Http详解

超文本传输协议（Hyper Text Transfer Protocol，HTTP）是一个简单的请求-响应协议，它通常运行在TCP之上。
HTTP有两个版本，Http1.0和Http1.1
Http1.0是早期的，它每一次只能请求一个web资源，请求完成之后就会立马断开
Http1.1是目前正在使用的版本，它可以一次申请多个web资源，请求完成之后不会立马断开

请求

这是百度的请求信息
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Connection: keep-alive
Cookie: BIDUPSID=E4F968AF87DC7A0914992A51C136FDCA; PSTM=1640763975; BAIDUID=E4F968AF87DC7A099D92FB294B5F8D6C:FG=1; BD_UPN=12314753; __yjs_duid=1_2e8c0520ccca34c2267f3fd7d14d02191640765450984; sug=3; sugstore=1; bdime=0; ORIGIN=0; BDUSS=Y4amsyUW5CVzJYUUZQM3U2RFM4OWotbTA0Q0hpWnFWcVBoeUQzRENhajh-flJoSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAADRAyPqAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPxyzWH8cs1hYT; BDUSS_BFESS=Y4amsyUW5CVzJYUUZQM3U2RFM4OWotbTA0Q0hpWnFWcVBoeUQzRENhajh-flJoSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAADRAyPqAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPxyzWH8cs1hYT; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; BDSFRCVID_BFESS=zLDOJeC62ZR0anTHTtiLjIJVi_g0aVRTH6aohGn7JIaJhSoYu0T6EG0PMM8g0Ku-KA06ogKKLmOTHp-F_2uxOjjg8UtVJeC6EG0Ptf8g0f5; H_BDCLCKID_SF_BFESS=tJu8oDPMJKt3fP36q4JM-tAf-f5y-R0XKK_sB4bcBhcqEIL4Mto0XjtgybOJa6QBWmQpBRFEQbv_SMbSj4QoKMuZ-4rRKlJW3nFH5M7FKl5nhMJH257JDMP0-4v8XR5y523i2n6vQpn2KqQ3DRoWXPIqbN7P-p5Z5mAqKl0MLPbtbb0xb6_0jTJXDH-ftTnfb5kXXRT8MnTHDR0k-PnVenITQ-nZKxtqtHQNonj8QpnxfbTsMxrk34FmbN3KLqjnWncKWbnTaD3kOJj_MhboWJQQ3aj405OTBmDO0KJcb66vEDtChPJvyUADXnO7bIrlXbrtXp7_2J0WStbKy4oTjxL1Db3JKjvMtIFtVJO-KKChMKPwjx5; BAIDUID_BFESS=B11E7814600A248ECAED677485E74EC2:FG=1; COOKIE_SESSION=2223_0_3_5_6_0_1_0_3_0_0_0_2232_0_13_0_1642433336_0_1642433323%7C9%23275955_9_1642414467%7C7; BD_HOME=1; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=3; channel=baidusearch; baikeVisitId=3eb5577a-51ae-4764-a181-7f639bcb662d; H_PS_PSSID=35740_35104_31660_35735_35457_34584_35491_35245_35696_35542_35323_26350_35752_35746; ab_sr=1.0.1_M2Y4OWYwOGRlZGU4NTlmNjU3ZWEwNTRmYmE0NmQyMjE0NzIyZjRhYTQwNmFjOTQzMTBhM2ZlY2E1NWUyNmYxYzI0YTQzNDllZTNhZDUwOGEzZmI3Mzk1ZDUyZDk1YWU0; __yjs_st=2_ZWZiODdhZTA1ZjY2NjEyNjg0MzVlYjNjMTAyMmYwOWI5M2EyMjIxMGRkZTk5NDhiZjYyOWE3YWE1YjRkNDhiZjFmYTVjN2RjMDkyNjVmNjcxNmM2OGU0OGU3OWE1MTI4ZDQ2ZTczZjA2Yzc5ZjM1ZjZjM2ZmMzk1ZGQyZmFjMGRlMDJhMDkwNjBiYjBiNTBmOTFhM2YxNTliMGQ3MDcyNGVlMTNhNDAwN2E0NWE4YmY2ZWQzNTI4YjA5NzhkZTczXzdfNzU1OTFjOWU=; H_PS_645EC=cd9blWlWBOPCIUDpTFzYXZCUJzTdO15W%2FQEHHocwf21GRUBCPO3K%2BqPsiMQ; __sec_t_key=59349f0d-d363-4287-b08d-da5e757f08db; BA_HECTOR=8l2ha10l00812lahij1gucp1g0q
Host: www.baidu.com
Referer: https://www.baidu.com/link?url=XJRf-lHbUNhs1KWcZaSgxKYQ3hErhfoetou0AwtGZaG&wd=&eqid=f506f0e50002834e0000000561e66426
sec-ch-ua: " Not;A Brand";v=“99”, “Google Chrome”;v=“97”, “Chromium”;v=“97”
sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
sec-ch-ua-platform: “Windows”
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/97.0.4692.71 Safari/537.36

请求行

这个就是请求行，一般包括请求的url和请求方式

常见的两种请求方式：

GET：请求能够携带的参数比较少，有大小限制，会在浏览器的url地址栏显示数据信息，不安全但是高效
POST：请求能够携带的参数没有限制，没有大小限制，不会在浏览器的url地址栏显示数据信息，安全但不高效

消息头

Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9 告诉浏览器，它所支持的数据类型类型
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br 支持哪种编码编码，常见的有GBK、GB2312、UTF-8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9 语言，zh-CN表示中文
Cache-Control: max-age=0 缓存控制
Connection: keep-alive 告诉浏览器，请求完成之后是断开还是保持连接
Host 主机

响应

百度的响应信息
Bdpagetype: 2
Bdqid: 0xf6b1fcb800072ca6
Cache-Control: private
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 06:55:29 GMT
Expires: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 06:55:29 GMT
Server: BWS/1.1
Set-Cookie: BDSVRTM=400; path=/
Set-Cookie: BD_HOME=1; path=/
Set-Cookie: H_PS_PSSID=35740_35104_31660_35735_35457_34584_35491_35245_35696_35542_35323_26350_35752_35746; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=172800
Traceid: 1642488929033369652217776267071412710566
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X-Frame-Options: sameorigin
X-Ua-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1

响应体

Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9 告诉浏览器，它所支持的数据类型类型
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br 支持哪种编码编码，常见的有GBK、GB2312、UTF-8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9 语言，zh-CN表示中文
Cache-Control: max-age=0 缓存控制
Connection: keep-alive 告诉浏览器，请求完成之后是断开还是保持连接
Host 主机
Refresh 告诉浏览器多久刷新一次
Location 网页重新定位

网页响应码

200：请求响应成功 200
3xx：请求重定向 304
4xx：资源未找到 404
5xx:服务器代码错误 500 502：网关错误