python3更高级的字符串操作库-f_Strings

python 3.6+版本支持

在python 3.6 版本之前，python提供了如%-formatting、str.format()、string.Template等方法对字符串进行格式化。每种格式化方法都有各自的优缺点，而f-strings则提供了新的字符串格式化机制：文字字符串插值。

注：f-strings,并没有替代原有的格式化方法。

# 基本用法
name = 'xiaoming'
age = 18
f'{name}今年{age}岁了.'  # 'xiaoming今年18岁了.'
F'{name.upper()}今年{age}岁了.'  # 'XIAOMING今年18岁了.'

• 字符串拼接操作

name = 'xiaoming'
age = 18
tuple_msg = ('xiaoming', 18)
dict_msg = {'name': 'xiaoming', 'age': 18}

# %-formatting写法
print('my name is %s.' % xiaoming)  # => my name is xiaoming.
print('my name is %s, age is %s.' % (name, age))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('my name is %s, age is %s.' % tuple_msg)  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('my name is %s, age is %s.' % (dict_msg['name'], dict_msg['age']))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('个人信息%s' % (tuple_msg,))  # => 个人信息('xiaoming', 18),注意这边要加逗号

# str.format()写法
print('my name is {}.'.format(name))  # => my name is xiaoming.
print('my name is {}, age is {}.'.format(name, age))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('my name is {1}, age is {0}.'.format(age, name))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('my name is {}, age is {}.'.format(*tuple_msg))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('my name is {name}, age is {age}.'.format(name=dict_msg['name'], age=dict_msg['age']))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print('my name is {name}, age is {age}.'.format(**dict_msg))  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.

# f-strings写法
print(f'my name is {name}, age is {age}.')  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print(f'my name is {tuple_msg[0]}, age is {tuple_msg[1]}.')  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.
print(f"my name is {dict_msg['name']}, age is {dict_msg['age']}.")  # => my name is xiaoming, age is 18.注意引号的问题
print(f'{name}明年{age + 1}了.')  # => xiaoming明年19了.
print(f'名字倒写过来{name[::-1]}.')  # => 名字倒写过来gnimoaix.
print(f'4乘以2等于{(lambda x: x*2)(4)}.')  # => 4乘以2等于8.

print(f"the set is {{1}}")  # => {1},若拼接时需要用到{},则需要用多个{}

• 格式化

  • 类型格式化

    符号	示例	结果	含义
    f"age = ({26:4d})"	‘age = ( 26)’	整数
    f"{3.1415:.2f}"	‘3.14’	浮点数
    f"{math.nan:F}"	‘NAN’	inf,nan等转换为大写
    f"{0.024937:.2%}"	‘2.49%’	百分比格式
    /e	f"{314.15:.2e}"	‘3.14e+02’	科学计数法
    f"age = ({‘26’:4s})"	‘age = (26 )’	字符串
    f"{36:b}"	‘100100’	二进制整数
    f"{36:o}"	‘44’	八进制整数
    /x	f"{36:x}"	‘24’	十六进制整数

  • 对齐格式化

    符号	含义
    ^	居中
    <	左对齐
    >	右对齐

  • 日期格式化

    符号	含义	示例
    %y	两位数的年份表示	99
    %Y	四位数的年份表示	2019
    %m	月份	12
    %d	一个月的第几天	31
    %F	返回年月日(-连接)	2020-05-18
    %D	返回日月年(/连接)	18/05/20
    %b	本地简化月份名称	Aug
    %B	本地完整月份名称	August
    %a	本地简化星期名称	Mon
    %A	本地完整星期名称	Monday
    %j	一年中的第几天	001-366
    %p	本地a.m和p.m	AM/PM
    %H	24小时制	23
    %I	12小时制	05
    %M	分钟，补足2位	09
    %S	秒，补足2位	09
    %f	微秒，补足6位	554299
    %x	本地相应的日期表示	18/05/20
    %X	本地相应的时间表示	00:00:00
    %%	百分号	%

    # 一些例子
    import datetime
    d = datetime.datetime.now()
    
    print(f'{d:%F}')  # => 2020-11-08
    print(f'{d:%F %X}')  # => 2020-11-08 16:39:42