一、英文句子的三类结构
1. 简单句:主语+谓语+宾语
- 主语:动作的发出者
- 谓语:动作
- 宾语:动作的承受者
2. 并列句:简单句+并列词+简单句
- 并列词:如and, or, but等
3. 复合句:简单句+从句引导词+简单句
- 从句引导词:如which, who, when, where等
二、简单句的六个基本句型
1. 主语+谓语+宾语(其中谓语是及物动词)
- 及物动词就是有承受者
- 例:I do homework.
2. 主语+谓语(其中谓语是不及物动词)
- 不及物动词就是没有承受者
- 例:I swim.
3. 主语+系动词+表语
-
系动词有4类:
- be动词:am, is, are, was, were
- 感官动词:sound(听起来), look(看起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(摸起来,感觉起来)
- 变化动词:become, turn, go, get, grow
- 静止动词:stay, remain, keep(保持)
-
表语:名词, 形容词, 不定式(to do), 介宾(介词+名词)
-
例:
- I am a boy.
- The meal tastes delicious.
- Jack stays in the room.
4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语(主谓双宾)
- 谓语是及物动词,宾语都是名词
- 例:
- I give you a book.(you是宾语,a book也是宾语)
- I tell you a story.
5. 主语+谓语+宾语+补语(宾补)
- 补语是不定式或形容词。前面的简单句意思不完整,用来补充说明
- 例:
- Mom tells me to do my homework.(不定式)
- The music makes me sad.(形容词)
6. There be 句型
- There be 表示‘存在’,与 have不同
- There be + 名词(所存在的东西)
例:There is a dog. - There be + 名词 + 介宾短语(东西存在的地方)
例:There is a dog under the tree.
三、从句的四种类型(从句引导词+简单句)
1. 名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
- 一模一样的句子,放置位置不同,所以名称不同
- 例:that(引导词) he likes football.
1.1 主语从句:从句放在主语部分
- 例:That he likes football surprised us.(主谓宾)
1.2 宾语从句:从句放在宾语部分
- 例:He said that he likes football.(主谓宾)
1.3 表语从句:从句放在表语部分
- 例:The fact is that he likes football.(主系表)
1.4 同位语从句:从句放在同位语部分
- 同位语:是名词,对其他名词起解释说明作用,和其所解释的名词相等
- 句子结构:
- 主语,同位语,谓语 宾语(解释主语)
- 主语 谓语 宾语,同位语(解释宾语)
- 例:
- Jack, a romantic man, likes flowers.
- Mary loves spring, one of the four seasons.
- The fact that he likes football surprised us.
- He states the fact that he likes football.
2. 定语从句
- 定语:修饰限定名词,例如:汉语中的“美丽的花”中的“美丽的”
- 定语类型:
- 形容词(短一些)
- 短语或从句(长一些)
- 例:
- A beautiful girl shared a fascinating story.
- A girl from Mars shared a story about her people.
- A task to tackle is the potential crisis.
- A beautiful girl from Mars who likes spring shared a fascinating story about her people which moved us.
3. 状语从句
- 状语:
- 副词,修饰动词,例如:walk slowly; 修饰形容词或定语,例如:slightly higher
- 起副词作用的句子(状语从句)
- 按作用分类:
- 时间状语:何时?
- 地点状语:何地?
- 原因状语:为什么? 常见:因为…
- 条件状语:在什么条件下? 常见:如果…, 只要…, 只有…
- 目的状语:目的是什么? 常见:为了…, 这样就能…
- 结果状语:结果是什么? 常见:结果…, 以至于…
- 让步状语:转折的前奏. 常见:虽然…, 尽管…, 即使…
- 方式状语:怎么做的,怎么产生的? 常见:用…方法, 通过…方式
- 例 1:
- Jack smiles happily. 副词修饰动词,出现在动词之后
- Jack quickly understood. 副词修饰动词,出现在动词之前
- Mary is strikingly beautiful. 副词修饰形容词,表示程度:强
- Mary is pretty tall. 副词修饰形容词,表示程度:弱
- 例 2:
- 时间状语:时间副词,位置灵活
- He came yesterday.
- Yesterday he came.
- He called me when I was sleeping.(从句)
- 地点状语:地点副词,位置灵活
- He celebrated his birthday at school.
- At school he celebrated his birthday.
- We met where we used to go for a walk.(从句)
- 原因状语:除了since前后都可以之外,其他的都靠后
- He likes spring for its beauty.
- He likes spring for it is beautiful.(从句)
- He likes spring because it is beautiful.(从句)
- He likes spring as it is beautiful.(从句)
- He likes spring since it is beautiful.(从句)
- 条件状语
- If you win, there will be a reward.
- As long as you win, where will be a reward.
- 目的状语
- I study for my well-being.
- I don’t spend extra to save money.
- I don’t spend extra in order to save money.
- I don’t spend extra so that I can savemoney.(从句)
- 结果状语
- He tried so hard that he finally succeeded.(从句)
- 让步状语
- Although you have a point there, I don’t agree with your proposal.(从句)
- 方式状语
- I learned English through an online course.
- I contact my friends via Wechat.
- I draw with my pen.
- I found differences by contrasting the two.
- She looks at me as if she knows me.(从句)
- He finished the work **as I told him to **.(从句)
- 时间状语:时间副词,位置灵活
4. 三类特殊句式
4.1 强调句
- 结构:It is + 强调部分 + that + 其他
- It is + 名词 + that + 动词或名词
- It is + 介宾短语 + that + 句子
- 例:
- He hit me. → \rightarrow → It was him that hit me. (就是他打了我)
- I learned about this project through this site. → \rightarrow → It was through this site that I learned about this project. (就是通过这个网站我才了解了这个项目)
4.2 倒装句
- 倒装是起到强调、加强语气的作用
- 正常:主+谓 (+宾)
倒装:谓+主 (+宾) - 例:
- 正常:We can win only when we try harder.
倒装:Only when we try harder can we win. - 正常:The bus comes.
倒装:Here comes the bus. - 正常:The Queen live long!
倒装:Long live the Queen!(经常说)
- 正常:We can win only when we try harder.
4.3 虚拟语气
- 假设一件有可能发生的事
→
\rightarrow
→ 条件状语
- 例:If it rains, the event will be canceled.
- 假设一件不可能发生的事
→
\rightarrow
→ 虚拟语气
- 现在不可能发生:
- If I were a boy, I would be a soldier.
- 用过去式,没有was,使用were
- 已经发生,但既成事实相反:
- If I had studied English, it would have been easier now.
- If I hadn’t had that extra cafe, I wouldn’t have been feeling guilty.
- 用过去完成时
- 现在不可能发生:
5. 时态
5.1 一般时态(习惯性)
- 一般现在时:do 或 does, 表示通常做
- I do my homework. 我做作业。
- 一般过去时:did, 表示做了
- I did my homework yesterday. 我昨天做了作业。
- 一般将来时:will do 或 be going to do, 表示将要做
- I will do my homework tomorrow. 我明天将要做作业。
5.2 进行时态(正在发生)
- 现在进行时:be doing, 表示现在正在做
- I am doing my homework now. 我正在做作业。
- 过去进行时:was/were doing, 表示过去正在做
- I was doing my homework when my mom got home yesterday. 昨天,妈妈到家的时候我正在做作业。
- 将来进行时:will be doing 或 be going to be doing, 表示将来正在做
- I will be doing my homework when my mom get home tomorrow. 明天,妈妈到家的时候我会正在做作业。
5.3 完成时态(有结果)
- 现在完成时:have done, 表示事情发生在过去,对现在有影响
- I have finished my homework, so please let me play games. 我已经完成了作业,所以请让我玩游戏吧。
- 过去完成时:had done, 表示事情发生在过去的过去
- I had finished my homework **by yesterday.**昨天前我就完成了作业。
- 将来完成时:will have done, 表示事情在将来某一时间前已经完成或一直持续下去
- I promise that I will have finished my homework by tomorrow. 我保证明天之前,将已经完成我的作业。
6. 语态
- 主动语态:I finished my homework.
- 被动语态:My homework is finished. (be + done过去分词)
7. 非谓语
-
现在分词(doing): 和主句主语为主动关系
- The boy was lost, failing to find the way back home. 男孩走丢了,没能找到回家的路。
-
过去分词(done): 和主句主语为被动关系
- The boy was lost, failed by his poor memory. 男孩走丢了,被他的坏记性给害的。
参考:总结自一个搬运视频。