统主要用来模拟三维场景中的雨雪、爆炸、火焰、喷泉等效果。主要是对大量的可绘制几何体(如简单的三角形、四边形、三角形条带等)进行它们位置、方向、显示时间(生命)的一些设置。

• 实现

首先我们按照NeHe教程中，定义了一个粒子的结构体，代表场景中产生的一个粒子的参数：

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. struct Particle  
2. {  
3.     bool active;  //是否是激活状态  
4.     float life;      //存活时间  
5.     float fade;    //消失的速度  
6.     float r;          
7.     float g;  
8.     float b;  
9.     float x;  
10.     float y;  
11.     float z;  
12.     float xi;      
13.     float yi;      
14.     float zi;  
15.     float xg;  
16.     float yg;  
17.     float zg;  
18. };  

同样在初始化的时候给所有的粒子(1000个)一些初始值

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. for (int i=0;  i<MaxParticles; i++)  
2. {  
3.     particles[i].active=true;  
4.     particles[i].life=1.0f;  
5.     particles[i].fade=float(rand()%100)/1000.0f+0.003f;   
6.     particles[i].r=colors[int(i*(12.0/MaxParticles))][0];  
7.     particles[i].g=colors[int(i*(12.0/MaxParticles))][1];  
8.     particles[i].b=colors[int(i*(12.0/MaxParticles))][2];  
9.     particles[i].xi=float((rand()%50)-26.0f)*10.0f;  
10.     particles[i].yi=float((rand()%50)-25.0f)*10.0f;  
11.     particles[i].zi=float((rand()%50)-25.0f)*10.0f;  
12.     particles[i].xg=0.0f;     
13.     particles[i].yg=-0.8f;  
14.     particles[i].zg=0.0f;     
15. }  

粒子系统中的每一个粒子实际上就是一个简单的可绘制几何体（Geometry），设置它的各项参数如下：

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. osg::Geometry *particle = new osg::Geometry();  
2.   
3. float x=particles[i].x;  
4. float y=particles[i].y;  
5. float z=particles[i].z+zoom;  
6. //设置顶点  
7. osg::Vec3Array *vertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;  
8. vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x+0.5f,y+0.5f,z));  
9. vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x-0.5f,y+0.5f,z));  
10. vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x+0.5f,y-0.5f,z));  
11. vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x-0.5f,y-0.5f,z));  
12. //设置纹理坐标  
13. osg::Vec2Array *texArray = new osg::Vec2Array;  
14. texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(1,1));  
15. texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(0,1));  
16. texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(1,0));  
17. texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(0,0));  
18. //设置颜色  
19. osg::Vec4Array *colorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;  
20. colorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(particles[i].r,particles[i].g,particles[i].b,particles[i].life));  
21. colorArray->setBinding(osg::Array::BIND_OVERALL);  
22. //设置纹理  
23. osg::Texture2D *texture = new osg::Texture2D;  
24. texture->setImage(osgDB::readImageFile("Data/Particle.bmp"));  
25. texture->setFilter(osg::Texture::MAG_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);  
26. texture->setFilter(osg::Texture::MIN_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);  
27.   
28. particle->setVertexArray(vertexArray);  
29. particle->setTexCoordArray(0, texArray);  
30. particle->setColorArray(colorArray);  
31. particle->addPrimitiveSet(new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4));  
32. particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setTextureAttributeAndModes(0, texture);  
33. osg::BlendFunc *blendFunc = new osg::BlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE);  
34. particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setAttributeAndModes(blendFunc,osg::StateAttribute::ON);  
35. particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_LIGHTING, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);  
36. particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_DEPTH_TEST, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);  
37. particle->setUseDisplayList(false);  
38. particle->setUpdateCallback(new ParticleDrawableCallback(i));  

注意我们需要设置混合的模式和禁用深度测试，这样纹理图片的背景黑色才能被清除掉

在每一帧中需要更新粒子的位置和颜色等参数，我们设置一个Geode的更新回调用来完成对所有粒子参数的更新

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. class ParticleUpdateCallback : public osg::NodeCallback  

另外在绘制粒子的时候需要用到更新的新数据，我们在粒子对象的更新回调中完成它坐标位置、颜色的更新

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. class ParticleDrawableCallback : public osg::Drawable::UpdateCallback  
2. {  
3. public:  
4.   
5.     ParticleDrawableCallback(int index) : _index(index){ }  

每一个粒子的序号绑定到_index之上

最后在ParticleEventHandler之中完成粒子系统中一些参数的交互，这部分和NeHe教程中是一样的：

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. class ParticleEventHandler : public osgGA::GUIEventHandler  
2. {  

代码我只是贴出了一部分，详细的代码参考后面的完整代码部分。

编译运行程序：

附：本课完整代码(代码中可能存在着错误和不足，仅供参考)

[cpp]  view plain  copy

 

1. #include "../osgNeHe.h"  
2.   
3. #include <QtCore/QTimer>  
4. #include <QtGui/QApplication>  
5. #include <QtGui/QVBoxLayout>  
6.   
7. #include <osgViewer/Viewer>  
8. #include <osgDB/ReadFile>  
9. #include <osgQt/GraphicsWindowQt>  
10.   
11. #include <osg/MatrixTransform>  
12.   
13. #include <osg/Texture2D>  
14. #include <osg/BlendFunc>  
15. #include <osg/PrimitiveSet>  
16.   
17. //  
18.   
19. const int MaxParticles = 1000;  
20. float slowdown = 2.0f;  
21. float xspeed;  
22. float yspeed;  
23. float zoom = -40.0f;  
24. GLuint delay;  
25. int col;  
26.   
27. struct Particle  
28. {  
29.     bool active;  //是否是激活状态  
30.     float life;      //存活时间  
31.     float fade;    //消失的速度  
32.     float r;          
33.     float g;  
34.     float b;  
35.     float x;  
36.     float y;  
37.     float z;  
38.     float xi;      
39.     float yi;      
40.     float zi;  
41.     float xg;  
42.     float yg;  
43.     float zg;  
44. };  
45.   
46. Particle particles[MaxParticles];  
47.   
48.   
49. static GLfloat colors[12][3] =  
50. {  
51.     {1.0f,0.5f,0.5f},{1.0f,0.75f,0.5f},{1.0f,1.0f,0.5f},{0.75f,1.0f,0.5f},  
52.     {0.5f,1.0f,0.5f},{0.5f,1.0f,0.75f},{0.5f,1.0f,1.0f},{0.5f,0.75f,1.0f},  
53.     {0.5f,0.5f,1.0f},{0.75f,0.5f,1.0f},{1.0f,0.5f,1.0f},{1.0f,0.5f,0.75f}  
54. };  
55.   
56. //  
57. //Particle Manipulator  
58. class ParticleEventHandler : public osgGA::GUIEventHandler  
59. {  
60.   
61. public:  
62.     ParticleEventHandler(){}  
63.   
64.     virtual bool handle(const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& aa)  
65.     {  
66.         osgViewer::Viewer *viewer = dynamic_cast<osgViewer::Viewer*>(&aa);  
67.         if (!viewer)  
68.             return false;  
69.         if (!viewer->getSceneData())  
70.             return false;  
71.         if (ea.getHandled())   
72.             return false;  
73.   
74.         osg::Group *root = viewer->getSceneData()->asGroup();  
75.   
76.         switch(ea.getEventType())  
77.         {  
78.   
79.         case(osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEYDOWN):  
80.             {  
81.                 if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_8)  
82.                 {  
83.                     for(int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
84.                         if ((particles[i].yg<1.5f))   
85.                             particles[i].yg+=0.01f;  
86.                 }  
87.   
88.                 if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_2)  
89.                 {  
90.                     for(int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
91.                         if ((particles[i].yg>-1.5f))   
92.                             particles[i].yg-=0.01f;  
93.                 }  
94.   
95.                 if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_6)  
96.                 {  
97.                     for(int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
98.                         if (particles[i].xg<1.5f)   
99.                             particles[i].xg+=0.01f;  
100.                 }  
101.   
102.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_4)  
103.                 {  
104.                     for(int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
105.                         if (particles[i].xg>-1.5f)   
106.                             particles[i].xg-=0.01f;  
107.                 }  
108.   
109.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Tab)  
110.                 {     
111.                     for(int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
112.                     {  
113.                         particles[i].x=0.0f;  
114.                         particles[i].y=0.0f;  
115.                         particles[i].z=0.0f;  
116.                         particles[i].xi=float((rand()%50)-26.0f)*10.0f;  
117.                         particles[i].yi=float((rand()%50)-25.0f)*10.0f;  
118.                         particles[i].zi=float((rand()%50)-25.0f)*10.0f;  
119.                     }  
120.                 }  
121.   
122.                 if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Page_Up)  
123.                 {  
124.                     zoom += 0.1;  
125.                 }  
126.   
127.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Page_Down)  
128.                 {     
129.                     zoom -= 0.1;  
130.                 }  
131.   
132.                 if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Plus)  
133.                 {  
134.                     if (slowdown>1.0f)   
135.                         slowdown-=0.01f;  
136.                 }  
137.   
138.                 if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Minus)  
139.                 {  
140.                     if (slowdown<4.0f)   
141.                         slowdown+=0.01f;  
142.                 }  
143.   
144.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Up)  
145.                 {  
146.                     if ((yspeed<200))   
147.                         yspeed+=1.0f;             
148.                 }  
149.   
150.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Down)  
151.                 {  
152.                     if ((yspeed>-200))   
153.                         yspeed-=1.0f;  
154.                 }  
155.   
156.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Left)  
157.                 {  
158.                     if ((xspeed>-200))   
159.                         xspeed-=1.0f;  
160.                 }  
161.   
162.                 if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Right)  
163.                 {  
164.                     if ((xspeed<200))   
165.                         xspeed+=1.0f;  
166.                 }  
167.             }  
168.         default: break;  
169.         }  
170.         return false;  
171.     }  
172. };  
173.   
174.   
175. class ViewerWidget : public QWidget, public osgViewer::Viewer  
176. {  
177. public:  
178.     ViewerWidget(osg::Node *scene = NULL)  
179.     {  
180.         QWidget* renderWidget = getRenderWidget( createGraphicsWindow(0,0,100,100), scene);  
181.   
182.         QVBoxLayout* layout = new QVBoxLayout;  
183.         layout->addWidget(renderWidget);  
184.         layout->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 1);  
185.         setLayout( layout );  
186.   
187.         connect( &_timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(update()) );  
188.         _timer.start( 10 );  
189.     }  
190.   
191.     QWidget* getRenderWidget( osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt* gw, osg::Node* scene )  
192.     {  
193.         osg::Camera* camera = this->getCamera();  
194.         camera->setGraphicsContext( gw );  
195.   
196.         const osg::GraphicsContext::Traits* traits = gw->getTraits();  
197.   
198.         camera->setClearColor( osg::Vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0) );  
199.         camera->setViewport( new osg::Viewport(0, 0, traits->width, traits->height) );  
200.         camera->setProjectionMatrixAsPerspective(45.0f, static_cast<double>(traits->width)/static_cast<double>(traits->height), 0.1f, 100.0f );  
201.         camera->setViewMatrixAsLookAt(osg::Vec3d(0, 0, 1), osg::Vec3d(0, 0, 0), osg::Vec3d(0, 1, 0));  
202.   
203.         this->setSceneData( scene );  
204.         addEventHandler(new ParticleEventHandler);  
205.   
206.         return gw->getGLWidget();  
207.     }  
208.   
209.     osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt* createGraphicsWindow( int x, int y, int w, int h, const std::string& name="", bool windowDecoration=false )  
210.     {  
211.         osg::DisplaySettings* ds = osg::DisplaySettings::instance().get();  
212.         osg::ref_ptr<osg::GraphicsContext::Traits> traits = new osg::GraphicsContext::Traits;  
213.         traits->windowName = name;  
214.         traits->windowDecoration = windowDecoration;  
215.         traits->x = x;  
216.         traits->y = y;  
217.         traits->width = w;  
218.         traits->height = h;  
219.         traits->doubleBuffer = true;  
220.         traits->alpha = ds->getMinimumNumAlphaBits();  
221.         traits->stencil = ds->getMinimumNumStencilBits();  
222.         traits->sampleBuffers = ds->getMultiSamples();  
223.         traits->samples = ds->getNumMultiSamples();  
224.   
225.         return new osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt(traits.get());  
226.     }  
227.   
228.     virtual void paintEvent( QPaintEvent* event )  
229.     {   
230.         frame();   
231.     }  
232.   
233. protected:  
234.   
235.     QTimer _timer;  
236. };  
237.   
238.   
239. //  
240. //Particle Geode's UpdateCallback  
241. class ParticleUpdateCallback : public osg::NodeCallback  
242. {  
243. public:  
244.     virtual void operator()(osg::Node* node, osg::NodeVisitor* nv)  
245.     {  
246.         for(int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
247.         {  
248.             particles[i].x+=particles[i].xi/(slowdown*1000);  
249.             particles[i].y+=particles[i].yi/(slowdown*1000);  
250.             particles[i].z+=particles[i].zi/(slowdown*1000);  
251.   
252.             particles[i].xi+=particles[i].xg;  
253.             particles[i].yi+=particles[i].yg;  
254.             particles[i].zi+=particles[i].zg;  
255.             particles[i].life-=particles[i].fade;  
256.   
257.             if (particles[i].life<0.0f)  
258.             {  
259.                 if (col > 11)  
260.                 {  
261.                     col = 0;  
262.                 }  
263.                 ++col;  
264.                 particles[i].life=1.0f;  
265.                 particles[i].fade=float(rand()%100)/1000.0f+0.003f;  
266.                 particles[i].x=0.0f;  
267.                 particles[i].y=0.0f;  
268.                 particles[i].z=0.0f;  
269.                 particles[i].xi=xspeed+float((rand()%60)-32.0f);  
270.                 particles[i].yi=yspeed+float((rand()%60)-30.0f);  
271.                 particles[i].zi=float((rand()%60)-30.0f);  
272.                 particles[i].r=colors[col][0];  
273.                 particles[i].g=colors[col][1];  
274.                 particles[i].b=colors[col][2];  
275.             }  
276.         }  
277.   
278.     }  
279. };  
280.   
281.   
282. //  
283. //ParticleDrawableCallback  
284. class ParticleDrawableCallback : public osg::Drawable::UpdateCallback  
285. {  
286. public:  
287.   
288.     ParticleDrawableCallback(int index) : _index(index){ }  
289.   
290.     virtual void update(osg::NodeVisitor*, osg::Drawable* drawable)   
291.     {  
292.         osg::Geometry *geometry = dynamic_cast<osg::Geometry*>(drawable);  
293.         if (!geometry)  
294.         {  
295.             return;  
296.         }  
297.         osg::Vec4Array *colorArray = dynamic_cast<osg::Vec4Array*>(geometry->getColorArray());  
298.         if (colorArray)  
299.         {  
300.             colorArray->clear();  
301.             colorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(particles[_index].r,particles[_index].g,particles[_index].b,particles[_index].life));  
302.             colorArray->dirty();  
303.         }  
304.         osg::Vec3Array *vertexArray = dynamic_cast<osg::Vec3Array*>(geometry->getVertexArray());  
305.         if (vertexArray)  
306.         {  
307.             float x=particles[_index].x;  
308.             float y=particles[_index].y;  
309.             float z=particles[_index].z+zoom;  
310.   
311.             vertexArray->clear();  
312.             vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x+0.5f,y+0.5f,z));  
313.             vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x-0.5f,y+0.5f,z));  
314.             vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x+0.5f,y-0.5f,z));  
315.             vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x-0.5f,y-0.5f,z));  
316.             vertexArray->dirty();  
317.         }  
318.     }  
319.   
320.     int _index;  
321. };  
322.   
323. ///  
324. ///  
325. osg::Node*  buildScene()  
326. {  
327.     for (int i=0;  i<MaxParticles; i++)  
328.     {  
329.         particles[i].active=true;  
330.         particles[i].life=1.0f;  
331.         particles[i].fade=float(rand()%100)/1000.0f+0.003f;   
332.         particles[i].r=colors[int(i*(12.0/MaxParticles))][0];  
333.         particles[i].g=colors[int(i*(12.0/MaxParticles))][1];  
334.         particles[i].b=colors[int(i*(12.0/MaxParticles))][2];  
335.         particles[i].xi=float((rand()%50)-26.0f)*10.0f;  
336.         particles[i].yi=float((rand()%50)-25.0f)*10.0f;  
337.         particles[i].zi=float((rand()%50)-25.0f)*10.0f;  
338.         particles[i].xg=0.0f;     
339.         particles[i].yg=-0.8f;  
340.         particles[i].zg=0.0f;     
341.     }  
342.   
343.     osg::Geode *particleGeode = new osg::Geode;  
344.   
345.     for (int i = 0; i < MaxParticles; ++i)  
346.     {  
347.         osg::Geometry *particle = new osg::Geometry();  
348.   
349.         float x=particles[i].x;  
350.         float y=particles[i].y;  
351.         float z=particles[i].z+zoom;  
352.         //设置顶点  
353.         osg::Vec3Array *vertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;  
354.         vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x+0.5f,y+0.5f,z));  
355.         vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x-0.5f,y+0.5f,z));  
356.         vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x+0.5f,y-0.5f,z));  
357.         vertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(x-0.5f,y-0.5f,z));  
358.         //设置纹理坐标  
359.         osg::Vec2Array *texArray = new osg::Vec2Array;  
360.         texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(1,1));  
361.         texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(0,1));  
362.         texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(1,0));  
363.         texArray->push_back(osg::Vec2(0,0));  
364.         //设置颜色  
365.         osg::Vec4Array *colorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;  
366.         colorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(particles[i].r,particles[i].g,particles[i].b,particles[i].life));  
367.         colorArray->setBinding(osg::Array::BIND_OVERALL);  
368.         //设置纹理  
369.         osg::Texture2D *texture = new osg::Texture2D;  
370.         texture->setImage(osgDB::readImageFile("Data/Particle.bmp"));  
371.         texture->setFilter(osg::Texture::MAG_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);  
372.         texture->setFilter(osg::Texture::MIN_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);  
373.   
374.         particle->setVertexArray(vertexArray);  
375.         particle->setTexCoordArray(0, texArray);  
376.         particle->setColorArray(colorArray);  
377.         particle->addPrimitiveSet(new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4));  
378.         particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setTextureAttributeAndModes(0, texture);  
379.         osg::BlendFunc *blendFunc = new osg::BlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE);  
380.         particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setAttributeAndModes(blendFunc,osg::StateAttribute::ON);  
381.         particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_LIGHTING, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);  
382.         particle->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_DEPTH_TEST, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);  
383.         particle->setUseDisplayList(false);  
384.         particle->setUpdateCallback(new ParticleDrawableCallback(i));  
385.   
386.         particleGeode->addDrawable(particle);  
387.     }  
388.     particleGeode->addUpdateCallback(new ParticleUpdateCallback);  
389.   
390.     osg::Group *root = new osg::Group;  
391.     root->addChild(particleGeode);  
392.   
393.     return root;  
394. }  
395.   
396. int main( int argc, char** argv )  
397. {  
398.     QApplication app(argc, argv);  
399.     ViewerWidget* viewWidget = new ViewerWidget(buildScene());  
400.     viewWidget->setGeometry( 100, 100, 640, 480 );  
401.     viewWidget->show();  
402.     return app.exec();  
403. }