python字典

#######字典dict########

1. 为什么需要字典类型?

>>> list1 = ["name", "age", "gender"]
>>> list2 = ["fentiao", 5, "male"]
>>> zip(list1, list2)        //通过zip内置函数将两个列表结合,help(zip)
[('name', 'fentiao'), ('age', 5), ('gender', 'male')]
>>> list2[0]                //在直接编程时,并不能理解第一个索引表示姓名
'fentiao'
>>> list2[name]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: list indices must be integers, not str
故字典是python中唯一的映射类型,key-value(哈希表),字典对象是可变的,但key必须用不可变对象。

2.字典的定义
In [8]: dic = {"name":"linux","age":22}    #######定义一个字典

In [10]: dic["name"]     //根据key找出value值，不能通过索引寻找value值
Out[10]: 'linux'

In [11]: dic["age"]
Out[11]: 22

In [12]: user = ['westos','linux']   ##########定义列表

In [13]: passwd=['redhat','blue']

In [14]: zip(user,passwd)    //通过zip内置函数将两个列表结合,help(zip
Out[14]: [('westos', 'redhat'), ('linux', 'blue')]
""""""
""""""
In [15]: dic={'westos':'redhat','linux':'blue'}

In [16]: dic['westos']   //根据key找出value值
Out[16]: 'redhat'

In [17]: dic['westos'] =='redhat'   判断key对应的value值字典中知否存在？存在返回Ture

Out[17]: True

3. 字典的添加:

In [18]: dic={'westos':'redhat','linux':'blue'}

In [19]: dic['xiaobai']='123'   ####key值和value值都不一样，整个添加。

In [20]: dic
Out[20]: {'linux': 'blue', 'westos': 'redhat', 'xiaobai': '123'}

In [21]: dic['linux']='block'  ########key值一样和value值都不一样；将key对应的value值更新。

In [22]: dic

Out[22]: {'linux': 'block', 'westos': 'redhat', 'xiaobai': '123'}

4. 字典的常用命令

In [23]: dic={'westos':'redhat'}

In [24]: dic1={'linux':'blue'}

In [25]: dic.
dic.clear       dic.items       dic.pop         dic.viewitems
dic.copy        dic.iteritems   dic.popitem     dic.viewkeys
dic.fromkeys    dic.iterkeys    dic.setdefault  dic.viewvalues
dic.get         dic.itervalues  dic.update      
dic.has_key     dic.keys        dic.values      

In [25]: dic.update(dic1)#######添加更新，####key值和value值都不一样，整个添加

In [26]: dic
Out[26]: {'linux': 'blue', 'westos': 'redhat'}

In [27]: dic={'westos':'redhat'}

In [28]: dic1={'westos':'blue'}

In [29]: dic.update(dic1) #### ##key值一样value值不一样；将key对应的value值更新

In [30]: dic

Out[30]: {'westos': 'blue'}

因为字典是无序的，所以没有索引和切片。

In [31]: dic={'westos':'redhat','linux':'blue'}

In [32]: dic.pop('westos')   #####删除,必须加key值;
Out[32]: 'redhat'                   #####弹出字典中key值为"westos"的元素并返回该key的元素

In [33]: dic
Out[33]: {'linux': 'blue'}

In [35]: dic={'westos':'redhat','linux':'blue'}

In [36]: dic.popitem()         #####删除,不加key值，随机删除
Out[36]: ('westos', 'redhat')

In [37]: dic
Out[37]: {'linux': 'blue'}

In [38]: dic.popitem()
Out[38]: ('linux', 'blue')

In [39]: dic
Out[39]: {}

In [40]: dic.popitem()         ####key值删除完了，再删会报错
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-40-b472158de449> in <module>()
----> 1 dic.popitem()

KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'

 
>>> dic.clear()                //删除字典的所有元素
>>> dic
>>> del dic                      //删除整个字典
>>> dic
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'dic' is not defined

##########################################################
In [47]: dic={'westos':'redhat','linux':'blue'}

In [48]: dic.values()           ##显示value值
Out[48]: ['redhat', 'blue']

In [49]: dic.keys()               ##显示key值
Out[49]: ['westos', 'linux']

In [50]: dic.get("westos")  ##查看key值对应的value值（有）
Out[50]: 'redhat'

In [51]: dic.get("hello")       ##查看key值对应的value值（没有的情况下，返回值为none）

In [52]: print dic.get("hello")
None

In [53]: dic.has_key("hello")    ##查看key值存在否？不存在显示False
Out[53]: False

In [54]: dic.has_key("linux")    ##查看key值存在否？存在显示 True

Out[54]: True

>> ddict = {}.fromkeys(('username','password'),'fentiao')
        //字典中的key有相同的value值,默认为None
>>> ddict
{'username': 'fentiao', 'password': 'fentiao'}
>>> ddict = {}.fromkeys(('username','password'),)
>>> ddict
{'username': None, 'password': None}
 
5.字典的去重功能
In [57]: dic.fromkeys('westos')
Out[57]: {'e': None, 'o': None, 's': None, 't': None, 'w': None}

In [58]: dic.fromkeys('westos','hello')
Out[58]: {'e': 'hello', 'o': 'hello', 's': 'hello', 't': 'hello', 'w': 'hello'}

In [59]: dic = {'westos':'redhat','westos':'234'}

In [60]: dic

Out[60]: {'westos': '234'}

6.访问字典的值:直接通过key访问,循环遍历字典的遍历

In [76]: dic = {1:'a',2:'2'}

In [78]: for key in dic.keys():    ## 建立函数dic.keys()
   ....:     print "key=%s" % key
   ....:     
key=1
key=2

In [79]: for value in dic.values():## 建立函数 dic.values()
   ....:     print "value=%s" % value
   ....:     
value=a
value=2
In [81]: for key, value in dic.keys(), dic.values():##### 建立dic.keys()和 dic.values()函数
    print "%s -> %s" %(key,value)       
   ....:     
1 -> 2
a -> 2

In [83]: dic.items()
Out[83]: [(1, 'a'), (2, '2')]
In [86]: for k,v in dic.items():
    print "%s = %s" %(k,v)
   ....:     
1 = a
2 = 2

7. 嵌套赋值

eg1：
对列表li = [34,45,32,132,43,55,]，排序，去除最大值,最小值，求平均值。

In [106]: li = [34,45,32,132,43,55,]

In [107]: li.sort()

In [108]: li
Out[108]: [32, 34, 43, 45, 55, 132]

In [109]: li.pop(0)
Out[109]: 32

In [110]: li.pop(len(li)-1)
Out[110]: 132

In [111]: li
Out[111]: [34, 43, 45, 55]

In [112]: sum(li)/len(li)
Out[112]: 44


eg2:

四则运算：
from __future__ import division
number1 = input("num1=")
operate = raw_input("operate=")
number2 = input("num2=")
dic ={"+":number1+number2,"-":number1-number2,"*":number1*number2,"/":number1/number2}
if operate in dic.keys():
    print dic[operate]