Python编程：从入门到实践(第五章)

if语句

cars = ['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
for car in cars:
  if car == 'bmw':
   print(car.upper())
else:
  print(car.title()

Audi
BMW
Subaru
Toyota

检查不等（ ！=）

requested_topping = 'mushrooms'
❶ if requested_topping != 'anchovies':
print("Hold the anchovies!")

Hold the anchovies!

使用and 检查多个条件

 >>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
❷ >>> age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21
False
❸ >>> age_1 = 22
>>> age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21
True

>>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
❷ >>> age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21
True
❶ >>> age_0 = 18
>>> age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21
False

检查特定值是否包含在列表中
要判断特定的值是否已包含在列表中， 可使用关键字in 。

>>> requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'onions', 'pineapple']
❶ >>> 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings
True
❷ >>> 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings
False

检查特定值是否不包含在列表中

还有些时候， 确定特定的值未包含在列表中很重要； 在这种情况下， 可使用关键字not in 。

banned_users = ['andrew', 'carolina', 'david']
user = 'marie'
if user not in banned_users://if语句+  not int 语句
print(user.title() + ", you can post a response if you wish.")

Marie, you can post a response if you wish.

if：

age = 17
 if age >= 18:
 print("You are old enough to vote!")
 print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
 else:
 print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
 print("Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!")

注意：if else 后面的 “ ： ”，后面的语句也要缩进

if-elif-else 结构

age = 12
 if age < 4:
   print("Your admission cost is $0.")
 elif age < 18:
   print("Your admission cost is $5.")
 else:
   print("Your admission cost is $10.")

age = 12
if age < 4:
  price = 0
elif age < 18:
 price = 5
  elif age < 65:
price = 10
 else:
  price = 5
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")// str 返回一个字符串

测试多个条件
if-elif-else 结构功能强大， 但仅适合用于只有一个条件满足的情况： 遇到通过了的测试后， Python就跳过余下的测试。 这种行为很好， 效率很高， 让你能够测试一个特定的条件。

然而， 有时候必须检查你关心的所有条件。 在这种情况下， 应使用一系列不包含elif 和else 代码块的简单if 语句。

 requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese']
❷ if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding mushrooms.")
❸ if 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding pepperoni.")
❹ if 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:
print("Adding extra cheese.")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

确定列表不是空的

❶ requested_toppings = []
❷ if requested_toppings:
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
❸ else:
print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")

在这里， 我们首先创建了一个空列表， 其中不包含任何配料（见❶） 。 在❷处我们进行了简单检查， 而不是直接执行for 循环。 在if 语句中将列表名用在条件表达式中时， Python将在列表至少包含一个元素时返回True ， 并在列表为空时返回False 。 如果requested_toppings 不为空， 就运行与前一个示例相同的for 循环； 否则， 就打印一条消息， 询问顾客是否确实要点不加任何配料的普通比萨（见❸） 。在这里， 这个列表为空， 因此输出如下——询问顾客是否确实要点普通比萨：

Are you sure you want a plain pizza?

available_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'olives', 'green peppers',
'pepperoni', 'pineapple', 'extra cheese']
 requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'french fries', 'extra cheese']
 for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
   if requested_topping in available_toppings:
     print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
   else:
     print("Sorry, we don't have " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we don't have french fries.
Adding extra cheese.
Finished making your pizza!