MySQL—常用指令总结

1、数据库操作

创建库
  mysql> create database db_name;

查询库
  mysql> show databases; //显示所有的数据库
  mysql> show create databases db_name; //显示特定的数据库

删除库
  mysql> drop database db_name;

修改库
  mysql> alter database db_name [modify command];
  mysql> alter database db_name character set gbk;


2、表操作

创建表
  mysql> use db_name;
  mysql> create table tbl_name (column_structure) [tbl_option];

如:

  mysql> create table tbl_name(
  variable_name1 varchar(10)
  variable_name2 int
    );

或:

  mysql> create table db_name.tbl_name(
  variable_name1 varchar(10)
  variable_name2 int
  );`

查询表
查看有哪些表
  mysql> show tables;

  mysql> show tables like 'pattern_%';
查看表的创建信息
  mysql> show create table tbl_name;

  mysql> show create table tbl_name \G
查看表的结构
  mysql> describe tbl_name;

  mysql> desc tbl_name;

删除表
  mysql> drop table [if exists] tbl_name;

修改表
修改表名
  单个:mysql> rename table old_tbl_name to new_tbl_name;
  多个:mysql> rename table old_tbl_name1 to new_tbl_name1, old_tbl_name2 to   new_tbl_name2;
  跨数据库:mysql> rename table old_tbl_name to db_name.new_tbl_name;
修改列定义
增加新列定义:add
  alter table tbl_name add new_column_name data_type;
如:
  alter table exam_student add height int;
修改列的定义(新的属性或者数据类型):modify
  mysql> alter table tbl_name modify column_name new_data_type;
删除一个列:drop
  mysql> alter table tbl_name drop column_name;
重命名一个列:change
  mysql> alter table tbl_name change old_column_name new_column_name new_data_type;
修改表选项:
  mysql> alter table tbl_name new_tbl_option;
  mysql> alter table tbl_name character set utf8;

3、数据操作

创建数据
  mysql> insert into tbl_name (fields_list) values (values_list);
如:
  mysql> insert into exam_student (stu_name, stu_no) values ('xiaoming', 'php030_01');
若插入所有字段值
  insert into exam_student values ('xiaoming', 'php030_01', 98);

查询数据
查看字段信息
  mysql> select * from tbl_name;
参看具体字段列表信息
  mysql> select fields_list from tbl_name where condition;
如:默认状态下
  mysql> select stu_name, stu_no from exam_student;
或:
  mysql> select stu_name, stu_no from exam_student where 1;
有条件查询
  mysql> select * from tbl_name where condition;
如:
  mysql> select * from exam_student where fenshu >= 60;

删除数据
  mysql> delete from tbl_name condition;
如:
  mysql> delete from exam_student where fenshu <= 50;

修改数据
  mysql> update tbl_name set field = new_value where condition;
如:
  mysql> update exam_student set fenshu =100 where fenshu >= 97;

4、主键:primary

如:法一:

  create table teacher(
  t_id int primary key [auto_increment],
  t_name varchar(5),
  class_name varchar(6),
  t_days tinyint unsigned
  );

法二:

  mysql> create table teacher(
  t_id int,
  t_name varchar(5),
  class_name varchar(6),
  t_day tinyint unsigned,
  primary key (t_id)
  );
  
  mysql> insert into teacher values (1, '王老师', '0225', 23);

在已创建表中添加主键操作:
  mysql> alter table tbl_name add primary key (field) ;
  mysql> alter table tbl_name modify colunm_name data_type not null primary key auto_increment;
**自动增长:**auto_increment
  mysql> alter table tbl_name auto_increment initial_value;
在已创建表中的主键id上添加auto_increment
  mysql> alter table tbl_name id_name id_name int auto_increment;

5、外键:foreign key

如:
主表:

  mysql> create table itcast_class(
  class_id int primary key auto_increment,
  class_name varchar(10) not null default 'itcast_php' comment '班级名称'
  ) character set utf8;

从表:

  mysql> create table itcast_student(
  stu_id int primary key auto_increment,
  stu_name varchar(10) not null default '',
  class_id int,
  foreign key 
  (class_id) references
   itcast_class (class_id)
  ) character set utf8;

插入数据的顺序:先主表,后从表
  mysql> insert into itcast_class values (null, 'php0331');
  mysql> insert into itcast_student values (null, '张三', 1);
删除操作:
  mysql> alter table itcast_student drop foreign key itcast_student_ibfk_1;
  mysql> alter table itcast_student add foreign key (class_id) references itcast_class (class_id)
  on delete set null; //主表里删除某个字段,从表若对应外键则变成null
或者: 
  on delete cascade;//主表删除一个字段,从表对应的外键则会删除相应的值
又或者:
  on update restrict;//不允许主表进行更新操作
  mysql> delete from itcast_class where class_id = 1;

6、最大值

mysql> select max(field) from tbl_name;

7、连接

内连接

  mysql> select tbl1_name.field, tbl2_name.field1, tbl2_name.field2... from tbl1_name inner join tbl2_name on tbl1_name.id = tbl2_name.id where condition;

外连接

  select tbl1_name.fields, tbl2_name.fields from tbl1_name left outer join tbl2_name on tbl1_name.id = tbl2_name.id;

8、更改数据库密码方法:

进入mysql中后,在命令行中mysql>
输入:mysql> set password for [root@localhost](mailto:root@localhost) = password('123456');

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