英语学习——长难句02

长难句阅读
Lesson2（句子成分初探）
欢迎大家积极评论和提出问题，共同进步！
Introduction
作为未来的程序员，考研党，学好英语是必须的。所以更新一下我的英语学习笔记。有需要的同学可以作为参考。这里我是听的章晋林老师的课。
Body
前言
语法主干：主句当中的主谓宾

1. 主+谓 2. 主+谓+宾 3. 主+系+表 4. 主+谓+宾1+宾2 5. 主+谓+宾+宾补

判断长难句的核心内容的标准：
1、 不唯一。不同的句子侧重点不同。
2、 语法主干永远是重要的（句子核心理解）
3、 对语法主干的抽象内容进一步解释的内容是重要的（从解题而言）

正文
常见的重要语法成分+阅读中的处理⽅式

1. 定语
2. 状语
3. 同位语
4. 插⼊语

一、 定语从句的处理方式
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.

第一句：通过开头的In 和句尾的逗号，可以判断不是主句

识别+处置 （重点阅读/无视）

In the idealized version of how science is done(条件状语),
facts(主) about the world(后置定语)
are waiting to be observed and collected by objective(前置定语) researchers(被动语态) who use the scientific method to carry out their work(定语从句).

1. 定语分为前置定语和后置定语
   ① 前置定语：adj/n
   ② 后置定语：
   后置定语的三种类型：

2. 形容词短语做后置定语(N+ adj+ prep+ N)
   The book useful for the students is here.

3. 介词短语做后置定语(N + prep+ N)
   They would submit the results of their research to a journal.
   3．⾮谓语短语做后置定语(N+ v-ing/V-ed/to do+ N)
   Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.
   A team of researchers working together in the laboratory…

4. 前置定语（adj/pron./N+N）⼀般都不重要，后置定语 在阅读中也不重要
   阅读中，后置定语⼤概率可⽆视，翻译中，后置定语 前置翻译
   同⼀个名词的前置定语和后置定语的本质上内容相同

翻译中注意后置定语的识别和处理（99年）
There is no agreement(主句) whether(同位语从句) methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
后置定语前置翻译

如果对于阅读：
Or：选择类信息必定不是明确观点

1. 对于⼀件事没有定论
2. 这件事是whether A or B
3. 整个句⼦都没有明确的观点内容，不适合设置正确选项
   翻译：⽅法论是指⼀般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域适⽤的研究⼿段，⼈们对此意见不⼀

二、 状语从句的处理方式
1、 状语在阅读中的处理方式

1. 什么是状语？（状语的识别） 2. 状语重要与否
   2、常见的状语类型：
   ①副词做状语
   I love you
   I love you deeply
   I love you slightly
   I hardly love you

副词做状语 一般是修饰谓语动词
状语和主句隔离开，分别理解

副词做状语，与主句隔离+⽆视（少数在题⼲定位中⽤到） ⽂章中的否定类副词做状语，需要重点阅读 Hardly/seldom/rarely/barely

②介词短语做状语 （隔离+无视）
例1In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest（地点状语）, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century.
例2For years(时间状语) executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule.
例3By 1854(时间状语) slavery had been abolished(废除) everywhere(副词做状语) except Spain’s remaining colonies(条件状语，偏否定)
例4The link between dreams and emotions(后置定语) shows up among the patients(地点状语) in Cartwright’s clinic(后置定 语).

特殊属性类介词短语(虽然重要，但是考的很少)
For(表⽬的，原因，对象) 逻辑上重要
As(作为，像=like，因为) 表因为逻辑上重要
Despite(尽管) 逻辑上不重要
By（⽅式，原因，相差） 考研英语阅读中不是考点
Of（表属性，也可以做同位语）

③⾮谓语短语做状语
Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.
解决：deal with\figure out
Reluctant不愿意
在连接上下句的预判上，存在一定作用
In just one generation(时间状语，⽆视), millions of mothers have gone to work(主句), transforming basic family economics. (⽬的状语) 阅读中，此处不重要，因为下⽂如果展开讲“如何transform”才是重点。

处理⽅式？(⽆视的可能性⼤)
Enraged（激怒） by Entergy’s behavior（与VS构成被动关系，表原因）, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
可以设置原因类细节题，但是考点太细微，不适合在考研阅读出现

To promote this idea(不定式表⽬的) , he turned to the university-admissions process.
可以设置原因类细节题，但是考点太细微，不适合在考研阅读出现

带有特殊逻辑关系的状语（让步，比较，因果）往往是上下句间的关键信息桥梁。

三、定语/状语从句才是真阅读考点
原因状语从句是考点
Super-high scores like Vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers(正确选项出处), rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100(错误选项出处).
Q. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because____ [A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures. [D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

语法长难句其实是形式+内容+技巧的结合

The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper— printing presses, delivery trucks —isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.
主⼲寻找
后置定语的处理
双破折的处理
定语从句的处理
语义的处理

The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper(后置 定语，⽆视)—printing presses, delivery trucks(双破折，⽆视) — isn’t just expensive(否定之后的解释更重要);不仅仅是贵 it’s excessive多余(核⼼ 词，需要解释) at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints束缚(定从，表⾯解释time， 实际解释excessive的原因).

Para1: A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Q6. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to_____
[A] condemning
[B] reaffirming
[C] dishonoring
[D] securing

Para1: A deal is a deal—except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. 抽象单句，需要下⽂展开理解
The company, a major energy supplier in New England(同位语， ⽆视), provoked激起justified合理的outrage暴怒in Vermont last week(状语，⽆视) when(定从) it announced (that)it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations(后置定语).

The company, a major energy supplier in New England(同位语， ⽆视), provoked激起justified合理的outrage暴怒in Vermont last week(状语，⽆视) when(定从？) it announced (that)it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations(后置定语). Q6. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to_____ [A] condemning [B] reaffirming [C] dishonoring [D] securing

学习心得：
定语/状语/定语从句/状语从句
在不同的句子中侧重点不同，要通过仅有的信息，进行侧重点分析，感觉这节课并没有多少提升，就只是在带着将不同句子中定语和状语怎么看怎么想，这应该也是老师的一个思路吧。因为毕竟是语言学科，没有那么多条条框框，感觉很重要。
2020年5月22日