Implement strStr()

描述
Implement strStr().
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of needle in haystack, or null if needle is not part of haystack.
分析
暴力算法的复杂度是 O(m*n)，代码如下。更高效的的算法有KMP算法、Boyer-Mooer算法和Rabin-Karp算法。面试中暴力算法足够了，一定要写得没有BUG。
暴力算法：

// Implement strStr()
// 暴力解法，时间复杂度O(N*M)，空间复杂度O(1)
class Solution {
    public int strStr(final String haystack, final String needle) {
        if (needle.isEmpty()) return 0;

        final int N = haystack.length() - needle.length() + 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            int j = i;
            int k = 0;
            while (j < haystack.length() && k < needle.length() && 
                    haystack.charAt(j) == needle.charAt(k)) {
                j++;
                k++;
            }
            if (k == needle.length()) return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }
}

KMP 算法：

// Implement strStr()
// KMP，时间复杂度O(N+M)，空间复杂度O(M)
public class Solution {
    public int strStr(final String haystack, final String needle) {
        return kmp(haystack, needle);
    }

    /*
     * 计算部分匹配表，即next数组.
     *
     * @param[in] pattern 模式串
     * @param[out] next next数组
     * @return 无
     */
    private static void compute_prefix(final String pattern, final int[] next) {
        int i;
        int j = -1;

        next[0] = j;
        for (i = 1; i < pattern.length(); i++) {
            while (j > -1 && pattern.charAt(j + 1) != pattern.charAt(i)) j = next[j];

            if (pattern.charAt(i) == pattern.charAt(j + 1)) j++;
            next[i] = j;
        }
    }

    /*
     * @brief KMP算法.
     *
     * @param[in] text 文本
     * @param[in] pattern 模式串
     * @return 成功则返回第一次匹配的位置，失败则返回-1
     */
    private static int kmp(final String text, final String pattern) {
        int i;
        int j = -1;
        final int n = text.length();
        final int m = pattern.length();
        if (n == 0 && m == 0) return 0; /* "","" */
        if (m == 0) return 0;  /* "a","" */
        int[] next = new int[m];

        compute_prefix(pattern, next);

        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            while (j > -1 && pattern.charAt(j + 1) != text.charAt(i)) j = next[j];

            if (text.charAt(i) == pattern.charAt(j + 1)) j++;
            if (j == m - 1) {
                return i-j;
            }
        }

        return -1;
    }
}