Binary Exponential Backoff

一、CSMA/CD过程

       CSMA/CD就像在没有主持人的座谈会中,所有的参加者都通过一个共同的媒介(空气)来相互
交谈。每个参加者在讲话前,都礼貌地等待别人把话讲完。如果两个客人同时开始讲话,那么他们都
停下来,分别随机等待一段时间再开始讲话。这时,如果两个参加者等待的时间不同,冲突就不会出
现。如果传输失败超过一次,将采用退避指数增长时间的方法(退避的时间通过截断二进制指数退避
算法(truncated binary exponential backoff)来实现)。(摘自维基百科)


二、二进制指数退避算法

1)确定基本退避时间(基数),一般定为2τ,也就是一个争用期时间,对于以太网就是51.2μs
2)定义一个参数K,为重传次数,K=min[重传次数,10],可见K≤10
3)从离散型整数集合[0,1,2,……,(2^k-1)]中,随机取出一个数记做R
    那么重传所需要的退避时间为R倍的基本退避时间:即:T=R×2τ。
4)同时,重传也不是无休止的进行,当重传16次不成功,就丢弃该帧,传输失败,报告给高层协议

三、举例

如果第二次发生碰撞: 
n = 2 
k = MIN(2,10) = 2 
R = {0, 1, 2, 3) 
延迟时间 = {0, 51.2 us, 102.4 us, 153.6 us} 其中任取一值

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Ethernet is a widely used networking technology that is used for connecting devices in a local area network (LAN). It was first developed by Xerox Corporation in the 1970s and has since become a standard technology used for LANs worldwide. Ethernet uses a bus topology, where all devices share the same communication medium. There are two main types of Ethernet: Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet. Classic Ethernet: The Classic Ethernet is the original Ethernet technology that was developed in the 1970s. It is also known as the "thicknet" or "thinnet" Ethernet. The Classic Ethernet uses coaxial cables as the communication medium. In the Classic Ethernet, data is transmitted using baseband signaling. The Classic Ethernet has two main layers: the Physical layer and the MAC sublayer protocol. 1. Classic Ethernet Physical Layer: The Classic Ethernet Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting data over the communication medium. It uses coaxial cables as the communication medium. There are two types of coaxial cables used in Classic Ethernet: Thicknet and Thinnet. a) Thicknet: Thicknet is a thick coaxial cable that is 0.4 inches in diameter. It is also known as 10Base5 because it supports a maximum data rate of 10 Mbps and can transmit data up to a distance of 500 meters. Thicknet uses a transceiver to transmit and receive data. b) Thinnet: Thinnet is a thin coaxial cable that is 0.2 inches in diameter. It is also known as 10Base2 because it supports a maximum data rate of 10 Mbps and can transmit data up to a distance of 185 meters. Thinnet uses a BNC connector to connect devices to the network. 2. Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol: The Classic Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) Sublayer Protocol is responsible for controlling access to the communication medium. It uses the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) protocol to avoid collisions between data frames. a) CSMA/CD with Binary Exponential Backoff: CSMA/CD is a protocol used by Classic Ethernet to avoid collisions between data frames. It works by sensing the communication medium to check if it is free before transmitting data. If the medium is busy, the device waits for a random amount of time before trying again. If a collision occurs, the devices involved in the collision wait for a random amount of time before retransmitting data. The amount of time the device waits before retransmitting data increases exponentially with each collision, which is known as Binary Exponential Backoff. Switched Ethernet: The Switched Ethernet is a newer Ethernet technology that was developed in the 1990s. It uses switches instead of hubs to connect devices to the network. In the Switched Ethernet, data is transmitted using broadband signaling. The Switched Ethernet has two main layers: the Physical Layer and the MAC Sublayer Protocol. 1. Switched Ethernet Physical Layer: The Switched Ethernet Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting data over the communication medium. It uses twisted-pair cables or fiber optic cables as the communication medium. The most common type of twisted-pair cable used in Switched Ethernet is the 100Base-TX, which supports a maximum data rate of 100 Mbps and can transmit data up to a distance of 100 meters. 2. Switched Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol: The Switched Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol is responsible for controlling access to the communication medium. It uses the same CSMA/CD protocol as Classic Ethernet but is rarely used since collisions are avoided by using switches instead of hubs. Diagram: Here is a diagram showing the differences between Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet: ``` Classic Ethernet Switched Ethernet Communication Medium Coaxial cables Twisted-pair or fiber optic cables Data Transmission Baseband signaling Broadband signaling Maximum Data Rate 10 Mbps 100 Mbps or higher Distance Up to 500 meters (Thicknet) Up to 100 meters (100Base-TX) Access Control CSMA/CD with Binary Exponential Backoff CSMA/CD or Switches ``` In conclusion, Ethernet is a widely used networking technology that is used for connecting devices in a local area network (LAN). There are two main types of Ethernet: Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet. Classic Ethernet uses coaxial cables as the communication medium and has a maximum data rate of 10 Mbps while Switched Ethernet uses twisted-pair or fiber optic cables and has a maximum data rate of 100 Mbps or higher. Both Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet use the CSMA/CD protocol to avoid collisions between data frames.
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