Tomcat Context容器和Wrapper容器

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前言

Context容器是一个Web项目的代表，主要管理Servlet实例，在Tomcat中Servlet实例是以Wrapper出现的，现在问题是如何才能通过Context容器找到具体的Servlet呢？在解决这个问题之前，Context容器需要先启动，启动的过程就是加载个类资源文件以及打开子容器以及Pipeline管道的过程。启动Context容器后，就可以处理具体的请求了，具体是通过Request对象。
从Wrapper wrapper = request.getWrapper()就可以看出来。

那么Context调用invoke方法后又发生什么了呢？具体执行的是org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve的invoke方法。相当于进入了Context管道中，要开始通过管道中一个个闸门了。

StandardContext的处理流程可以用下面的图简化：

/**
 1. Select the appropriate child Wrapper to process this request,
 2. based on the specified request URI.  If no matching Wrapper can
 3. be found, return an appropriate HTTP error.
 4.  5. @param request Request to be processed
 6. @param response Response to be produced
 7.  8. @exception IOException if an input/output error occurred
 9. @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurred
 */
@Override
public final void invoke(Request request, Response response)
    throws IOException, ServletException {
    // Disallow any direct access to resources under WEB-INF or META-INF
    MessageBytes requestPathMB = request.getRequestPathMB();
    if ((requestPathMB.startsWithIgnoreCase("/META-INF/", 0))
            || (requestPathMB.equalsIgnoreCase("/META-INF"))
            || (requestPathMB.startsWithIgnoreCase("/WEB-INF/", 0))
            || (requestPathMB.equalsIgnoreCase("/WEB-INF"))) {
        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND);
        return;
    }
    // Select the Wrapper to be used for this Request
    Wrapper wrapper = request.getWrapper();
    if (wrapper == null || wrapper.isUnavailable()) {
        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND);
        return;
    }
    // Acknowledge the request
    try {
        response.sendAcknowledgement();
    } catch (IOException ioe) {
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString(
                "standardContextValve.acknowledgeException"), ioe);
        request.setAttribute(RequestDispatcher.ERROR_EXCEPTION, ioe);
        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
        return;
    }

    if (request.isAsyncSupported()) {
        request.setAsyncSupported(wrapper.getPipeline().isAsyncSupported());
    }
    wrapper.getPipeline().getFirst().invoke(request, response);
}

1. 禁止直接访问WEB-INF或者META-INF目录下的资源
2. 选择具体的Wrapper处理请求
3. 返回一个确认响应
4. 调用Wrapper容器的invoke方法，把处理请求交给StandardWrapperValve处理

Wrapper容器

Wrapper容器负责管理一个Servlet，包括Servlet的装载、初始化、资源回收。Wrapper是最底层的容器，其不能在添加子容器了。Wrapper是一个接口，其标准实现类是StandardWrapper，下面是这两个类的结构：

由于Wrapper与Servlet息息相关，其中的loadServlet方法负责装载Servlet。

/**
 * Load and initialize an instance of this servlet, if there is not already
 * at least one initialized instance.  This can be used, for example, to
 * load servlets that are marked in the deployment descriptor to be loaded
 * at server startup time.
 */
public synchronized Servlet loadServlet() throws ServletException {
    if (unloading) {
        throw new ServletException(
                sm.getString("standardWrapper.unloading", getName()));
    }
    // Nothing to do if we already have an instance or an instance pool
    if (!singleThreadModel && (instance != null))
        return instance;
    PrintStream out = System.out;
    if (swallowOutput) {
        SystemLogHandler.startCapture();
    }
    Servlet servlet;
    try {
        long t1=System.currentTimeMillis();
        // Complain if no servlet class has been specified
        if (servletClass == null) {
            unavailable(null);
            throw new ServletException
                (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notClass", getName()));
        }
        InstanceManager instanceManager = ((StandardContext)getParent()).getInstanceManager();
        try {
            servlet = (Servlet) instanceManager.newInstance(servletClass);
        } catch (ClassCastException e) {
            unavailable(null);
            // Restore the context ClassLoader
            throw new ServletException
                (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notServlet", servletClass), e);
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            e = ExceptionUtils.unwrapInvocationTargetException(e);
            ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(e);
            unavailable(null);
            // Added extra log statement for Bugzilla 36630:
            // http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=36630
            if(log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                log.debug(sm.getString("standardWrapper.instantiate", servletClass), e);
            }
            // Restore the context ClassLoader
            throw new ServletException
                (sm.getString("standardWrapper.instantiate", servletClass), e);
        }
        if (multipartConfigElement == null) {
            MultipartConfig annotation =
                    servlet.getClass().getAnnotation(MultipartConfig.class);
            if (annotation != null) {
                multipartConfigElement =
                        new MultipartConfigElement(annotation);
            }
        }
        processServletSecurityAnnotation(servlet.getClass());
        // Special handling for ContainerServlet instances
        if ((servlet instanceof ContainerServlet) &&
                (isContainerProvidedServlet(servletClass) ||
                        ((Context) getParent()).getPrivileged() )) {
            ((ContainerServlet) servlet).setWrapper(this);
        }
        classLoadTime=(int) (System.currentTimeMillis() -t1);
        if (servlet instanceof SingleThreadModel) {
            if (instancePool == null) {
                instancePool = new Stack<Servlet>();
            }
            singleThreadModel = true;
        }
        //init servlet instance
        initServlet(servlet);
        fireContainerEvent("load", this);
        loadTime=System.currentTimeMillis() -t1;
    } finally {
        if (swallowOutput) {
            String log = SystemLogHandler.stopCapture();
            if (log != null && log.length() > 0) {
                if (getServletContext() != null) {
                    getServletContext().log(log);
                } else {
                    out.println(log);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return servlet;
}

该类主要负责初始化一个Servlet实例，并调用该实例的init方法，然后通知感兴趣的事件监听程序。

上面代码中的Wrapper的invoke方法，这个方法完成什么呢？

/**
 1. Invoke the servlet we are managing, respecting the rules regarding
 2. servlet lifecycle and SingleThreadModel support.
 3.  4. @param request Request to be processed
 5. @param response Response to be produced
 6.  7. @exception IOException if an input/output error occurred
 8. @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurred
 */
@Override
public final void invoke(Request request, Response response)
    throws IOException, ServletException {
    // Initialize local variables we may need
    boolean unavailable = false;
    Throwable throwable = null;
    // This should be a Request attribute...
    long t1=System.currentTimeMillis();
    requestCount++;
    StandardWrapper wrapper = (StandardWrapper) getContainer();
    Servlet servlet = null;
    Context context = (Context) wrapper.getParent();

    // Check for the application being marked unavailable
    if (!context.getState().isAvailable()) {
        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                       sm.getString("standardContext.isUnavailable"));
        unavailable = true;
    }
    // Check for the servlet being marked unavailable
    if (!unavailable && wrapper.isUnavailable()) {
        container.getLogger().info(sm.getString("standardWrapper.isUnavailable",
                wrapper.getName()));
        long available = wrapper.getAvailable();
        if ((available > 0L) && (available < Long.MAX_VALUE)) {
            response.setDateHeader("Retry-After", available);
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                    sm.getString("standardWrapper.isUnavailable",
                            wrapper.getName()));
        } else if (available == Long.MAX_VALUE) {
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
                    sm.getString("standardWrapper.notFound",
                            wrapper.getName()));
        }
        unavailable = true;
    }
    // Allocate a servlet instance to process this request
    try {
        if (!unavailable) {
            servlet = wrapper.allocate();
        }
    } catch (UnavailableException e) {
        container.getLogger().error(
                sm.getString("standardWrapper.allocateException",
                        wrapper.getName()), e);
        long available = wrapper.getAvailable();
        if ((available > 0L) && (available < Long.MAX_VALUE)) {
            response.setDateHeader("Retry-After", available);
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                       sm.getString("standardWrapper.isUnavailable",
                                    wrapper.getName()));
        } else if (available == Long.MAX_VALUE) {
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
                       sm.getString("standardWrapper.notFound",
                                    wrapper.getName()));
        }
    } catch (ServletException e) {
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString("standardWrapper.allocateException",
                         wrapper.getName()), StandardWrapper.getRootCause(e));
        throwable = e;
        exception(request, response, e);
    } catch (Throwable e) {
        ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(e);
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString("standardWrapper.allocateException",
                         wrapper.getName()), e);
        throwable = e;
        exception(request, response, e);
        servlet = null;
    }
    // Identify if the request is Comet related now that the servlet has been allocated
    boolean comet = false;
    if (servlet instanceof CometProcessor && request.getAttribute(
            Globals.COMET_SUPPORTED_ATTR) == Boolean.TRUE) {
        comet = true;
        request.setComet(true);
    }

    MessageBytes requestPathMB = request.getRequestPathMB();
    DispatcherType dispatcherType = DispatcherType.REQUEST;
    if (request.getDispatcherType()==DispatcherType.ASYNC) dispatcherType = DispatcherType.ASYNC; 
    request.setAttribute(Globals.DISPATCHER_TYPE_ATTR,dispatcherType);
    request.setAttribute(Globals.DISPATCHER_REQUEST_PATH_ATTR,
            requestPathMB);
    // Create the filter chain for this request
    ApplicationFilterFactory factory =
        ApplicationFilterFactory.getInstance();
    ApplicationFilterChain filterChain =
        factory.createFilterChain(request, wrapper, servlet);

    // Reset comet flag value after creating the filter chain
    request.setComet(false);
    // Call the filter chain for this request
    // NOTE: This also calls the servlet's service() method
    try {
        if ((servlet != null) && (filterChain != null)) {
            // Swallow output if needed
            if (context.getSwallowOutput()) {
                try {
                    SystemLogHandler.startCapture();
                    if (request.isAsyncDispatching()) {
                        //TODO SERVLET3 - async
                        ((AsyncContextImpl)request.getAsyncContext()).doInternalDispatch(); 
                    } else if (comet) {
                        filterChain.doFilterEvent(request.getEvent());
                        request.setComet(true);
                    } else {
                        filterChain.doFilter(request.getRequest(), 
                                response.getResponse());
                    }
                } finally {
                    String log = SystemLogHandler.stopCapture();
                    if (log != null && log.length() > 0) {
                        context.getLogger().info(log);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                if (request.isAsyncDispatching()) {
                    //TODO SERVLET3 - async
                    ((AsyncContextImpl)request.getAsyncContext()).doInternalDispatch();
                } else if (comet) {
                    request.setComet(true);
                    filterChain.doFilterEvent(request.getEvent());
                } else {
                    filterChain.doFilter
                        (request.getRequest(), response.getResponse());
                }
            }
        }
    } catch (ClientAbortException e) {
        throwable = e;
        exception(request, response, e);
    } catch (IOException e) {
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString(
                "standardWrapper.serviceException", wrapper.getName(),
                context.getName()), e);
        throwable = e;
        exception(request, response, e);
    } catch (UnavailableException e) {
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString(
                "standardWrapper.serviceException", wrapper.getName(),
                context.getName()), e);
        //            throwable = e;
        //            exception(request, response, e);
        wrapper.unavailable(e);
        long available = wrapper.getAvailable();
        if ((available > 0L) && (available < Long.MAX_VALUE)) {
            response.setDateHeader("Retry-After", available);
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                       sm.getString("standardWrapper.isUnavailable",
                                    wrapper.getName()));
        } else if (available == Long.MAX_VALUE) {
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
                        sm.getString("standardWrapper.notFound",
                                    wrapper.getName()));
        }
        // Do not save exception in 'throwable', because we
        // do not want to do exception(request, response, e) processing
    } catch (ServletException e) {
        Throwable rootCause = StandardWrapper.getRootCause(e);
        if (!(rootCause instanceof ClientAbortException)) {
            container.getLogger().error(sm.getString(
                    "standardWrapper.serviceExceptionRoot",
                    wrapper.getName(), context.getName(), e.getMessage()),
                    rootCause);
        }
        throwable = e;
        exception(request, response, e);
    } catch (Throwable e) {
        ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(e);
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString(
                "standardWrapper.serviceException", wrapper.getName(),
                context.getName()), e);
        throwable = e;
        exception(request, response, e);
    }
    // Release the filter chain (if any) for this request
    if (filterChain != null) {
        if (request.isComet()) {
            // If this is a Comet request, then the same chain will be used for the
            // processing of all subsequent events.
            filterChain.reuse();
        } else {
            filterChain.release();
        }
    }
    // Deallocate the allocated servlet instance
    try {
        if (servlet != null) {
            wrapper.deallocate(servlet);
        }
    } catch (Throwable e) {
        ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(e);
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString("standardWrapper.deallocateException",
                         wrapper.getName()), e);
        if (throwable == null) {
            throwable = e;
            exception(request, response, e);
        }
    }
    // If this servlet has been marked permanently unavailable,
    // unload it and release this instance
    try {
        if ((servlet != null) &&
            (wrapper.getAvailable() == Long.MAX_VALUE)) {
            wrapper.unload();
        }
    } catch (Throwable e) {
        ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(e);
        container.getLogger().error(sm.getString("standardWrapper.unloadException",
                         wrapper.getName()), e);
        if (throwable == null) {
            throwable = e;
            exception(request, response, e);
        }
    }
}

1. 初始化一些本地变量
2. 判断当前应用是否可用，就是判断是否确实有这个项目
3. 分配一个Servlet实例
4. 为请求创建一个过滤器链
5. 过滤器过滤请求
6. 关闭过滤器
7. 重新委派原来委派的Servlet实例
8. 释放资源

这个方法与上面的loadServlet关系如下：

可以看出在调用loadServlet的allocate方法的时候调用了StandardWrapperValve的invoke方法，在Wrapper容器获得请求后，通过allocate方法从实例池栈中弹出一个servlet实例来处理这个请求，servlet实例被封装成filterChain对象，紧接着通过一系列的过滤器过滤到达servlet.service()方法。这个过程可以如下：

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原文博主地址： rhwayfunn