Linux 基础之基础网络ip命令

一、最小化的ip 命令

简述：ip命令和ifconfig命令，前者功能更强大，并旨在取代后者。使用ip命令，只需一个命令，你就能很轻松地执行一些网络管理任务。ifconfig是net-tools中已被放弃使用的一个命令，已经很久没有维护了。ip命令是iproute2套件里提供了许多增强功能的命令之一。
当选择最小化安装Linux-CentOS 7之后，使用ifconfig 命令发现找不到，查一下，发现，这种安装模式下默认未安装这个命令，包括netstat、route等基础网络命令。
为此，可以通过ip命令，来完成以上基本网络信息查询、修改等任务；

1. ip 命令

   [root@localhost ~]# ip help
   Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
          ip [ -force ] -batch filename
   where  OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |
                      tunnel | tuntap | maddress | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm |
                      netns | l2tp | fou | macsec | tcp_metrics | token | netconf | ila |
                      vrf }
          OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |
                       -h[uman-readable] | -iec |
                       -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | mpls | bridge | link } |
                       -4 | -6 | -I | -D | -B | -0 |
                       -l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } | -br[ief] |
                       -o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -b[atch] [filename] |
                       -rc[vbuf] [size] | -n[etns] name | -a[ll] | -c[olor]}
   
   

2. 查看网卡基本信息

   [root@localhost ~]# ip add
   1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
       link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
       inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
       inet6 ::1/128 scope host
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
   2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 00:0c:29:12:dd:9c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       inet 192.168.5.158/24 brd 192.168.5.255 scope global noprefixroute ens32
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
       inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe12:dd9c/64 scope link
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
   3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 52:54:00:dd:12:bc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
   4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 52:54:00:dd:12:bc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
   

3. 查看路由信息

   [root@localhost ~]# ip route
   default via 192.168.5.2 dev ens32 proto static metric 100
   192.168.5.0/24 dev ens32 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.5.128 metric 100
   192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.1
   

4. 查看局域网内ARP条目：neigh或者neighbour选项，查看接入所在的局域网的设备的MAC地址

   [root@localhost ~]# ip neigh
   192.168.5.1 dev ens32 lladdr 00:50:56:c0:00:08 REACHABLE
   192.168.5.2 dev ens32 lladdr 00:50:56:e0:f4:84 STALE
   

5. 获取当前客户端经过的路径

   [root@localhost ~]# ip route get 192.168.2.104
   192.168.2.104 via 192.168.5.2 dev ens32 src 192.168.5.128
   cache
   

6. 修改默认的路由

   [root@localhost ~]#  ip route add default via 192.168.2.251/24
   

7. 启用/停用网卡

   [root@localhost ~]#  ip link set ens32 [up|down]
   

8. 查看网络接口统计数据

   [root@example ~]# ip -s link  # 查看所有网络接口的统计数据
   1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
       link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
       RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast
       46922      487      0       0       0       0
       TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
       46922      487      0       0       0       0
   2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 00:15:5d:02:66:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast
       8522277    30481    0       0       0       25649
       TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
       1660790    26533    0       0       0       0
   3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 52:54:00:e7:08:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast
       0          0        0       0       0       0
       TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
       0          0        0       0       0       0
   4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 52:54:00:e7:08:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast
       0          0        0       0       0       0
       TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
       0          0        0       0       0       0
   

9. 查看指定网络接口统计数据

   [root@example ~]# ip -s link ls eth0  # 查看eth0网卡流量数据 
   2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
       link/ether 00:15:5d:02:66:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast
       8550681    30626    0       0       0       25710
       TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns
       1670050    26655    0       0       0       0
   

二、常用ip 命令

命令	描述
ip add(address/addr)	查看网卡信息
ip route	查看路由信息
ip link show	查看网络设备信息
ip link set dev ens32 [down|up] # 等同于ifconfig ens32 down	禁用/启用ens32网卡
ip addr add 192.168.1.130/24 dev ens32	为ens32 添加一个IP
ip addr del 192.168.1.130/24 dev ens32	删除ens32 192.168.1.130 这个ip

未完，持续整理。。。。。