FIFO具名/命名管道
(匿名)管道应用的一个限制就是只能在具有共同祖先(具有亲缘关系)的进程间通信。
如果我们想在不相关的进程之间交换数据,可以使用FIFO文件来做这项工作,它经常被称为命名管道;
命名管道是一种特殊类型的文件.
创建一个命名管道
1)命名管道可以从命令行上创建:
$ mkfifo filename
2)命名管道在程序里创建:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int mkfifo(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
//示例
int main()
{
if (mkfifo("p2", 0644) == -1)
err_exit("mkfifo error");
}
FIFO与PIPE的区别:
1) 匿名管道由pipe函数创建并打开。
命名管道由mkfifo函数创建,打开用open
2) FIFO(命名管道)与pipe(匿名管道)之间唯一的区别在它们创建与打开的方式不同,一但这些工作完成之后,它们具有相同的语义 (The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are created and opened. Once these tasks have been accomplished, I/O on pipes and FIFOs has exactly the same semantics.)。
命名管道的打开规则
如果当前打开操作是为读而打开FIFO时
- O_NONBLOCK disable:阻塞直到有相应进程为写而打开该FIFO
- O_NONBLOCK enable:立刻返回成功
//示例1: 阻塞, 只读打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "fifo O_RDONLY open success" << endl;
}
//示例2: 只读, 非阻塞打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "fifo O_RDONLY open success" << endl;
}
如果当前打开操作是为写而打开FIFO时
- O_NONBLOCK disable:阻塞直到有相应进程为读而打开该FIFO
- O_NONBLOCK enable:立刻返回失败,错误码为ENXIO
//示例1: 阻塞, 只写打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_WRONLY);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "FIFO O_WRONLY open success" << endl;
}
//示例2: 非阻塞, 只写打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "FIFO O_WRONLY open success" << endl;
}
命名管道的读写规则同匿名管道
示例:不同进程间利用命名管道实现文件复制
写管道进程:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if(argc != 2){
fprintf(stderr,"usage:%s srcfile\n",argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int infd;
infd = open(argv[1],O_RDONLY); //打开文件
if(infd == -1){
perror("open error");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if(mkfifo("tmpfifo",0644) == -1){
perror("mkfifo error");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int fd ;
fd = open("tmpfifo",O_WRONLY); //写方式打开
if(fd == -1){
perror("open error");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
char buf[1024*4];
int n = 0;
while((n = read(infd,buf,1024*4))){
write(fd,buf,n);
}
close(infd);
close(fd);
printf("write success\n");
return 0;
}
读进程:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if(argc != 2){
fprintf(stderr,"usage:%s desfile\n",argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int outfd;
outfd = open(argv[1],O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC); //写方式打开文件
if(outfd == -1){
perror("open error");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int fd ;
fd = open("tmpfifo",O_RDONLY); //读方式打开
if(fd == -1){
perror("open error");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
char buf[1024*4];
int n = 0;
while((n = read(fd,buf,1024*4))){ //从管道中读取数据
write(outfd,buf,n); //写入到文件中
}
close(fd);
close(outfd);
unlink("tmpfifo");
printf("read success\n");
return 0;
}