A-level化学知识点（二）：一般原则——General Properties

Organic reagents 有机试剂

Organic reagents can be classified as either 有机试剂可分为以下两类:

1. Nucleophiles: Attack centres of low electron density (nucleus loving). They possess a lone pair of electrons and are usually negatively charged.

1. 嗜核者。攻击电子密度低的中心（爱护核子）。它们拥有一对孤独的电子，通常带负电。

Examples include: H2O, ROH, OH-, RO-, Br-, NH3, RNH2, CN-.

2. Electrophiles: Attack centres of high electron density (electron loving) The are capable of accepting a lone pair of electrons and are usually positively charged.

2. 亲电体。高电子密度的攻击中心（热爱电子） 能够接受孤对电子，通常带正电。

Examples include: H+, Br+, R-N=N, CN-.

Functional groups 功能团

The properties of an organic molecule are predominately determined by the properties of the functional group in that compound. Functional groups are atoms or combinations of atoms such as OH-, -COOH.

一个有机分子的特性主要由该化合物中的官能团的特性决定。官能团是原子或原子的组合，如OH-、-COOH。

Once the properties of the functional groups are known then the properties of any molecule containing a functional group maybe predicted.

一旦知道了官能团的特性，就可以预测任何含有官能团的分子的特性。

The common functional groups are listed below:

Homologus series: This is a series of compounds in which all the members are similar in constitution (i.e. they contain the same functional group, if any) and therefore in chemical properties.

同系物系列：这是一个化合物系列，其中所有成员在结构上是相似的（即它们包含相同的官能团，如果有的话），因此在化学性质上也是相似的。

Each homologous series has a general formula (e.g. CnH2n+2 for the alkanes) and each member of the series differs from the next by CH2 unit in all cases.

There is a regular change in physical properties as one ascends the series for example: methane - gas, octane - liquid, and higher alkanes - solid.

每个同源系列都有一个一般的公式（例如，CnH2n+2为烷烃），并且在所有情况下，该系列的每个成员都与下一个成员有CH2单元的不同。

随着系列的上升，物理性质有规律的变化，例如：甲烷--气体，辛烷--液体，而更高的烷烃--固体。