现代英语：从入门到精通（上卷）

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前言

—— 开启英语世界的钥匙——3000核心词汇

本书的编写理念与目标：精选3000左右高频核心词汇，通过系统分类与丰富例句，帮助学习者高效掌握英语词汇，提升听说读写综合能力。
本书特色：
- 科学分类：根据词汇功能、主题和语境进行归类，便于系统学习。
- 实用例句：每个词汇均配有至少一个实用例句，展示其在真实语境中的用法。
- 深度拓展：部分词汇提供同义词、反义词、派生词及常见搭配，拓展学习广度。
- 学习策略：提供词根词缀、联想记忆、语境学习等多种记忆方法指导。
如何高效使用本书：建议学习路径、复习方法与自测技巧。
3000词汇的意义：达到日常交流、阅读理解及基础写作的流畅水平。

现代英语：从入门到精通（上卷）

现代英语：从入门到精通（中卷）

7.1 性质与特征（Qualities & Characteristics）：
- 描述人、物、事件的基本性质，如大小、长短、新旧、美丑、好坏等。
- （本节将包含约150个核心形容词及对应例句）
7.2 情感与心理状态（Emotions & Psychological States）：
- 描述人的情绪、感受和心理状态，如高兴、悲伤、愤怒、兴奋、紧张、平静等。
- （本节将包含约100个核心形容词及对应例句）
7.3 颜色与形状（Colors & Shapes）：
- 描述事物的颜色和几何形状，如红、蓝、圆、方等。
- （本节将包含约50个核心形容词及对应例句）
7.4 数量与程度（Quantity & Degree）：
- 描述事物的数量、多少、程度，如多、少、全、半、第一、最后等。
- （本节将包含约50个核心形容词及对应例句）
7.5 抽象与概念（Abstract & Conceptual）：
- 描述抽象概念或事物的属性，如重要、必要、可能、真实、正确等。
- （本节将包含约50个核心形容词及对应例句）

第八章：常用副词（Common Adverbs）

8.1 时间副词（Adverbs of Time）：
- 表示动作发生的时间，如现在、那时、总是、从不、今天、明天等。
- （本节将包含约80个核心副词及对应例句）
8.2 地点副词（Adverbs of Place）：
- 表示动作发生的地点或方向，如这里、那里、哪里、上面、下面等。
- （本节将包含约70个核心副词及对应例句）
8.3 方式副词（Adverbs of Manner）：
- 表示动作发生的方式或状态，如快、慢、好、坏、仔细地、突然地等。
- （本节将包含约100个核心副词及对应例句）
8.4 程度副词（Adverbs of Degree）：
- 表示形容词或副词的程度，如非常、很、太、几乎、完全等。
- （本节将包含约50个核心副词及对应例句）
8.5 频率副词（Adverbs of Frequency）：
- 表示动作发生的频率，如总是、通常、经常、有时、很少、从不等。
- （本节将包含约30个核心副词及对应例句）

第九章：介词与连词（Prepositions & Conjunctions）

9.1 常用介词（Common Prepositions）：
- 表示时间、地点、方向、方式、原因等关系，如in, on, at, to, from, with, by, for, about, after, before等。
- （本节将包含约80个核心介词及对应例句）
9.2 常用连词（Common Conjunctions）：
- 连接词、短语、句子，如and, but, or, so, because, if, when, while, although等。
- （本节将包含约50个核心连词及对应例句）
9.3 常用感叹词与叹词（Common Interjections & Exclamations）：
- 表达情感或呼唤，如Oh!, Wow!, Hello!, Goodbye!, Please!, Thank you!等。
- （本节将包含约20个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十章：代词与限定词（Pronouns & Determiners）

10.1 人称代词与物主代词（Personal & Possessive Pronouns）：
- I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, my, your, his, her, its, our, their等。
- （本节将包含约30个核心词汇及对应例句）
10.2 指示代词与疑问代词（Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns）：
- this, that, these, those, who, what, which, whose, whom等。
- （本节将包含约20个核心词汇及对应例句）
10.3 不定代词与反身代词（Indefinite & Reflexive Pronouns）：
- some, any, no, every, one, body, thing, myself, yourself等。
- （本节将包含约30个核心词汇及对应例句）
10.4 常用限定词（Common Determiners）：
- a, an, the, some, any, no, much, many, few, little, all, both, each, every, either, neither, another, other, such等。
- （本节将包含约40个核心词汇及对应例句）

第四部分：主题词汇篇——拓展英语应用场景

第十一章：教育与学习（Education & Learning）

11.1 学校与学科（School & Subjects）：
- school, university, college, student, teacher, class, lesson, subject, math, science, history, geography, art, music, language, English, exam, test, homework, book, pen, pencil, notebook, computer, library
- （本节将包含约80个核心词汇及对应例句）
11.2 学习过程与方法（Learning Process & Methods）：
- learn, study, read, write, listen, speak, practice, understand, know, remember, forget, think, analyze, research, knowledge, skill, ability, talent, intelligence, wisdom, education, degree, diploma, certificate
- （本节将包含约70个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十二章：工作与职业（Work & Professions）

12.1 职业与行业（Occupations & Industries）：
- job, work, career, profession, occupation, employment, unemployment, boss, colleague, employee, manager, company, office, factory, business, industry, service, trade, finance, technology, agriculture, medicine, law, engineering, art, sport
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）
12.2 工作内容与活动（Work Content & Activities）：
- do, make, build, create, design, develop, produce, sell, buy, serve, manage, operate, plan, organize, lead, cooperate, communicate, negotiate, meet, report, present, train, hire, fire, retire, salary, wage, income, expense, budget
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十三章：旅行与交通（Travel & Transportation）

13.1 交通工具（Means of Transport）：
- car, bus, train, plane, ship, boat, bicycle, motorcycle, taxi, subway, tram, truck, vehicle
- （本节将包含约50个核心词汇及对应例句）
13.2 旅行活动与地点（Travel Activities & Places）：
- travel, trip, journey, vacation, holiday, tour, visit, explore, discover, arrive, depart, leave, return, airport, station, port, hotel, restaurant, museum, park, beach, mountain, city, country, map, ticket, passport, luggage
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十四章：购物与消费（Shopping & Consumption）

14.1 购物场所与商品（Shopping Places & Goods）：
- shop, store, supermarket, mall, market, buy, sell, pay, cost, price, money, cash, credit card, discount, sale, product, item, clothes, shoes, food, drink, book, gift, souvenir
- （本节将包含约80个核心词汇及对应例句）
14.2 消费行为与服务（Consumption Behaviors & Services）：
- spend, save, borrow, lend, afford, expensive, cheap, free, quality, quantity, size, color, taste, smell, service, customer, client, order, deliver, return, exchange
- （本节将包含约70个核心词汇及对应例句）

第五部分：进阶与拓展篇——提升英语综合能力

第十五章：社会与文化（Society & Culture）

15.1 社会结构与关系（Social Structure & Relations）：
- society, community, public, private, government, law, justice, crime, punishment, freedom, right, duty, responsibility, equality, diversity, tradition, custom, culture, religion, belief, value, moral, ethic
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）
15.2 媒体与娱乐（Media & Entertainment）：
- news, newspaper, magazine, television, radio, internet, website, social media, film, movie, play, concert, music, song, art, painting, sculpture, dance, sport, game, hobby, leisure
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十六章：科技与未来（Technology & Future）

16.1 科技发展与创新（Technological Development & Innovation）：
- technology, science, research, invention, discovery, innovation, computer, internet, mobile phone, software, hardware, robot, artificial intelligence, data, information, network, communication, digital, virtual
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）
16.2 环境与可持续发展（Environment & Sustainable Development）：
- environment, nature, pollution, climate change, global warming, energy, renewable, recycle, protect, conserve, sustainable, resource, waste, ecosystem, biodiversity
- （本节将包含约80个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十七章：抽象概念与通用词汇（Abstract Concepts & General Vocabulary）

17.1 思想与概念（Thoughts & Concepts）：
- idea, concept, theory, principle, fact, truth, opinion, view, argument, debate, discussion, problem, solution, cause, effect, reason, result, purpose, goal, aim, plan, strategy, method, system, process, step, stage, level, degree, quality, quantity, type, kind, sort, category, example, sample, detail, general, specific, abstract, concrete
- （本节将包含约150个核心词汇及对应例句）
17.2 关系与连接（Relations & Connections）：
- relation, connection, link, bond, association, partnership, cooperation, competition, conflict, difference, similarity, contrast, comparison, cause, effect, reason, result, purpose, function, role, importance, value, meaning, sense, context, background, foreground
- （本节将包含约100个核心词汇及对应例句）

第十八章：常用短语与习语（Common Phrases & Idioms）

18.1 日常交流短语（Daily Communication Phrases）：
- 问候、告别、感谢、道歉、请求、建议、同意、不同意等常用表达。
- （本节将包含约100个常用短语及对应例句）
18.2 常见动词短语（Common Phrasal Verbs）：
- 如get up, take off, put on, look for, turn on/off等。
- （本节将包含约100个常用动词短语及对应例句）
18.3 英语习语与谚语（English Idioms & Proverbs）：
- 精选常用习语和谚语，解释其含义和文化背景。
- （本节将包含约100个常用习语及对应例句）

附录

不规则动词表
常用前缀与后缀
音标与发音指南

第一章：个人与家庭（Personal & Family Life）

本章旨在帮助学习者掌握与个人身份、家庭成员、身体健康以及情感性格相关的核心英语词汇。这些词汇是日常交流的基础，理解并熟练运用它们，将为后续的英语学习打下坚实的基础。

1.1 称谓与身份（Titles & Identities）

在英语交流中，正确使用称谓和表达身份是建立有效沟通的第一步。本节将深入介绍一系列描述个人身份、家庭关系以及社交角色的核心词汇，并通过丰富的例句和拓展内容，帮助学习者全面掌握其用法和文化内涵

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

man (n.) /mæn/：男人；成年男子；人类。

例句1 (基本义): The man in the blue suit is our new manager. (穿蓝色西装的那个男人是我们的新经理。)
例句2 (泛指): A man should be responsible for his actions. (一个男人应该对自己的行为负责。)
例句3 (人类): All men are created equal. (人人生而平等。)
例句4 (搭配): He is a man of his word, so you can trust him. (他是个信守诺言的人，所以你可以信任他。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式为 men /men/。注意单复数元音发音的区别。
扩展 (Collocation): 常用搭配有 “a man of action” (行动派), “a family man” (顾家的男人), “the man in the street” (普通人)。
引申 (Culture): 在现代语境中，为避免性别偏见，常使用 “humanity”, “humankind” 或 “people” 来指代“人类”。

woman (n.) /ˈwʊmən/：女人；成年女子。

例句1 (基本义): That woman over there is a famous scientist. (那边那位女士是一位著名的科学家。)
例句2 (泛指): She has grown into a confident young woman. (她已经成长为一位自信的年轻女性。)
例句3 (搭配): She is a woman of great courage and determination. (她是一位极具勇气和决心的女性。)
例句4 (职业): Many women work in the tech industry today. (如今有很多女性在科技行业工作。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式为 women /ˈwɪmɪn/。注意单复数发音的显著区别。
扩展 (Collocation): 常用搭配有 “a woman of substance” (有内涵的女性), “a career woman” (职业女性), “women’s rights” (女权)。
引申 (Usage): 在正式场合或表示尊重时，常用 “lady” (女士)。

child (n.) /tʃaɪld/：孩子；儿童；新手。

例句1 (基本义): The child is playing happily in the park. (那个孩子正在公园里开心地玩耍。)
例句2 (子女): He is the only child in his family. (他是家里的独生子。)
例句3 (比喻): In the world of computers, I’m just a child. (在计算机领域，我只是个新手。)
例句4 (法律): It is illegal to sell alcohol to a child. (向儿童出售酒精是违法的。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式为 children /ˈtʃɪldrən/。这是一个不规则复数。
扩展 (Collocation): “child abuse” (虐待儿童), “child development” (儿童发展), “inner child” (内在的小孩，指成年人内心的童真)。
引申 (Idiom): “child’s play” 意为“轻而易举的事”。

boy (n.) /bɔɪ/：男孩；哥们儿。

例句1 (基本义): The little boy is flying a kite. (那个小男孩在放风筝。)
例句2 (称呼朋友): “Come on, boys, let’s get going!” (“来吧，哥儿们，我们该走了！”)
例句3 (表达情感): “Oh boy! I can’t believe we won!” (“天哪！我真不敢相信我们赢了！”)
例句4 (职业): He works as a delivery boy for a local restaurant. (他在一家当地餐馆当外卖员。)
拓展 (Usage): “boy” 可用于称呼男性朋友，不分年龄，显得亲切。感叹词 “Oh boy!” 用来表达惊讶或兴奋。
扩展 (Collocation): “a choir boy” (唱诗班男孩), “a paperboy” (送报男孩), “old boy” (老同学，英式用法)。
引申 (Culture): 称呼成年黑人男性为 “boy” 是极具冒犯性的，有种族歧视的历史渊源，应绝对避免。

girl (n.) /ɡɜːrl/：女孩；姑娘们。

例句1 (基本义): The girl with the red ribbon in her hair is my sister. (头发上扎着红丝带的那个女孩是我妹妹。)
例句2 (称呼朋友): “Hey girls, what are you doing tonight?” (“嘿，姑娘们，今晚你们干什么？”)
例句3 (女儿): They have a baby girl. (他们有个女婴。)
例句4 (职业): She is the new office girl. (她是新来的办公室文员。)
拓展 (Usage): “girl” 可用于称呼女性朋友，显得亲密。但称呼成年女性为 “girl” 有时可能被认为不够尊重，取决于语境和关系。
扩展 (Collocation): “girlfriend” (女朋友), “girl power” (女性力量), “It’s a girl’s night out.” (这是闺蜜之夜。)
引申 (Idiom): “attagirl” 是 “that’s a girl” 的缩写，用于表扬或鼓励女性，意为“好样的！”。

family (n.) /ˈfæməli/：家庭；家人；家族；语系。

例句1 (家人): My family is very important to me. (我的家人对我非常重要。)
例句2 (家庭单位): The average family in this country has two children. (这个国家平均每个家庭有两个孩子。)
例句3 (家族): The Kennedy family is famous in American politics. (肯尼迪家族在美国政界很有名。)
例句4 (语系): English belongs to the Germanic family of languages. (英语属于日耳曼语系。)
拓展 (Grammar): 指“家庭”这个整体时，作单数。指“家人”成员时，作复数，如 “My family are all early risers.” (我的家人都起得很早。)
扩展 (Collocation): “nuclear family” (核心家庭), “extended family” (大家庭), “family tree” (家谱), “family values” (家庭价值观)。
引申 (Usage): “in a family way” 是怀孕的委婉说法。

parent (n. / v.) /ˈpeərənt/：父亲或母亲；家长；养育。

例句1 (基本义): Every parent wants the best for their child. (每一位家长都望子成龙。)
例句2 (复数): My parents live in another city. (我的父母住在另一个城市。)
例句3 (比喻): The company is the parent of several smaller firms. (这家公司是几家小公司的母公司。)
例句4 (动词): Parenting is a challenging job. (为人父母是一项富有挑战的工作。)
拓展 (Verb): “to parent” 可以作动词，意为“为人父母，养育子女”。
扩展 (Collocation): “parent-teacher meeting” (家长会), “parental guidance” (家长指导), “foster parent” (养父母)。
引申 (Noun): “parenthood” 是名词，意为“为人父母的身份或时期”。

father (n. / v.) /ˈfɑːðər/：父亲；创始人；创立。

例句1 (基本义): My father is a doctor. (我的父亲是一名医生。)
例句2 (创始人): George Washington is known as the Father of His Country. (乔治·华盛顿被称为美国国父。)
例句3 (神父): In the Catholic Church, a priest is called Father. (在天主教会，神父被称为“神父”。)
例句4 (动词): He fathered three children. (他育有三个孩子。)
拓展 (Verb): “to father” 可以作动词，意为“成为……的父亲”。亲昵称呼有 “Dad”, “Daddy”, “Pa”, “Papa”。
扩展 (Collocation): “father figure” (父亲般的人物), “founding father” (创始人，开国元勋), “father-in-law” (岳父；公公)。
引申 (Idiom): “Like father, like son.” 意为“有其父必有其子”。

mother (n. / v.) /ˈmʌðər/：母亲；源头；像母亲般照顾。

例句1 (基本义): His mother is an excellent cook. (他的母亲是一位出色的厨师。)
例句2 (源头): Necessity is the mother of invention. (需要是发明之母。)
例句3 (动词): She loves to mother everyone. (她喜欢像母亲一样照顾每一个人。)
例句4 (修女): Mother Teresa was a famous Catholic nun. (特蕾莎修女是一位著名的天主教修女。)
拓展 (Verb): “to mother” 可以作动词，意为“像母亲一样照顾”。亲昵称呼有 “Mom”, “Mommy” (美式), “Mum”, “Mummy” (英式)。
扩展 (Collocation): “mother tongue” (母语), “mother nature” (大自然), “mother-in-law” (岳母；婆婆)。
引申 (Adjective): “motherly” 是形容词，意为“母亲般的，慈爱的”。

son (n.) /sʌn/：儿子。

例句1 (基本义): Their eldest son is studying abroad. (他们的大儿子在国外学习。)
例句2 (称呼): The old man said, “Listen to me, son.” (老人说：“听我说，孩子。”)
例句3 (引申): He is a true son of this land. (他是这片土地的真正子孙。)
例句4 (关系): The relationship between father and son can be complex. (父子关系可能很复杂。)
拓展 (Usage): 年长者有时会用 “son” 来亲切地称呼年轻男性。
扩展 (Collocation): “son-in-law” (女婿), “godson” (教子), “prodigal son” (回头浪子)。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “sun” (太阳) 混淆，它们是同音词。

daughter (n.) /ˈdɔːtər/：女儿；子公司。

例句1 (基本义): My daughter just graduated from college. (我的女儿刚从大学毕业。)
例句2 (关系): She has a very close relationship with her daughter. (她和女儿的关系非常亲密。)
例句3 (引申): The company is a daughter of a large multinational corporation. (这家公司是一家大型跨国公司的子公司。)
例句4 (表达): She is her mother’s daughter, both are stubborn. (她真不愧是她妈妈的女儿，俩人都很固执。)
拓展 (Usage): “daughter” 这个词本身就带有一种亲切和珍爱的感觉。
扩展 (Collocation): “daughter-in-law” (儿媳), “goddaughter” (教女), “like mother, like daughter” (有其母必有其女)。
引申 (Culture): 在现代社会，女儿和儿子一样被寄予厚望。

brother (n.) /ˈbrʌðər/：兄弟；同伴。

例句1 (亲兄弟): My younger brother is still in high school. (我的弟弟还在上高中。)
例句2 (手足情): We should treat everyone like a brother. (我们应该待人如兄弟。)
例句3 (成员): He is a brother in our fraternity. (他是我们兄弟会的成员。)
例句4 (感叹): “Oh, brother! Not this again!” (“哦，天哪！怎么又来了！”)
拓展 (Usage): “brother” 可用于称呼男性同伴或组织成员，表示团结和友谊。
扩展 (Collocation): “brother-in-law” (姐夫；妹夫；大伯；小叔), “blood brother” (盟兄弟), “Big Brother” (老大哥，引申为监视人的组织)。
引申 (Abbreviation): “bro” 是 “brother” 的非正式缩写，在年轻人中非常流行。

sister (n.) /ˈsɪstər/：姐妹；护士长；修女。

例句1 (亲姐妹): My elder sister works as a nurse. (我的姐姐是一名护士。)
例句2 (情谊): She is not my real sister, but we are as close as sisters. (她不是我的亲姐妹，但我们亲如姐妹。)
例句3 (称呼): Sister, can you help me with this? (护士长/修女，你能帮我一下吗？)
例句4 (女权): Women should support each other in sisterhood. (女性应该在姐妹情谊中互相支持。)
拓展 (Usage): 在医院里，“Sister” 是对护士长的称呼（尤其在英式英语中）。也用于称呼修女。
扩展 (Collocation): “sister-in-law” (嫂子；弟媳；大姑；小姑), “sister city” (姐妹城市), “soul sister” (知心姐妹)。
引申 (Abbreviation): “sis” 是 “sister” 的非正式缩写。

grandparent (n.) /ˈɡrændpeərənt/：祖父母；外祖父母。

例句1 (基本义): A grandparent plays a special role in a child’s life. (祖父母在孩子的生活中扮演着特殊的角色。)
例句2 (复数): My grandparents are coming to visit us this weekend. (我的祖父母这个周末要来看我们。)
例句3 (关系): The bond between a child and a grandparent is often very strong. (孩子和祖父母之间的联结通常非常牢固。)
例句4 (活动): The school is holding a special day for grandparents. (学校正在为祖父母们举办一个特别日。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个中性词，包含了祖父、祖母、外祖父和外祖母。
扩展 (Collocation): “great-grandparent” (曾祖父母), “grandparenting” (作为祖父母的职责和乐趣)。
引申 (Culture): 在许多文化中，祖父母是智慧和传统的传递者。

grandfather (n.) /ˈɡrændfɑːðər/：祖父；外祖父；鼻祖。

例句1 (基本义): My grandfather fought in World War II. (我的祖父参加过第二次世界大战。)
例句2 (亲昵): My grandfather loves to tell stories about his childhood. (我爷爷喜欢讲他童年的故事。)
例句3 (比喻): This old clock is a grandfather clock. (这个老式座钟是落地大摆钟。)
例句4 (鼻祖): He is considered the grandfather of modern psychology. (他被认为是现代心理学的鼻祖。)
拓展 (Usage): 亲昵的称呼有 “Grandpa”, “Granddad”, “Gramps”。
扩展 (Collocation): “grandfather clause” (祖父条款，指新法规中允许旧有者不受影响的条款)。
引申 (Culture): 祖父通常被视为家族中的长者和智慧的象征。

grandmother (n.) /ˈɡrændmʌðər/：祖母；外祖母。

例句1 (基本义): My grandmother is famous for her apple pie. (我的祖母以她的苹果派而闻名。)
例句2 (亲昵): I’m going to visit my grandmother this afternoon. (我今天下午要去看望我的外婆。)
例句3 (传承): This recipe has been passed down from my grandmother. (这个食谱是我祖母传下来的。)
例句4 (情感): A grandmother’s love is unconditional. (祖母的爱是无条件的。)
拓展 (Usage): 亲昵的称呼有 “Grandma”, “Granny”, “Nan”, “Nana”。
扩展 (Collocation): “grandmotherly advice” (祖母般的忠告)。
引申 (Culture): 祖母通常与慈爱、温暖和家庭烹饪联系在一起。

grandchild (n.) /ˈɡrændtʃaɪld/：孙子/孙女；外孙/外孙女。

例句1 (基本义): She is very proud of her first grandchild. (她为她的第一个孙辈感到非常骄傲。)
例句2 (复数): They have five grandchildren in total. (他们总共有五个孙辈。)
例句3 (关系): Being a grandparent and spoiling your grandchildren is a great joy. (成为祖父母并溺爱孙辈是一大乐趣。)
例句4 (性别区分): They have one grandson and one granddaughter. (他们有一个孙子和一个孙女。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式为 grandchildren. “grandson” 指孙子/外孙，“granddaughter” 指孙女/外孙女。
扩展 (Collocation): “great-grandchild” (曾孙/曾孙女)。
引申 (Culture): 孙辈的出生通常被视为家族血脉的延续。

husband (n. / v.) /ˈhʌzbənd/：丈夫；节约使用。

例句1 (基本义): Her husband is a pilot. (她的丈夫是一名飞行员。)
例句2 (关系): She and her husband have been married for 20 years. (她和她丈夫已经结婚20年了。)
例句3 (动词): We must husband our resources carefully. (我们必须节约地使用我们的资源。)
例句4 (口语): My husband forgot our anniversary again! (我老公又忘了我们的结婚纪念日！)
拓展 (Verb): “to husband” 作动词意为“节约地使用/管理”，这是一个较正式的用法。
扩展 (Collocation): “ex-husband” (前夫), “husband-to-be” (未婚夫), “house husband” (家庭主夫)。
引申 (Usage): 非正式场合可以用 “hubby”。

wife (n.) /waɪf/：妻子。

例句1 (基本义): He loves his wife more than anything. (他爱他的妻子胜过一切。)
例句2 (关系): The President and his wife attended the ceremony. (总统和他的夫人出席了典礼。)
例句3 (搭配): She is a supportive wife and a wonderful mother. (她是一位支持丈夫的妻子和了不起的母亲。)
例句4 (复数): In some cultures, men can have multiple wives. (在某些文化中，男人可以有多个妻子。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式为 wives /waɪvz/。
扩展 (Collocation): “ex-wife” (前妻), “housewife” (家庭主妇), “trophy wife” (花瓶妻子)。
引申 (Culture): “wife” 这个词在历史上有其特定的社会角色，但现代用法更加平等和多样化。

relative (n. / adj.) /ˈrelətɪv/：亲戚；相对的。

例句1 (名词): We’re going to a family gathering with all our relatives. (我们要和所有亲戚一起参加家庭聚会。)
例句2 (形容词): The success of the project is relative to the effort we put in. (项目的成功与我们付出的努力是相关的。)
例句3 (远近): Is he a close relative of yours? (他是你的近亲吗？)
例句4 (物理): Einstein's theory of relativity changed our understanding of space and time. (爱因斯坦的相对论改变了我们对时空的理解。)
拓展 (Adjective): 作为形容词，意为“相对的；相关的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “a distant relative” (远亲), “a blood relative” (血亲), “relative humidity” (相对湿度)。
引申 (Synonym): “kin” 和 “kinsfolk” 是更正式或古老的说法，意为“亲属”。

friend (n. / v.) /frend/：朋友；与……交朋友。

例句1 (基本义): A true friend is someone who is always there for you. (真正的朋友是那个总在你身边的人。)
例句2 (动词): He friended me on social media. (他在社交媒体上加我为好友。)
例句3 (搭配): He is my best friend. (他是我最好的朋友。)
例句4 (口语): “Listen, friend, you’re making a mistake.” (“听着，朋友，你正在犯一个错误。”)
拓展 (Verb): “to friend” 在现代英语中常用作动词，尤其指在社交网络上加为好友。“to befriend” 是更正式的动词，意为“与……交朋友”。
扩展 (Collocation): “best friend” (最好的朋友), “childhood friend” (童年朋友), “pen friend” (笔友), “a circle of friends” (朋友圈)。
引申 (Idiom): “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” 意为“患难见真情”。

neighbor (n. / v.) /ˈneɪbər/ (美式) /'neɪbə/ (英式)：邻居；毗邻。

例句1 (基本义): Our new neighbors seem very friendly. (我们的新邻居看起来非常友好。)
例句2 (比喻): We should be good neighbors to the countries around us. (我们应该成为周边国家的友好邻邦。)
例句3 (动词): The two farms neighbor each other. (这两个农场相互毗邻。)
例句4 (关系): Good neighbors can make life much more pleasant. (好邻居能让生活愉快得多。)
拓展 (Verb): “to neighbor” 可以作动词，意为“与……为邻，毗邻”。
扩展 (Collocation): “next-door neighbor” (隔壁邻居), “neighborhood” (社区，街区)。
引申 (Idiom): “Love thy neighbor as thyself.” 意为“爱邻如己”。

stranger (n.) /ˈstreɪndʒər/：陌生人；外地人。

例句1 (基本义): My mother always told me not to talk to strangers. (我妈妈总是告诉我不要和陌生人说话。)
例句2 (不熟悉): He is a complete stranger to me. (他对我来说完全是个陌生人。)
例句3 (外地人): I’m a stranger here myself. (我自己也是初来乍到。)
例句4 (比喻): He is no stranger to hard work. (他对辛勤工作毫不陌生。)
拓展 (Usage): “a stranger to something” 意为“对某事不熟悉”。
扩展 (Collocation): “a perfect stranger” (一个完全陌生的人)。
引申 (Adjective): “strange” 是形容词，意为“奇怪的，陌生的”。

guest (n.) /ɡest/：客人；宾客；特邀嘉宾。

例句1 (家庭): We have a guest staying with us for the weekend. (我们有个客人在家过周末。)
例句2 (活动): The wedding guests danced all night. (婚礼的宾客们跳了一整夜的舞。)
例句3 (特邀): He was a guest speaker at the conference. (他是会议的特邀发言人。)
例句4 (酒店): All hotel guests have access to the swimming pool. (所有酒店客都可以使用游泳池。)
拓展 (Usage): 与 “host” (主人) 相对。
扩展 (Collocation): “guest room” (客房), “guest of honor” (贵宾), “be my guest” (别客气，请便)。
引申 (Culture): 在许多文化中，热情好客 (hospitality) 是一种重要的美德。

host (n. / v.) /hoʊst/：主人；主持人；主办；宿主。

例句1 (主人): The host of the party greeted everyone at the door. (派对的主人在门口迎接每一位客人。)
例句2 (主持人): He is the host of a popular TV talk show. (他是一个热门电视脱口秀的主持人。)
例句3 (动词): We are hosting a dinner party on Saturday. (我们周六要举办一个晚宴。)
例句4 (生物学): The virus needs a living host to survive. (病毒需要一个活的宿主才能生存。)
拓展 (Verb): “to host” 可以作动词，意为“主办，主持，招待”。
扩展 (Collocation): “host family” (寄宿家庭), “hostess” (女主人，女主持人)。
引申 (Biology): 在生物学中，“host” 指“宿主”。

baby (n. / v.) /ˈbeɪbi/：婴儿；宝贝；纵容。

例句1 (基本义): The baby is sleeping in the crib. (婴儿正在婴儿床里睡觉。)
例句2 (称呼): “Don’t worry, baby,” he said softly. (“别担心，宝贝，”他轻声说。)
例句3 (比喻): This project is his baby; he’s worked on it for years. (这个项目是他的心血结晶，他为此工作了好几年。)
例句4 (动词): Don't baby him; he needs to learn to be independent. (别娇惯他，他需要学会独立。)
拓展 (Verb): “to baby” 可以作动词，意为“把……当婴儿般对待，娇惯”。
扩展 (Collocation): “baby boomer” (婴儿潮一代), “baby steps” (初步，小步骤), “crybaby” (爱哭的人)。
引申 (Idiom): “Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater.” 意为“不要不分良莠，将好的东西与坏的一起扔掉”。

toddler (n.) /ˈtɒdlər/：学步儿童（通常指1-3岁）。

例句1 (基本义): A toddler is just learning to walk and talk. (学步儿童正在学习走路和说话。)
例句2 (行为): The toddler threw his food on the floor. (那个学步儿童把食物扔到了地板上。)
例句3 (阶段): The toddler years can be very challenging for parents. (幼儿期对父母来说可能非常具有挑战性。)
例句4 (安全): You need to make your home safe for a curious toddler. (你需要让你的家对于一个好奇的学步儿童来说是安全的。)
拓展 (Etymology): 这个词来自 “to toddle”，意为“蹒跚学步”。
扩展 (Collocation): “toddler group” (幼儿班), “toddler-proof” (对幼儿安全的)。
引申 (Development): 这个阶段是儿童语言和运动技能发展的关键时期。

teenager (n.) /ˈtiːneɪdʒər/：青少年（通常指13-19岁）。

例句1 (基本义): My son is a typical teenager who loves video games and music. (我儿子是个典型的青少年，喜欢电子游戏和音乐。)
例句2 (行为): It’s common for teenagers to rebel against their parents. (青少年反抗父母是很常见的。)
例句3 (群体): This movie is very popular among teenagers. (这部电影在青少年中很受欢迎。)
例句4 (缩写): He’s in his late teens. (他快二十岁了。)
拓展 (Etymology): 这个词源于以 “-teen” 结尾的数字 (thirteen to nineteen)。
扩展 (Collocation): “teenage angst” (青春期焦虑), “teen idol” (青少年偶像)。
引申 (Abbreviation): “teen” 是 “teenager” 的常用缩写。

adult (n. / adj.) /ˈædʌlt/ 或 /əˈdʌlt/：成年人；成年的。

例句1 (名词): You are an adult now; you should be more responsible. (你现在是成年人了，应该更负责任。)
例句2 (形容词): This movie contains adult themes. (这部电影包含成人主题。)
例句3 (法律): In most countries, you are legally an adult at the age of 18. (在大多数国家，18岁就是法定成年人。)
例句4 (比喻): Let’s discuss this like adults. (我们像成年人一样讨论这件事吧。)
拓展 (Adjective): “adult” 也可以作形容词，意为“成年的，成熟的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “adulthood” (成年期), “young adult” (青年人)。
引申 (Usage): “adulting” 是一个新兴的非正式动词，指“做成年人该做的事（如付账单、工作等）”。

elderly (adj. / n.) /ˈeldərli/：年老的；老年人（集合名词）。

例句1 (形容词): He is taking care of his elderly parents. (他正在照顾他年迈的父母。)
例句2 (名词): The government should provide more support for the elderly. (政府应该为老年人提供更多支持。)
例句3 (礼貌): It’s a polite and respectful way to refer to old people. (这是对老年人的一种礼貌且尊重的称呼。)
例句4 (设施): This is a nursing home for the elderly. (这是一家为老年人设立的疗养院。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为名词时，“the elderly” 指的是一个群体，通常与动词的复数形式连用。
扩展 (Collocation): “elderly care” (老年护理), “an elderly gentleman” (一位年长的绅士)。
引申 (Synonym): “senior citizen” 或 “senior” 是另一个常用的礼貌称呼，尤其在美式英语中。

single (adj. / n.) /ˈsɪŋɡl/：单身的；单个的；单人房。

例句1 (单身): She is currently single and focusing on her career. (她目前单身，专注于她的事业。)
例句2 (单个): I didn’t understand a single word he said. (他说的话我一个字也没听懂。)
例句3 (名词): “A single to London, please,” he said at the ticket office. (“请给我一张去伦敦的单程票，”他在售票处说。)
例句4 (关系): He is a single father of two children. (他是一位有两个孩子的单身父亲。)
拓展 (Noun): 作为名词，“single” 可以指“单程票”或“单人房”。
扩展 (Collocation): “single parent” (单亲父母), “single bed” (单人床), “every single day” (每一天，加强语气)。
引申 (Culture): 现代社会对 “single” 状态的看法越来越积极，认为它是一种独立和自由的生活选择。

married (adj.) /ˈmærid/：已婚的。

例句1 (基本义): They are a happily married couple. (他们是一对幸福的已婚夫妇。)
例句2 (状态): How long have you been married? (你们结婚多久了？)
例句3 (搭配): He is married to his work. (他埋头于工作。)
例句4 (动词): They are getting married next month. (他们下个月就要结婚了。)
拓展 (Verb): “to marry” 是动词，意为“结婚”。“to get married” 是一个常用的动词短语。
扩展 (Collocation): “married life” (婚姻生活), “a married man” (已婚男人)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “single” (单身的) 或 “unmarried” (未婚的)。

divorced (adj.) /dɪˈvɔːrst/：已离婚的。

例句1 (基本义): After a difficult period, they are now divorced. (在经历了一段困难时期后，他们现在离婚了。)
例句2 (状态): He is a divorced father with shared custody of his children. (他是一位离异的父亲，拥有孩子的共同监护权。)
例句3 (动词): She decided to divorce her husband. (她决定和丈夫离婚。)
例句4 (情感): Getting divorced can be an emotionally painful experience. (离婚可能是一段痛苦的情感经历。)
拓展 (Verb): “to divorce” 是动词，意为“离婚”。“to get divorced” 也是常用短语。
扩展 (Collocation): “divorce rate” (离婚率), “a messy divorce” (一场棘手的离婚)。
引申 (Noun): “divorce” 也可以作名词，指“离婚”这件事。

pregnant (adj.) /ˈpreɡnənt/：怀孕的。

例句1 (基本义): She is six months pregnant with her first child. (她怀第一个孩子已经六个月了。)
例句2 (状态): When she found out she was pregnant, she was overjoyed. (当她发现自己怀孕时，欣喜若狂。)
例句3 (比喻): The long silence was pregnant with meaning. (长久的沉默意味深长。)
例句4 (搭配): It’s important for pregnant women to have a healthy diet. (孕妇保持健康饮食很重要。)
拓展 (Noun): “pregnancy” 是名词，意为“怀孕；孕期”。
扩展 (Collocation): “pregnant pause” (意味深长的停顿), “get pregnant” (怀孕)。
引申 (Synonym): “expecting a baby” 或 “with child” 是更委婉的说法。

fiancé (n.) /ˌfiːɑːnˈseɪ/：未婚夫。

例句1 (基本义): She introduced her fiancé to her parents. (她把未婚夫介绍给了父母。)
例句2 (关系): My fiancé and I are planning a summer wedding. (我和我的未婚夫正在计划一场夏季婚礼。)
例句3 (求婚后): They have been fiancés for six months. (他们订婚已经六个月了。)
例句4 (情感): She is so excited to be his fiancée. (能成为他的未婚妻，她非常兴奋。)
拓展 (Etymology): 这个词来自法语，保留了原有的拼写和发音。
扩展 (Gender): fiancée (发音相同) 指“未婚妻”。注意拼写上的区别：“fiancé” (一个e) 指男性，“fiancée” (两个e) 指女性。
引申 (Status): 这个词明确表示已经订婚 (engaged) 但尚未结婚的状态。

fiancée (n.) /ˌfiːɑːnˈseɪ/：未婚妻。

例句1 (基本义): He bought a beautiful engagement ring for his fiancée. (他为他的未婚妻买了一枚漂亮的订婚戒指。)
例句2 (关系): He proudly calls her his fiancée. (他自豪地称她为他的未婚妻。)
例句3 (计划): His fiancée is busy planning their honeymoon. (他的未婚妻正忙着计划他们的蜜月。)
例句4 (介绍): “This is my fiancée, Sarah,” he said. (“这位是我的未婚妻，莎拉，”他说。)
拓展 (Etymology): 同样来自法语，专指女性。
扩展 (Verb): “to be engaged to someone” 意为“与某人订婚”。
引申 (Culture): 订婚 (engagement) 在西方文化中是一个重要的婚前步骤。

spouse (n.) /spaʊs/：配偶。

例句1 (基本义): Please list your spouse’s name on the form. (请在表格上填写您配偶的姓名。)
例句2 (中性): This event is for employees and their spouses. (本次活动面向员工及其配偶。)
例句3 (法律): In many countries, a spouse has legal rights to inheritance. (在许多国家，配偶拥有合法的继承权。)
例句4 (支持): Having a supportive spouse is a great blessing. (拥有一个支持你的配偶是莫大的福气。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个正式且性别中立的词，指丈夫或妻子。
扩展 (Collocation): “spousal support” (配偶赡养费), “spousal visa” (配偶签证)。
引申 (Synonym): “partner” 也是一个常用的中性词，可指已婚或未婚的伴侣。

sibling (n.) /ˈsɪblɪŋ/：兄弟姐妹。

例句1 (基本义): Do you have any siblings? (你有兄弟姐妹吗？)
例句2 (中性): The doctor asked about his family history of sibling illnesses. (医生询问了他家族的兄弟姐妹病史。)
例句3 (关系): The competition between siblings can be intense. (兄弟姐妹之间的竞争可能很激烈。)
例句4 (复数): There are four siblings in my family. (我们家有四个兄弟姐妹。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个性别中立的词，指兄弟或姐妹。
扩展 (Collocation): “sibling rivalry” (手足之争), “sibling bond” (手足情谊)。
引申 (Etymology): 源自古英语，意为“亲属”。

acquaintance (n.) /əˈkweɪntəns/：相识的人；熟人。

例句1 (基本义): He is not a close friend, just a business acquaintance. (他不是一个亲密的朋友，只是一个生意上的熟人。)
例句2 (关系): I have many acquaintances in this city, but few true friends. (在这个城市我有很多熟人，但真正的朋友很少。)
例句3 (抽象): My acquaintance with classical music is limited. (我对古典音乐的了解有限。)
例句4 (动词): I need to acquaint myself with the new software. (我需要熟悉一下这个新软件。)
拓展 (Abstract Noun): “acquaintance” 也可以指“（对某事物的）了解，认识”。
扩展 (Verb): “to acquaint” 是动词，意为“使认识，使熟悉”。
引申 (Idiom): “to make someone’s acquaintance” 是一个正式的说法，意为“与某人结识”。

colleague (n.) /ˈkɒliːɡ/：同事；同行。

例句1 (基本义): I’m going out for lunch with a few of my colleagues. (我要和几个同事出去吃午饭。)
例句2 (关系): She is a respected colleague in the field of medicine. (她是医学领域一位受人尊敬的同行。)
例句3 (合作): He discussed the project with his colleagues before making a decision. (在做决定前，他和同事们讨论了这个项目。)
例句4 (支持): My colleagues were very supportive when I was sick. (我生病时，我的同事们非常支持我。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指在同一专业领域或工作场所工作的人。
扩展 (Synonym): “co-worker” 是一个更非正式的同义词。
引申 (Culture): 在职场中，与同事 (colleagues) 保持良好关系非常重要。

partner (n.) /ˈpɑːrtnər/：伙伴；搭档；伴侣。

例句1 (商业): He is my business partner. (他是我的生意伙伴。)
例句2 (活动): Who will be your partner for the dance competition? (谁将是你舞蹈比赛的搭档？)
例句3 (生活): They have been life partners for over 30 years. (他们做生活伴侣已经超过30年了。)
例句4 (动词): The company will partner with a local charity for the event. (公司将与当地一家慈善机构合作举办这次活动。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个非常灵活的词，可以指商业、活动或生活中的伙伴。
扩展 (Collocation): “senior partner” (高级合伙人), “life partner” (生活伴侣), “domestic partner” (同居伴侣)。
引申 (Verb): “to partner” 可以作动词，意为“与……合作”。

couple (n.) /ˈkʌpl/：一对；夫妇；情侣。

例句1 (夫妇/情侣): The young couple held hands as they walked. (那对年轻情侣手拉手走着。)
例句2 (一对): I need a couple of minutes to finish this. (我需要几分钟来完成这个。)
例句3 (搭配): They are the perfect couple. (他们是天造地设的一对。)
例句4 (婚姻): As a married couple, they share everything. (作为一对已婚夫妇，他们分享一切。)
拓展 (Usage): “a couple of” 意为“两三个，几个”，是一个非正式的量词。
扩展 (Collocation): “a power couple” (权势夫妇), “an odd couple” (奇怪的一对)。
引申 (Grammar): 指“夫妇”时，可作单数（一个整体）或复数（两个人），如 “The couple is on vacation.” 或 “The couple are arguing.”。

individual (n. / adj.) /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/：个人；个体；个别的。

例句1 (名词): Every individual has the right to freedom of speech. (每个个人都有言论自由的权利。)
例句2 (形容词): We provide individual training plans for each client. (我们为每位客户提供个人训练计划。)
例句3 (强调): He is a highly creative individual. (他是一个极具创造力的个体。)
例句4 (区分): We must consider the needs of the group, not just the individual. (我们必须考虑群体的需求，而不仅仅是个人的。)
拓展 (Usage): 强调独立性和独特性，与 “group” (群体) 相对。
扩展 (Collocation): “individual rights” (个人权利), “individual attention” (个人关注)。
引申 (Noun): “individuality” 是名词，意为“个性，特质”。

citizen (n.) /ˈsɪtɪzən/：公民；市民。

例句1 (公民): He is a citizen of the United States. (他是美国公民。)
例句2 (市民): The citizens of the town voted for a new mayor. (镇上的市民投票选举了一位新市长。)
例句3 (责任): It is your duty as a citizen to pay taxes. (纳税是你作为公民的义务。)
例句4 (比喻): She considers herself a citizen of the world. (她认为自己是世界公民。)
拓展 (Noun): “citizenship” 是名词，意为“公民身份；公民权”。
扩展 (Collocation): “senior citizen” (老年人), “law-abiding citizen” (守法公民), “dual citizenship” (双重国籍)。
引申 (Culture): “公民”身份不仅意味着权利，也意味着对国家和社会的责任。

resident (n.) /ˈrezɪdənt/：居民；住院医生。

例句1 (居民): The local residents complained about the noise. (当地居民抱怨噪音问题。)
例句2 (居住): Are you a permanent resident of this country? (你是这个国家的永久居民吗？)
例句3 (酒店): The hotel bar is for residents only. (酒店酒吧只对住客开放。)
例句4 (医生): She is a first-year resident at the hospital. (她是医院的第一年住院医生。)
拓展 (Usage): 指在某个特定地方居住的人，不一定有该国国籍。
扩展 (Collocation): “local resident” (当地居民), “resident alien” (外籍居民)。
引申 (Adjective): “resident” 也可作形容词，意为“居住的”。

inhabitant (n.) /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/：居民；栖息的动物。

例句1 (基本义): The city has over a million inhabitants. (这座城市有超过一百万居民。)
例句2 (动物): The polar bear is one of the main inhabitants of the Arctic. (北极熊是北极的主要栖息动物之一。)
例句3 (历史): The original inhabitants of this island were fishermen. (这个岛屿最初的居民是渔民。)
例句4 (泛指): We are all inhabitants of planet Earth. (我们都是地球的居民。)
拓展 (Verb): “to inhabit” 是动词，意为“居住于，栖息于”。
扩展 (Synonym): 与 “resident” 相似，但 “inhabitant” 更常用于描述一个地区或地方的总人口或原生居民。
引申 (Usage): 可以用于人和动物。

foreigner (n.) /ˈfɒrənər/：外国人。

例句1 (基本义): As a foreigner, it took me some time to get used to the local customs. (作为一个外国人，我花了一些时间才习惯当地的风俗。)
例句2 (旅游): The town is popular with foreigners in the summer. (这个小镇在夏天很受外国游客的欢迎。)
例句3 (态度): They are very welcoming to foreigners. (他们非常欢迎外国人。)
例句4 (视角): Seeing your own country through the eyes of a foreigner can be interesting. (通过外国人的眼睛看自己的国家可能很有趣。)
拓展 (Adjective): “foreign” 是形容词，意为“外国的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “foreign language” (外语), “foreign policy” (外交政策)。
引申 (Usage): 有时这个词可能带有一点距离感，更中性的说法是 “international visitor/student” 或直接说国籍，如 “a person from Japan”。

immigrant (n.) /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/：移民（从外国移入）。

例句1 (基本义): Many immigrants came to this country seeking a better life. (许多移民为寻求更好的生活来到这个国家。)
例句2 (背景): She is a first-generation immigrant from Mexico. (她是从墨西哥来的第一代移民。)
例句3 (政策): The government has new policies regarding immigrants. (政府出台了关于移民的新政策。)
例句4 (贡献): Immigrants have made significant contributions to the country’s culture and economy. (移民为这个国家的文化和经济做出了重大贡献。)
拓展 (Verb): “to immigrate” 是动词，意为“移居入境”。
扩展 (Contrast): 与 “emigrant” (移居国外者) 相对。“Immigrant” 强调“移入”，“emigrant” 强调“移出”。
引申 (Noun): “immigration” 是名词，指“移居入境”这一行为或过程。

emigrant (n.) /ˈemɪɡrənt/：移居国外者；侨民。

例句1 (基本义): He was an emigrant from Ireland during the potato famine. (在马铃薯饥荒期间，他是一个从爱尔兰移居国外的移民。)
例句2 (视角): From the perspective of their home country, they are emigrants. (从他们祖国的角度来看，他们是移居国外者。)
例句3 (历史): The museum tells the stories of millions of European emigrants. (博物馆讲述了数百万欧洲移民的故事。)
例句4 (动词): Many people chose to emigrate in search of work. (许多人选择移居国外寻找工作。)
拓展 (Verb): “to emigrate” 是动词，意为“移居国外”。
扩展 (Contrast): 与 “immigrant” (从外国移入者) 相对。同一个离开A国去B国的人，对A国来说是 “emigrant”，对B国来说是 “immigrant”。
引申 (Noun): “emigration” 是名词，指“移居国外”这一行为或过程。

tourist (n.) /ˈtʊərɪst/：游客；观光客。

例句1 (基本义): The city is always crowded with tourists in the summer. (夏天，这座城市总是挤满了游客。)
例句2 (行为): He behaved like a typical tourist, taking pictures of everything. (他表现得像个典型的游客，什么都拍照。)
例句3 (陷阱): Be careful of tourist traps where prices are very high. (小心那些价格虚高的游客陷阱。)
例句4 (产业): The local economy depends heavily on tourists. (当地经济严重依赖游客。)
拓展 (Noun): “tourism” 是名词，意为“旅游业”。
扩展 (Collocation): “tourist attraction” (旅游景点), “tourist visa” (旅游签证)。
引申 (Synonym): “traveler” (旅行者) 和 “visitor” (访客) 是更广义的词。

professional (n. / adj.) /prəˈfeʃənl/：专业人士；专业的。

例句1 (名词): You should hire a professional to fix the plumbing. (你应该雇一个专业人士来修理管道。)
例句2 (形容词): She gave a very professional presentation. (她做了一场非常专业的演讲。)
例句3 (态度): It’s important to remain professional at work. (在工作中保持专业很重要。)
例句4 (对比): He is a professional athlete, not an amateur. (他是一名职业运动员，而不是业余爱好者。)
拓展 (Usage): 强调具备特定技能、遵循职业道德并以此为生。
扩展 (Collocation): “professional development” (职业发展), “professional ethics” (职业道德)。
引申 (Noun): “profession” 是名词，指“（需要高等教育或专门训练的）职业”。

amateur (n. / adj.) /ˈæmətər/：业余爱好者；业余的。

例句1 (名词): The competition is open to both professionals and amateurs. (比赛对专业人士和业余爱好者都开放。)
例句2 (形容词): He is an amateur photographer. (他是一位业余摄影师。)
例句3 (贬义): The work was done by an amateur and looked sloppy. (这活是外行干的，看起来很马虎。)
例句4 (动机): She plays tennis for the love of the game, as a true amateur. (她打网球是出于对这项运动的热爱，是一个真正的业余爱好者。)
拓展 (Etymology): 源自拉丁语 “amator”，意为“爱人”，指为爱而非为钱做事的人。
扩展 (Collocation): “amateur dramatics” (业余戏剧), “amateur radio” (业余无线电)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “professional” (专业的)。

expert (n.) /ˈekspɜːrt/：专家。

例句1 (基本义): We need to consult an expert in this field. (我们需要咨询这个领域的专家。)
例句2 (知识): She is a leading expert on climate change. (她是气候变化领域的顶尖专家。)
例句3 (意见): According to experts, the economy will recover soon. (据专家称，经济将很快复苏。)
例句4 (形容词): He gave me some expert advice. (他给了我一些专家建议。)
拓展 (Adjective): “expert” 也可作形容词，意为“专家的，内行的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “expert opinion” (专家意见), “expert witness” (专家证人)。
引申 (Noun): “expertise” 是名词，意为“专业知识，专门技能”。

novice (n.) /ˈnɒvɪs/：新手；初学者。

例句1 (基本义): This course is designed for novices. (这门课程是为初学者设计的。)
例句2 (经验): As a novice driver, he is still very cautious. (作为一名新手司机，他仍然非常谨慎。)
例句3 (宗教): She entered the convent as a novice. (她作为见习修女进入了女修道院。)
例句4 (对比): The game was a battle between an experienced champion and a young novice. (这场比赛是经验丰富的冠军和年轻新手之间的一场较量。)
拓展 (Usage): 指在某个领域缺乏经验的人。
扩展 (Synonym): “beginner”, “learner”, “rookie” 都是同义词。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “expert” (专家) 或 “veteran” (老手)。

master (n.) /ˈmæstər/：大师；主人；硕士。

例句1 (大师): He is a master of the martial arts. (他是一位武术大师。)
例句2 (主人): The dog is very loyal to its master. (这只狗对它的主人非常忠诚。)
例句3 (学位): She has a Master’s degree in economics. (她拥有经济学硕士学位。)
例句4 (动词): It takes years to master a new language. (掌握一门新语言需要数年时间。)
拓展 (Verb): “to master” 是动词，意为“精通，掌握”。
扩展 (Collocation): “masterpiece” (杰作), “old master” (古代艺术大师)。
引申 (Usage): “Master” 曾用作对男孩的称呼，现已过时。

apprentice (n.) /əˈprentɪs/：学徒；徒弟。

例句1 (基本义): He worked as an apprentice to a skilled carpenter. (他曾给一位熟练的木匠当学徒。)
例句2 (学习): The young apprentice watched his master carefully. (年轻的学徒仔细地观察着他的师傅。)
例句3 (现代): She got a job as a management apprentice. (她找到了一份见习管理者的工作。)
例句4 (动词): He was apprenticed to a tailor at a young age. (他很小的时候就给一个裁缝当学徒。)
拓展 (Verb): “to apprentice” 是动词，意为“使当学徒”。
扩展 (Noun): “apprenticeship” 是名词，指“学徒期，学徒身份”。
引申 (Culture): 学徒制是一种古老的职业培训方式，通过实践来学习技能。

mentor (n.) /ˈmentɔːr/：导师；良师益友。

例句1 (基本义): Everyone needs a good mentor in their career. (每个人的职业生涯中都需要一位良师益友。)
例句2 (指导): His mentor gave him valuable advice and guidance. (他的导师给了他宝贵的建议和指导。)
例句3 (角色): She acts as a mentor to younger colleagues. (她扮演着年轻同事的导师角色。)
例句4 (动词): He mentors several students in his spare time. (他在业余时间指导几名学生。)
拓展 (Verb): “to mentor” 是动词，意为“指导”。
扩展 (Noun): “mentee” 或 “protégé” 指“被指导者，门徒”。
引申 (Etymology): 源自古希腊史诗《奥德赛》中的人物门托 (Mentor)，他是奥德修斯儿子的导师。

protégé (n.) /ˈproʊtəʒeɪ/：门徒；被保护人。

例句1 (基本义): The famous artist is showing the work of his young protégé. (这位著名艺术家正在展示他年轻门徒的作品。)
例句2 (关系): As a protégé of the company’s CEO, he learned a lot about business. (作为公司CEO的门徒，他学到了很多商业知识。)
例句3 (培养): She took the talented young musician under her wing as her protégé. (她将这位才华横溢的年轻音乐家收为门徒，加以培养。)
例句4 (性别): The word can be used for both males and females. (这个词男女通用。)
拓展 (Etymology): 来自法语，意为“被保护的”。
扩展 (Contrast): 与 “mentor” (导师) 相对。
引申 (Usage): 强调在某位有影响力的人的指导和提携下发展。

leader (n.) /ˈliːdər/：领导者；领袖。

例句1 (基本义): A good leader inspires confidence in others. (一个好的领导者能激发他人的信心。)
例句2 (政治): He was elected as the new leader of the party. (他当选为该党的新领袖。)
例句3 (行业): The company is a global leader in technology. (这家公司是全球科技领域的领导者。)
例句4 (天生): She is a natural-born leader. (她是一位天生的领导者。)
拓展 (Verb): “to lead” 是动词，意为“领导，引领”。
扩展 (Noun): “leadership” 是名词，意为“领导力，领导地位”。
引申 (Quality): 领导力 (leadership) 不仅仅是职位，更是一种影响他人的能力。

follower (n.) /ˈfɒloʊər/：追随者；信徒；粉丝。

例句1 (基本义): A leader is nothing without followers. (没有追随者，领导者什么都不是。)
例句2 (宗教): He had many followers who believed in his teachings. (他有很多信奉他教义的信徒。)
例句3 (社交媒体): She has over a million followers on Instagram. (她在Instagram上有超过一百万的粉丝。)
例句4 (盲目): Don’t be a blind follower; think for yourself. (不要做一个盲目的追随者，要独立思考。)
拓展 (Verb): “to follow” 是动词，意为“跟随，关注”。
扩展 (Antonym): 与 “leader” (领导者) 相对。
引申 (Modern Usage): 在社交媒体时代，“follower” 有了全新的含义，指关注某个账号的用户。

学习策略：

分类记忆： 将词汇按照家庭成员、社交关系等类别进行分组记忆。
联想记忆： 将新词汇与已知的相关词汇或概念联系起来。例如，记忆 “father” 和 “mother” 时，可以联想到 “parent”。
造句练习： 尝试用每个新词汇造句，并尽可能在日常对话中使用它们，加深理解和记忆。

1.2 身体与健康（Body & Health）

了解身体部位和健康相关的词汇是描述自我、表达感受以及进行医疗交流的基础。本节将深入介绍人体主要部位、常见健康状况以及医疗相关词汇，帮助学习者在日常和特殊情况下都能准确表达。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

body (n.) /ˈbɒdi/：身体；躯干；尸体；大量。

例句1 (身体): Regular exercise is good for the body and mind. (规律的锻炼对身心都有好处。)
例句2 (躯干): The statue consists of a head, a body, and two arms. (这座雕像由一个头部、一个躯干和两条手臂组成。)
例句3 (尸体): The police found a body in the river. (警方在河里发现了一具尸体。)
例句4 (大量): A large body of evidence supports this theory. (大量的证据支持这一理论。)
拓展 (Usage): “body” 的含义非常广泛，可以指代活人的身体、物体的躯干部分、尸体，甚至是一大群或大量的某物。
扩展 (Collocation): “body language” (肢体语言), “bodyguard” (保镖), “heavenly body” (天体)。
引申 (Idiom): “over my dead body” 意为“除非我死了（表示坚决反对）”。

head (n. / v.) /hed/：头；领导者；朝……前进。

例句1 (头部): He nodded his head in agreement. (他点头表示同意。)
例句2 (领导者): She is the head of the marketing department. (她是市场部的负责人。)
例句3 (比喻-头脑): You need to use your head to solve this problem. (你需要用你的头脑来解决这个问题。)
例句4 (动词): Let’s head back home before it gets dark. (我们天黑前回家吧。)
拓展 (Verb): “to head” 可以作动词，意为“朝……方向前进”或“领导”。
扩展 (Collocation): “headache” (头痛), “headline” (头条新闻), “headquarters” (总部)。
引申 (Idiom): “to have a good head on one’s shoulders” 意为“头脑清醒，很聪明”。

face (n. / v.) /feɪs/：脸；面孔；面对。

例句1 (名词-脸): She has a friendly, smiling face. (她有一张友善的笑脸。)
例句2 (名词-表情): His face showed no emotion. (他的脸上毫无表情。)
例句3 (动词-挑战): You must face the consequences of your actions. (你必须面对自己行为的后果。)
例句4 (动词-方向): The house faces the sea. (这所房子面朝大海。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为动词，“face” 意为“面对，面向”，既可以是具体方向，也可以是抽象的挑战。
扩展 (Collocation): “face to face” (面对面), “lose face” (丢脸), “save face” (保全面子)。
引申 (Adjective): “facial” /ˈfeɪʃl/ 是形容词，意为“面部的”，如 “facial expression” (面部表情)。

eye (n. / v.) /aɪ/：眼睛；视力；注视。

例句1 (基本义): He has beautiful green eyes. (他有漂亮的绿色眼睛。)
例句2 (鉴赏力): He has a good eye for detail. (他有敏锐的洞察力。)
例句3 (短语): Keep an eye on the kids while I’m out. (我出去的时候，请照看一下孩子们。)
例句4 (动词): She eyed the chocolate cake hungrily. (她渴望地注视着那块巧克力蛋糕。)
拓展 (Verb): “to eye” 是动词，意为“注视，审视”。
扩展 (Collocation): “eyebrow” (眉毛), “eyelid” (眼睑), “eyelash” (睫毛), “private eye” (私家侦探)。
引申 (Idiom): “to see eye to eye” 意为“意见完全一致”。

ear (n.) /ɪər/：耳朵；听力；鉴赏力。

例句1 (基本义): He whispered something in her ear. (他在她耳边低声说了些什么。)
例句2 (鉴赏力): My grandfather has a good ear for music. (我祖父对音乐有很好的鉴赏力。)
例句3 (短语): I’m all ears, so please tell me your story. (我洗耳恭听，请讲你的故事吧。)
例句4 (疼痛): I have a terrible earache. (我耳朵疼得厉害。)
拓展 (Usage): 除了指器官，"ear" 常用来指听音乐或语言的天赋。
扩展 (Collocation): “earring” (耳环), “earphone” (耳机), “eardrum” (耳膜)。
引申 (Idiom): “to play it by ear” 意为“随机应变，见机行事”。

nose (n. / v.) /noʊz/：鼻子；嗅觉；探出。

例句1 (基本义): She has a small, straight nose. (她有一个小而挺的鼻子。)
例句2 (短语): Don’t poke your nose into my business. (别多管我的闲事。)
例句3 (动词): The car nosed its way through the heavy traffic. (汽车在拥挤的交通中缓缓前行。)
例句4 (流血): He got a bloody nose in the fight. (他在打架中鼻子流血了。)
拓展 (Verb): “to nose” 可以作动词，意为“（小心翼翼地）探出，前进”。
扩展 (Collocation): “runny nose” (流鼻涕), “nosebleed” (鼻出血)。
引申 (Idiom): “to follow one’s nose” 意为“凭直觉行事”。

mouth (n. / v.) /maʊθ/：嘴巴；开口处；无声地说。

例句1 (基本义): Don’t speak with your mouth full. (嘴里有东西时不要说话。)
例句2 (开口处): The town is located at the mouth of the river. (这个小镇位于河口。)
例句3 (短语): The news spread by word of mouth. (这个消息是口头传播开的。)
例句4 (动词): She mouthed the words "I love you" across the room. (她隔着房间无声地用口型说“我爱你”。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意名词 /maʊθ/ 和动词 “to mouth” /maʊð/ (无声地动嘴说) 的发音区别。
扩展 (Collocation): “mouthwash” (漱口水), “loudmouth” (话多嘴快的人)。
引申 (Idiom): “to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth” 意为“出生在富贵之家”。

tooth (n.) /tuːθ/：牙齿；威力。

例句1 (基本义): You should brush your teeth twice a day. (你应该每天刷两次牙。)
例句2 (单颗): I think I have a loose tooth. (我觉得我有一颗牙齿松了。)
例句3 (疼痛): I have a terrible toothache. (我牙疼得厉害。)
例句4 (比喻-威力): The new law has no teeth; it can’t be enforced. (新法律没有威力，无法执行。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式是 teeth /tiːθ/，这是一个不规则复数。
扩展 (Collocation): “toothbrush” (牙刷), “toothpaste” (牙膏), “sweet tooth” (爱吃甜食)。
引申 (Idiom): “to fight tooth and nail” 意为“拼命搏斗”。

tongue (n.) /tʌŋ/：舌头；语言。

例句1 (舌头): The doctor asked me to stick out my tongue. (医生让我伸出舌头。)
例句2 (语言): English is not my mother tongue. (英语不是我的母语。)
例句3 (短语): The name is on the tip of my tongue, but I can’t remember it. (名字就在我嘴边，但就是想不起来。)
例句4 (比喻): He has a sharp tongue, so be careful what you say. (他说话尖酸刻薄，所以你说话要小心。)
拓展 (Usage): “tongue” 可以指具体的器官，也可以指“语言”或“说话方式”。
扩展 (Collocation): “mother tongue” (母语), “tongue twister” (绕口令)。
引申 (Idiom): “Cat got your tongue?” 意为“你怎么不说话了？”。

hair (n.) /heər/：头发；毛发。

例句1 (头发-总称): She has long, curly hair. (她有一头长长的卷发。)
例句2 (一根): I found a hair in my soup. (我在汤里发现了一根头发。)
例句3 (比喻-毫厘): He won the race by a hair. (他以毫厘之差赢得了比赛。)
例句4 (动物毛发): My cat has very soft hair. (我的猫毛发非常柔软。)
拓展 (Grammar): 指全部头发时，是不可数名词。指一根或几根时，是可数名词 (a hair, two hairs)。
扩展 (Collocation): “haircut” (理发), “hairstyle” (发型), “hairdresser” (理发师)。
引申 (Idiom): “to let one’s hair down” 意为“放松，无拘无束”。

neck (n.) /nek/：脖子；颈部；衣领。

例句1 (基本义): He wore a scarf around his neck to keep warm. (他脖子上围着一条围巾来保暖。)
例句2 (衣领): The neck of this shirt is too tight. (这件衬衫的领口太紧了。)
例句3 (短语): They are neck and neck in the race. (他们在比赛中并驾齐驱，不分上下。)
例句4 (比喻): He is up to his neck in debt. (他深陷债务之中。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指身体部位，也可以指瓶子、衣服等的颈部。
扩展 (Collocation): “necklace” (项链), “stiff neck” (脖子僵硬), “turtleneck” (高领毛衣)。
引申 (Idiom): “to risk one’s neck” 意为“冒生命危险”。

shoulder (n. / v.) /ˈʃoʊldər/：肩膀；承担。

例句1 (基本义): He carried his son on his shoulders. (他让儿子骑在自己的肩膀上。)
例句2 (比喻-责任): She has a lot of responsibility on her shoulders. (她肩负着很多责任。)
例句3 (动词): He had to shoulder the blame for the mistake. (他不得不为这个错误承担责任。)
例句4 (短语): We stood shoulder to shoulder to show our support. (我们并肩站立以示支持。)
拓展 (Verb): “to shoulder” 可以作动词，意为“用肩扛；承担（责任、指责等）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “shoulder bag” (单肩包), “cold shoulder” (冷遇，冷落)。
引申 (Idiom): “a shoulder to cry on” 意为“一个可以倾诉的对象”。

arm (n. / v.) /ɑːrm/：手臂；武器；武装。

例句1 (手臂): He broke his arm when he fell off the bike. (他从自行车上摔下来时摔断了手臂。)
例句2 (武器): The country has a large collection of nuclear arms. (该国拥有大量核武器。)
例句3 (比喻): They welcomed the refugees with open arms. (他们张开双臂欢迎难民。)
例句4 (动词): The rebels armed themselves with stolen weapons. (叛乱分子用偷来的武器武装自己。)
拓展 (Verb): “to arm” 是动词，意为“武装”。其复数形式 “arms” 常常指“武器”。
扩展 (Collocation): “armchair” (扶手椅), “coat of arms” (盾形纹章), “firearms” (枪支)。
引申 (Idiom): “to keep someone at arm’s length” 意为“与某人保持距离”。

hand (n. / v.) /hænd/：手；帮助；指针；递交。

例句1 (名词-手): Please raise your hand if you have a question. (如果你有问题，请举手。)
例句2 (名词-帮助): Could you give me a hand with this heavy box? (你能帮我搬一下这个重箱子吗？)
例句3 (动词): Can you hand me that book, please? (请把那本书递给我好吗？)
例句4 (短语): The situation is getting out of hand. (局势正在失控。)
拓展 (Usage): “hand” 既是名词也是动词，并且在短语中非常常用。还可以指钟表的“指针”。
扩展 (Collocation): “on the one hand” (一方面), “on the other hand” (另一方面), “handshake” (握手), “handmade” (手工制作的)。
引申 (Idiom): “to know something like the back of one’s hand” 意为“对某事了如指掌”。

finger (n. / v.) /ˈfɪŋɡər/：手指；指责；触摸。

例句1 (基本义): She wears a ring on her wedding finger. (她无名指上戴着戒指。)
例句2 (比喻-指责): Don’t point the finger at me; it wasn’t my fault. (别指责我，不是我的错。)
例句3 (动词): He fingered the smooth stone in his pocket. (他用手指抚摸着口袋里光滑的石头。)
例句4 (短语): He can’t put his finger on what’s wrong. (他说不准问题出在哪里。)
拓展 (Verb): “to finger” 可以作动词，意为“用手指触摸”。
扩展 (Collocation): “index finger” (食指), “middle finger” (中指), “ring finger” (无名指), “little finger/pinky” (小指), “thumb” (拇指)。
引申 (Idiom): “to have a finger in every pie” 意为“到处插手，染指多项事务”。

leg (n.) /leɡ/：腿；（旅程的）一段。

例句1 (基本义): He broke his leg while skiing. (他滑雪时摔断了腿。)
例句2 (家具): One of the legs of the chair is broken. (椅子的一条腿坏了。)
例句3 (旅程): The first leg of our journey is a flight to Paris. (我们旅程的第一段是飞往巴黎。)
例句4 (祝福语): “Break a leg!” she said to the actor before the show. (“祝你演出成功！”她在演出前对演员说。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指人、动物或家具的腿，也可以指旅程或比赛的一段。
扩展 (Collocation): “a leg up” (帮助，优势), “legroom” (（坐位前的）放脚空间)。
引申 (Idiom): “to pull someone’s leg” 意为“开某人玩笑”。“Break a leg” 是祝愿演员演出成功的行话。

foot (n.) /fʊt/：脚；英尺（长度单位）；底部。

例句1 (脚): My feet are sore from walking all day. (走了一整天，我的脚很痛。)
例句2 (单位): The snake is about five feet long. (这条蛇大约有五英尺长。)
例句3 (底部): He stood at the foot of the mountain. (他站在山脚下。)
例句4 (短语): I have to get back on my feet after losing my job. (失业后，我必须重新振作起来。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式是 feet /fiːt/。作为长度单位时，单数用foot，复数用feet，但在形容词短语中常用单数形式 (如 “a six-foot man”)。
扩展 (Collocation): “on foot” (步行), “football” (足球)。
引申 (Idiom): “to put one’s foot in one’s mouth” 意为“说错话，失言”。

toe (n. / v.) /toʊ/：脚趾；遵守。

例句1 (基本义): He stubbed his big toe on the edge of the bed. (他的大脚趾踢到了床沿。)
例句2 (短语): The water was so cold I could only dip my toes in. (水太冷了，我只能把脚趾伸进去蘸一下。)
例句3 (比喻): She is always on her toes, ready for any challenge. (她总是保持警觉，准备好迎接任何挑战。)
例句4 (动词短语): Everyone is expected to toe the line and follow the rules. (每个人都应遵守纪律和规则。)
拓展 (Verb): “to toe the line” 是一个固定短语，意为“遵守规矩”。
扩展 (Collocation): “big toe” (大脚趾), “tiptoe” (踮起脚尖走)。
引申 (Idiom): “from head to toe” 意为“从头到脚，完全”。

back (n. / adv. / v. / adj.) /bæk/：背部；后面；向后；支持；后面的。

例句1 (名词-背部): He injured his back lifting heavy boxes. (他因搬重箱子而伤了背。)
例句2 (副词-向后): Please step back from the platform edge. (请从站台边缘后退。)
例句3 (动词-支持): I will back your decision completely. (我会完全支持你的决定。)
例句4 (形容词-后面的): Let's use the back door. (我们走后门吧。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个词性非常丰富的词，可以用作名词、副词、动词和形容词。
扩展 (Collocation): “backache” (背痛), “background” (背景), “backpack” (背包)。
引申 (Idiom): “to stab someone in the back” 意为“在背后捅刀子，背叛某人”。

chest (n.) /tʃest/：胸部；箱子。

例句1 (胸部): He felt a sharp pain in his chest and had trouble breathing. (他胸部感到一阵剧痛，呼吸困难。)
例句2 (箱子): The pirates buried a chest full of gold. (海盗们埋下了一箱金子。)
例句3 (家具): She keeps her old letters in a wooden chest. (她把旧信件存放在一个木箱里。)
例句4 (短语): He puffed out his chest with pride. (他骄傲地挺起了胸膛。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指身体部位，也可以指大的储物箱。
扩展 (Collocation): “chest of drawers” (五斗橱), “treasure chest” (宝箱)。
引申 (Idiom): “to get something off one’s chest” 意为“把心里话说出来，一吐为快”。

stomach (n. / v.) /ˈstʌmək/：胃；腹部；忍受。

例句1 (胃): The stomach helps to digest food. (胃帮助消化食物。)
例句2 (肚子): My stomach is rumbling; I must be hungry. (我的肚子在咕咕叫，我一定是饿了。)
例句3 (比喻-胆量): I don’t have the stomach for horror movies. (我受不了恐怖电影。)
例句4 (动词): I can’t stomach his arrogance. (我无法忍受他的傲慢。)
拓展 (Verb): “to stomach” 可以作动词，意为“忍受，承受（通常指令人不快的事物）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “stomach ache” (胃痛), “upset stomach” (胃不舒服)。
引申 (Idiom): “butterflies in one’s stomach” 意为“（因紧张而）心里七上八下”。

heart (n.) /hɑːrt/：心脏；内心；中心。

例句1 (心脏): The heart pumps blood around the body. (心脏将血液泵送到全身。)
例句2 (内心): He has a kind heart. (他有一颗善良的心。)
例句3 (中心): Let’s get to the heart of the matter. (让我们谈谈问题的核心。)
例句4 (短语): I learned the poem by heart. (我把这首诗记在心里了。)
拓展 (Usage): 既是重要的生理器官，也是情感、勇气和核心的象征。
扩展 (Collocation): “heart attack” (心脏病发作), “heartbeat” (心跳), “broken heart” (心碎)。
引申 (Idiom): “to wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve” 意为“感情外露”。

brain (n.) /breɪn/：大脑；智力；策划者。

例句1 (大脑): The human brain is an incredibly complex organ. (人脑是一个极其复杂的器官。)
例句2 (智力): “Use your brains!” the teacher said. (“动动脑筋！”老师说。)
例句3 (策划者): He was the brain behind the whole operation. (他是整个行动的幕后策划者。)
例句4 (食物): Some cultures consider animal brains a delicacy. (在一些文化中，动物的大脑被视为美味佳肴。)
拓展 (Plural): 复数 “brains” 通常指“智力，头脑”。
扩展 (Collocation): “brainstorm” (头脑风暴), “brainwash” (洗脑)。
引申 (Idiom): “to rack one’s brain” 意为“绞尽脑汁”。

blood (n.) /blʌd/：血液；血统；血气。

例句1 (血液): The nurse took a sample of my blood. (护士抽了我的血样。)
例句2 (血统): They are related by blood. (他们有血缘关系。)
例句3 (比喻-宿怨): There is bad blood between the two families. (这两个家族之间有宿怨。)
例句4 (比喻-新人): The team needs some new blood to improve its performance. (这支队伍需要一些新鲜血液来提高表现。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以是生理上的血液，也可以是象征性的血缘、仇恨或活力。
扩展 (Collocation): “blood pressure” (血压), “blood type” (血型), “bloodshed” (流血事件)。
引申 (Idiom): “Blood is thicker than water.” 意为“血浓于水”。

bone (n.) /boʊn/：骨头；骨骼。

例句1 (基本义): He fell and broke a bone in his leg. (他摔倒了，摔断了腿上的一根骨头。)
例句2 (复数): The human body has 206 bones. (人体有206块骨头。)
例句3 (比喻-直觉): I can feel it in my bones that something bad is going to happen. (我骨子里感觉到要出事了。)
例句4 (短语): The dog was chewing on a bone. (狗在啃骨头。)
拓展 (Adjective): “bony” /ˈboʊni/ 是形容词，意为“瘦骨嶙峋的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “broken bone” (骨折), “bone marrow” (骨髓)。
引申 (Idiom): “to have a bone to pick with someone” 意为“要和某人算账，对某人有意见”。

skin (n. / v.) /skɪn/：皮肤；（水果、蔬菜的）皮；擦破。

例句1 (皮肤): It’s important to protect your skin from the sun. (保护你的皮肤免受阳光照射很重要。)
例句2 (果皮): Don’t throw away the apple skin; it’s full of nutrients. (别扔掉苹果皮，它富含营养。)
例句3 (动词): He skinned his knee when he fell. (他摔倒时擦破了膝盖的皮。)
例句4 (短语): He escaped by the skin of his teeth. (他侥幸逃脱。)
拓展 (Verb): “to skin” 可以作动词，意为“剥皮，擦破皮”。
扩展 (Collocation): “skin care” (护肤), “thick-skinned” (脸皮厚的), “thin-skinned” (脸皮薄的，敏感的)。
引申 (Idiom): “beauty is only skin deep” 意为“美丽只是外表”。

health (n.) /helθ/：健康；卫生；（体系）。

例句1 (健康): Your health is your most valuable asset. (你的健康是你最宝贵的财富。)
例句2 (状态): He is in good health. (他身体健康。)
例句3 (卫生): The restaurant was closed for health reasons. (餐厅因卫生问题而关闭。)
例句4 (体系): The government is reforming the national health service. (政府正在改革国民医疗服务体系。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指个人健康状况，也可以指公共卫生或医疗保健体系。
扩展 (Collocation): “mental health” (心理健康), “public health” (公共卫生), “health insurance” (健康保险)。
引申 (Adjective): “healthy” 是形容词，意为“健康的”。

illness (n.) /ˈɪlnəs/：疾病；生病（状态）。

例句1 (基本义): She is recovering from a long illness. (她正在从一场久病中恢复。)
例句2 (状态): Due to illness, the singer had to cancel the concert. (由于生病，歌手不得不取消了音乐会。)
例句3 (种类): Mental illness should be treated as seriously as physical illness. (心理疾病应与身体疾病一样受到重视。)
例句4 (对比): It was a minor illness, just a cold. (那只是个小病，就是感冒而已。)
拓展 (Usage): 强调“生病”这个状态或一段时期，比 “disease” 更宽泛、更常用。
扩展 (Synonym): “sickness” 是近义词，尤其在美式英语中常用。
引申 (Adjective): “ill” 是形容词，意为“生病的”。

disease (n.) /dɪˈziːz/：疾病（特指某种病症）。

例句1 (基本义): Heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. (心脏病是全球主要的死亡原因之一。)
例句2 (传染): The government is taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease. (政府正在采取措施防止疾病的传播。)
例句3 (种类): Alzheimer’s is a degenerative brain disease. (阿尔茨海默症是一种退行性脑部疾病。)
例句4 (比喻): Greed is a social disease. (贪婪是一种社会弊病。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指有特定名称、症状和原因的严重疾病，比 “illness” 更具体、更正式。
扩展 (Collocation): “infectious disease” (传染病), “chronic disease” (慢性病)。
引申 (Etymology): 源于古法语 “desaise”，意为“不舒服，不安”。

pain (n. / v.) /peɪn/：疼痛；痛苦；使痛苦。

例句1 (疼痛): He felt a sharp pain in his chest. (他胸部感到一阵剧痛。)
例句2 (痛苦): The family is still in great pain after their loss. (在遭受损失后，这家人仍处于巨大的痛苦之中。)
例句3 (动词): It pained me to see him so unhappy. (看到他如此不开心，我感到很痛苦。)
例句4 (短语): No pain, no gain. (没有付出，就没有收获。)
拓展 (Verb): “to pain” 可以作动词，意为“使痛苦”。
扩展 (Collocation): “painkiller” (止痛药), “a pain in the neck” (令人讨厌的人或事)。
引申 (Adjective): “painful” (疼痛的), “painless” (无痛的)。

doctor (n. / v.) /ˈdɒktər/：医生；博士；篡改。

例句1 (医生): You should see a doctor about that persistent cough. (你应该为那持续的咳嗽去看医生。)
例句2 (博士): She has a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in physics. (她拥有物理学博士学位。)
例句3 (动词): The photo had clearly been doctored to look more dramatic. (这张照片明显被篡改过，以使其看起来更具戏剧性。)
例句4 (称呼): “Good morning, Doctor Smith,” she said. (“早上好，史密斯医生，”她说。)
拓展 (Verb): “to doctor” 可以作动词，意为“篡改，伪造”，这是一个重要的引申义。
扩展 (Collocation): “family doctor” (家庭医生), “go to the doctor’s” (去看病), “doctor’s appointment” (医生的预约)。
引申 (Abbreviation): 缩写为 “Dr.”，用于称呼医生或博士。

nurse (n. / v.) /nɜːrs/：护士；护理。

例句1 (名词): The nurse gave him an injection. (护士给他打了一针。)
例句2 (名词): He is training to be a male nurse. (他正在接受培训，想成为一名男护士。)
例句3 (动词): She nursed her sick mother back to health. (她照料生病的母亲恢复了健康。)
例句4 (动词-比喻): He has been nursing a grudge against her for years. (多年来他一直对她怀恨在心。)
拓展 (Verb): “to nurse” 意为“护理，照料”，也可以指“（长时间）怀有（某种情感）”，如希望或怨恨。
扩展 (Collocation): “nursing home” (疗养院), “registered nurse” (注册护士)。
引申 (Usage): “nurse” 也可以指“奶妈” (wet nurse)，但这在现代已不常用。

hospital (n.) /ˈhɒspɪtl/：医院。

例句1 (基本义): He was taken to the hospital after the accident. (事故发生后他被送往医院。)
例句2 (住院): She is in the hospital recovering from surgery. (她正在医院里从手术中恢复。)
例句3 (种类): This is a children’s hospital. (这是一家儿童医院。)
例句4 (短语): The new hospital is equipped with the latest technology. (新医院配备了最新的技术。)
拓展 (Usage): 在英式英语中，“in hospital” 指住院；在美式英语中，“in the hospital” 指住院。
扩展 (Collocation): “general hospital” (综合医院), “hospitality” (好客，热情好客，注意与hospital拼写和意义的区别)。
引申 (Verb): “to hospitalize” 是动词，意为“使住院治疗”。

medicine (n.) /ˈmedɪsn/：药；医学。

例句1 (药): Have you taken your medicine this morning? (你今天早上吃药了吗？)
例句2 (医学): He is studying medicine at a top university. (他正在一所顶尖大学学医。)
例句3 (比喻): Laughter is the best medicine. (笑是最好的良药。)
例句4 (种类): This is a liquid medicine for coughs. (这是一种治疗咳嗽的液体药。)
拓展 (Usage): “medicine” 可以是不可数名词（指“医学”或泛指“药物”），也可以是可数名词（指“一种药”）。
扩展 (Collocation): “traditional medicine” (传统医学), “prescription medicine” (处方药), “over-the-counter medicine” (非处方药)。
引申 (Adjective): “medical” 是形容词，意为“医学的，医疗的”。

healthy (adj.) /ˈhelθi/：健康的；有益健康的。

例句1 (健康的): He is a healthy young man. (他是一个健康的年轻人。)
例句2 (有益健康的): A healthy diet includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. (健康的饮食包括大量的水果和蔬菜。)
例句3 (大量的): She earns a healthy salary. (她的薪水很高。)
例句4 (状态): It’s important to stay healthy both physically and mentally. (保持身心健康很重要。)
拓展 (Usage): 除了指人健康，还可以指食物有益健康，甚至可以引申为“大量的，可观的”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “unhealthy” (不健康的)。
引申 (Noun): 名词是 “health” (健康)。

sick (adj.) /sɪk/：生病的；恶心的。

例句1 (生病): I feel sick, so I’m not going to work today. (我感觉不舒服，所以今天不打算去上班了。)
例句2 (恶心): The smell of that food makes me feel sick. (那种食物的气味让我想吐。)
例句3 (厌倦): I am sick and tired of your excuses. (我厌倦了你的借口。)
例句4 (比喻): That was a sick joke. (那是个病态的玩笑。)
拓展 (Usage): 在英式英语中，“ill” 更常用于指一般的“生病”，而 “sick” 常指“恶心想吐”。在美式英语中，“sick” 是“生病”的常用词。
扩展 (Collocation): “sick leave” (病假), “homesick” (想家的), “seasick” (晕船的)。
引申 (Noun): “sickness” 是名词，意为“疾病，恶心”。

strong (adj.) /strɒŋ/：强壮的；坚固的；强烈的。

例句1 (强壮的): He is strong enough to lift that heavy box. (他很强壮，能举起那个重箱子。)
例句2 (坚固的): This chair is not very strong. (这把椅子不是很结实。)
例句3 (强烈的): I like strong coffee. (我喜欢浓咖啡。)
例句4 (有力的): There is strong evidence to support his claim. (有强有力的证据支持他的说法。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个应用范围很广的形容词，可以修饰人、物、味道、证据等。
扩展 (Noun): “strength” 是名词，意为“力量，强度”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “weak” (虚弱的)。

weak (adj.) /wiːk/：虚弱的；薄弱的；（液体）稀的。

例句1 (虚弱的): She felt too weak to get out of bed. (她感觉太虚弱了，起不了床。)
例句2 (薄弱的): The team has a weak defense. (这支队伍的防守很薄弱。)
例句3 (稀的): This tea is too weak for me. (这茶对我来说太淡了。)
例句4 (论点): That is a very weak argument. (那是一个非常站不住脚的论点。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “week” (星期) 混淆，它们是同音词。
扩展 (Noun): “weakness” 是名词，意为“虚弱，弱点”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “strong” (强壮的)。

muscle (n.) /ˈmʌsl/：肌肉。

例句1 (基本义): He goes to the gym to build his muscles. (他去健身房锻炼肌肉。)
例句2 (拉伤): I pulled a muscle in my back while gardening. (我在做园艺时拉伤了背部的一块肌肉。)
例句3 (比喻): The company has the financial muscle to expand its business. (这家公司有足够的财力来扩展业务。)
例句4 (短语): He didn’t move a muscle as the bee flew past his face. (当蜜蜂从他脸旁飞过时，他一动也不动。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指具体的肌肉，也可以比喻“实力，影响力”。
扩展 (Adjective): “muscular” 是形容词，意为“肌肉发达的”。
引申 (Idiom): “to flex one’s muscles” 意为“展示实力，炫耀力量”。

joint (n. / adj.) /dʒɔɪnt/：关节；连接处；联合的。

例句1 (名词): Arthritis is a disease that causes painful inflammation of the joints. (关节炎是一种引起关节疼痛性炎症的疾病。)
例句2 (名词): The plumber checked the joint in the pipe for leaks. (水管工检查了管道的连接处是否有泄漏。)
例句3 (形容词): They made a joint decision to sell the house. (他们共同决定卖掉房子。)
例句4 (形容词): They opened a joint bank account. (他们开了一个联名银行账户。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为形容词，意为“共同的，联合的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “hip joint” (髋关节), “knee joint” (膝关节), “joint venture” (合资企业)。
引申 (Idiom): “out of joint” 意为“脱臼；混乱”。

limb (n.) /lɪm/：肢体（指臂或腿）。

例句1 (基本义): He lost a limb in the war. (他在战争中失去了一条肢体。)
例句2 (树枝): A bird was singing on a limb of the old oak tree. (一只鸟在老橡树的树枝上歌唱。)
例句3 (比喻): She went out on a limb to defend her colleague’s controversial idea. (她冒险为同事备受争议的想法辩护。)
例句4 (复数): The patient has no feeling in his lower limbs. (病人下肢没有感觉。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指人的四肢，也可以指大树枝。
扩展 (Collocation): “artificial limb” (假肢)。
引申 (Idiom): “to go out on a limb” 意为“承担风险，发表（或采取）没有把握的意见（或行动）”。

organ (n.) /ˈɔːɡən/：器官；风琴。

例句1 (器官): The heart, lungs, and liver are all vital organs. (心脏、肺和肝脏都是至关重要的器官。)
例句2 (风琴): He plays the organ at the local church. (他在当地教堂弹奏风琴。)
例句3 (捐献): She decided to become an organ donor. (她决定成为一名器官捐献者。)
例句4 (比喻): The newspaper is the official organ of the party. (这家报纸是该党的官方喉舌。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指生物器官、乐器或机构的“喉舌”。
扩展 (Collocation): “organ transplant” (器官移植), “sense organ” (感觉器官)。
引申 (Adjective): “organic” 是形容词，意为“器官的；有机的”。

breath (n.) /breθ/：呼吸；气息。

例句1 (基本义): He took a deep breath before diving into the water. (他深吸一口气，然后跳入水中。)
例句2 (气息): I could see my breath in the cold air. (在寒冷的空气中我能看到自己呼出的哈气。)
例句3 (短语): The climb left me short of breath. (这次攀登让我上气不接下气。)
例句4 (比喻): The new design was a breath of fresh air. (这个新设计带来了一股清新之风。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意名词 /breθ/ 和动词 “to breathe” /briːð/ 的发音区别。
扩展 (Collocation): “take a breath” (吸一口气), “out of breath” (上气不接下气), “bad breath” (口臭)。
引申 (Idiom): “to hold one’s breath” 意为“（因紧张或兴奋而）屏住呼吸”。

breathe (v.) /briːð/：呼吸。

例句1 (基本义): It’s so polluted here I can hardly breathe. (这里污染太严重了，我几乎无法呼吸。)
例句2 (吸入): Breathe in deeply, and then breathe out slowly. (深吸气，然后慢慢呼气。)
例句3 (比喻): The old house seems to breathe history. (这座老房子似乎散发着历史的气息。)
例句4 (短语): I need some space to breathe. (我需要一些空间来喘口气。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意动词 /briːð/ 和名词 “breath” /breθ/ 的发音区别。
扩展 (Noun): “breathing” 是动名词，意为“呼吸”。
引申 (Idiom): “to breathe one’s last” 意为“咽下最后一口气，去世”。

wound (n. / v.) /wuːnd/：伤口；创伤；伤害。

例句1 (名词): The soldier had a serious wound in his leg. (士兵腿部受了重伤。)
例句2 (名词-比喻): The divorce left deep emotional wounds. (离婚留下了深深的情感创伤。)
例句3 (动词): He was wounded in the battle. (他在战斗中受伤了。)
例句4 (动词-比喻): Her cruel words wounded him deeply. (她残忍的话语深深地伤害了他。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指由武器或暴力造成的较深的伤口，也用于比喻情感伤害。
扩展 (Synonym): “injury” 是更广义的“受伤”。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “wind” (风 /wɪnd/) 或动词 “wind” 的过去式 “wound” /waʊnd/ (缠绕) 混淆。

injury (n.) /ˈɪndʒəri/：伤害；损伤。

例句1 (基本义): He suffered a serious injury in the car crash. (他在车祸中受了重伤。)
例句2 (种类): Common sports injuries include sprains and fractures. (常见的运动损伤包括扭伤和骨折。)
例句3 (比喻): The false report did a great injury to his reputation. (这篇不实的报道极大地损害了他的声誉。)
例句4 (动词): Be careful not to injure yourself. (小心别伤着自己。)
拓展 (Verb): “to injure” 是动词，意为“伤害”。
扩展 (Collocation): “minor injury” (轻伤), “serious injury” (重伤), “sports injury” (运动损伤)。
引申 (Usage): “injury” 是一个广义词，可指任何原因造成的身体或名誉等的伤害。

symptom (n.) /ˈsɪmptəm/：症状；征兆。

例句1 (症状): A high fever is a common symptom of the flu. (高烧是流感的常见症状。)
例句2 (征兆): These riots are a symptom of deep social unrest. (这些骚乱是深层社会动荡的征兆。)
例句3 (描述): Can you describe your symptoms to the doctor? (你能向医生描述一下你的症状吗？)
例句4 (复数): His symptoms include a headache and a sore throat. (他的症状包括头痛和喉咙痛。)
拓展 (Usage): 既可用于医学领域，也可用于比喻社会问题的征兆。
扩展 (Adjective): “symptomatic” 是形容词，意为“有症状的，作为征兆的”。
引申 (Medical): 医生通过分析症状 (symptoms) 来诊断疾病 (disease)。

fever (n.) /ˈfiːvər/：发烧；狂热。

例句1 (发烧): She has a high fever and needs to rest. (她发高烧，需要休息。)
例句2 (狂热): The whole country was in the grip of World Cup fever. (整个国家都陷入了世界杯的狂热之中。)
例句3 (短语): He came down with a fever last night. (他昨晚开始发烧了。)
例句4 (比喻): She has a fever for adventure. (她酷爱冒险。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指体温升高，也可以比喻社会性的狂热。
扩展 (Collocation): “hay fever” (花粉热，枯草热)。
引申 (Adjective): “feverish” 是形容词，意为“发烧的；狂热的”。

cough (n. / v.) /kɒf/：咳嗽。

例句1 (名词): He has a bad cough that keeps him awake at night. (他咳嗽得很厉害，晚上都睡不着。)
例句2 (名词): A dry cough is one of the symptoms. (干咳是症状之一。)
例句3 (动词): Please cover your mouth when you cough. (咳嗽时请捂住嘴。)
例句4 (动词): The old car coughed and then stalled. (那辆旧车“咳”了几声就熄火了。)
拓展 (Usage): 动词也可以用来拟声，形容引擎等发出的声音。
扩展 (Collocation): “cough medicine/syrup” (咳嗽药/糖浆)。
引申 (Idiom): “to cough up” 意为“（不情愿地）拿出（钱），吐露（信息）”。

headache (n.) /ˈhedeɪk/：头痛；麻烦事。

例句1 (头痛): I have a splitting headache. (我头痛欲裂。)
例句2 (麻烦事): This project has been a real headache from the start. (这个项目从一开始就是个大麻烦。)
例句3 (短语): Taking a painkiller can relieve a headache. (吃片止痛药可以缓解头痛。)
例句4 (比喻): Dealing with the bureaucracy is a constant headache. (和官僚机构打交道是件持续的头疼事。)
拓展 (Usage): 既可以指生理上的头痛，也可以比喻“令人头痛的人或事”。
扩展 (Collocation): “migraine” (偏头痛，是一种更严重的头痛)。
引申 (Idiom): “to give someone a headache” 意为“给某人带来麻烦”。

treatment (n.) /ˈtriːtmənt/：治疗；对待。

例句1 (治疗): He is receiving treatment for cancer. (他正在接受癌症治疗。)
例句2 (对待): The company is accused of unfair treatment of its employees. (公司被指控不公平对待员工。)
例句3 (方法): The best treatment for a cold is rest and plenty of fluids. (治疗感冒最好的方法是休息和多喝水。)
例句4 (美容): She went to the spa for a beauty treatment. (她去水疗中心做美容护理。)
拓展 (Verb): “to treat” 是动词，意为“治疗；对待”。
扩展 (Collocation): “medical treatment” (医疗), “silent treatment” (冷处理，冷战)。
引申 (Usage): 含义广泛，包括医疗、人际关系、美容等。

cure (n. / v.) /kjʊər/：治愈；疗法；解决方法。

例句1 (名词): Scientists are still searching for a cure for cancer. (科学家们仍在寻找治愈癌症的方法。)
例句2 (名词): There is no known cure, but the symptoms can be managed. (目前没有已知的治愈方法，但症状可以控制。)
例句3 (动词): This medicine will cure your headache. (这种药能治好你的头痛。)
例句4 (动词-比喻): A short holiday is the perfect way to cure his exhaustion. (短暂的假期是消除他疲劳的完美方法。)
拓展 (Usage): “cure” 强调“根治，彻底治好”，比 “treat” (治疗过程) 的程度更深。
扩展 (Adjective): “curable” (可治愈的), “incurable” (无法治愈的)。
引申 (Idiom): “Prevention is better than cure.” 意为“防患于未然”。

remedy (n.) /ˈremədi/：疗法；补救办法。

例句1 (疗法): She knows a lot of old-fashioned remedies for common illnesses. (她知道很多治疗常见病的古老疗法。)
例句2 (补救办法): The government is seeking a remedy for the housing crisis. (政府正在为住房危机寻求补救办法。)
例句3 (草药): Herbal remedies are popular in many cultures. (草药疗法在许多文化中都很受欢迎。)
例句4 (动词): We must act now to remedy the situation. (我们必须立即采取行动来补救这种局面。)
拓展 (Verb): “to remedy” 可以作动词，意为“补救，纠正”。
扩展 (Collocation): “home remedy” (家庭疗法), “legal remedy” (法律补救)。
引申 (Usage): “remedy” 通常指针对小病或问题的简单有效的解决方法。

surgery (n.) /ˈsɜːdʒəri/：外科手术；外科学。

例句1 (手术): He needs to have surgery on his knee. (他的膝盖需要做手术。)
例句2 (外科学): She is studying surgery at medical school. (她在医学院学习外科学。)
例句3 (种类): He underwent open-heart surgery last year. (他去年接受了心脏直视手术。)
例句4 (英式): I have an appointment at the doctor’s surgery this afternoon. (我今天下午在医生诊所有个预约。)
拓展 (Usage): 在英式英语中，“surgery” 也可以指“医生诊所”。
扩展 (Collocation): “plastic surgery” (整形手术), “cosmetic surgery” (美容手术)。
引申 (Noun): “surgeon” /ˈsɜːdʒən/ 是名词，指“外科医生”。

prescription (n.) /prɪˈskrɪpʃn/：处方；药方。

例句1 (基本义): The doctor gave me a prescription for some antibiotics. (医生给我开了一些抗生素的处方。)
例句2 (买药): You can only get this medicine with a doctor’s prescription. (这种药只有凭医生的处方才能买到。)
例句3 (短语): I need to go to the pharmacy to fill my prescription. (我需要去药店按处方配药。)
例句4 (比喻): His prescription for success is hard work and determination. (他成功的秘诀是努力和决心。)
拓展 (Verb): “to prescribe” 是动词，意为“开处方”。
扩展 (Collocation): “prescription drugs” (处方药), “repeat prescription” (续开的处方)。
引申 (Usage): 处方是医生开具的具有法律效力的医疗文件。

pharmacy (n.) /ˈfɑːməsi/：药店；药剂学。

例句1 (药店): I need to go to the pharmacy to pick up my prescription. (我需要去药店取我的处方药。)
例句2 (药剂学): He is studying pharmacy at the university. (他在大学里学习药剂学。)
例句3 (位置): You can find a pharmacy in most supermarkets. (在大多数超市里你都能找到药店。)
例句4 (美式): In the US, a pharmacy is also called a “drugstore”. (在美国，药店也叫 “drugstore”。)
拓展 (Synonym): 在英式英语中，“chemist’s” 也是“药店”的常用说法。
扩展 (Noun): “pharmacist” 是名词，指“药剂师”。
引申 (Function): 药店是配发和销售药品的地方。

ambulance (n.) /ˈæmbjələns/：救护车。

例句1 (基本义): They called an ambulance immediately after the accident. (事故发生后，他们立即叫了救护车。)
例句2 (声音): I heard the siren of an ambulance in the distance. (我听到远处传来救护车的警报声。)
例句3 (运送): The patient was rushed to the hospital by ambulance. (病人被救护车紧急送往医院。)
例句4 (人员): The ambulance crew provided first aid at the scene. (救护人员在现场提供了急救。)
拓展 (Usage): 救护车是用于紧急医疗服务的车辆。
扩展 (Collocation): “ambulance driver” (救护车司机), “paramedic” (急救护士)。
引申 (Emergency): 听到救护车的声音通常意味着有紧急情况发生。

clinic (n.) /ˈklɪnɪk/：诊所。

例句1 (基本义): I have an appointment at the dental clinic tomorrow. (我明天在牙科诊所有个预约。)
例句2 (种类): She works at a community health clinic. (她在一家社区健康诊所工作。)
例句3 (服务): The clinic offers free check-ups for local residents. (该诊所为当地居民提供免费体检。)
例句4 (比喻): The coach held a special clinic for young players. (教练为年轻球员举办了一个特别的培训班。)
拓展 (Usage): “clinic” 通常比 “hospital” 规模小，提供专科或门诊服务。也可以指“（专家或教练举办的）培训班”。
扩展 (Collocation): “health clinic” (健康诊所), “sports clinic” (运动诊所)。
引申 (Adjective): “clinical” 是形容词，意为“临床的；冷静客观的”。

diet (n. / v.) /ˈdaɪət/：饮食；节食。

例句1 (名词-饮食): A balanced diet is essential for good health. (均衡的饮食对健康至关重要。)
例句2 (名词-节食): I’m going on a diet to lose some weight. (我准备节食来减肥。)
例句3 (动词): She has been dieting for a month. (她已经节食一个月了。)
例句4 (比喻): The media feeds us a constant diet of bad news. (媒体不断向我们灌输坏消息。)
拓展 (Usage): “diet” 可以指日常的饮食习惯，也可以特指为了某种目的（如减肥、健康）而遵循的特定饮食方案。
扩展 (Collocation): “a healthy diet” (健康饮食), “a strict diet” (严格的饮食控制)。
引申 (Noun): “dietitian” /ˌdaɪəˈtɪʃn/ 是名词，指“营养师”。

exercise (n. / v.) /ˈeksəsaɪz/：锻炼；运动；练习；行使。

例句1 (名词-锻炼): Regular exercise helps to reduce stress. (规律的锻炼有助于减轻压力。)
例句2 (名词-练习): The teacher gave us some grammar exercises to do. (老师给我们布置了一些语法练习。)
例句3 (动词-锻炼): I try to exercise for at least 30 minutes every day. (我努力每天至少锻炼30分钟。)
例句4 (动词-行使): You should exercise your right to vote. (你应该行使你的投票权。)
拓展 (Usage): 含义广泛，可以指身体锻炼、学业练习，也可以指“行使（权利、权力等）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “physical exercise” (体育锻炼), “breathing exercise” (呼吸练习)。
引申 (Function): 锻炼 (exercise) 和饮食 (diet) 是维持健康的两大支柱。

virus (n.) /ˈvaɪrəs/：病毒。

例句1 (基本义): The flu is caused by a virus. (流感是由一种病毒引起的。)
例句2 (计算机): My computer was infected by a virus and crashed. (我的电脑感染了病毒，然后崩溃了。)
例句3 (传播): The virus spreads through coughing and sneezing. (病毒通过咳嗽和打喷嚏传播。)
例句4 (比喻): A virus of hatred was spreading through the community. (仇恨的病毒在社区中蔓延。)
拓展 (Usage): 既可以指生物学上的病毒，也可以指计算机病毒。
扩展 (Adjective): “viral” 是形容词，意为“病毒的；病毒式传播的”。
引申 (Modern Usage): “to go viral” 意为“（在网络上）像病毒一样迅速传播开来”。

学习策略：

图示记忆： 结合人体图，将身体部位词汇标注在相应位置，形成视觉记忆。
情景模拟： 模拟看医生、描述症状等情景，练习使用相关词汇。
搭配学习： 注意词汇的常见搭配，例如 “feel sick” (感觉不舒服)，“take medicine” (服药)。

1.3 情感与性格（Emotions & Personality）

表达情感和描述性格是人际交往中不可或缺的一部分。这不仅能帮助我们理解他人，也能更准确地表达自我。本节将深入介绍一系列描述情绪状态和个人特质的核心词汇，让你能够描绘出丰富多彩的人物形象和内心世界。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

happy (adj.) /ˈhæpi/：高兴的；幸福的。

例句1 (高兴的): She looks very happy with her new puppy. (她和她的新小狗在一起，看起来非常高兴。)
例句2 (幸福的): They have a long and happy marriage. (他们有着长久而幸福的婚姻。)
例句3 (乐意的): I’d be happy to help you with your project. (我很乐意帮助你完成你的项目。)
例句4 (幸运的): By a happy coincidence, I met my old friend on the train. (一次幸运的巧合，我在火车上遇到了我的老朋友。)
拓展 (Noun): “happiness” 是名词，意为“幸福，快乐”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “unhappy” (不高兴的) 或 “sad” (悲伤的)。
引申 (Idiom): “happy-go-lucky” 形容“无忧无虑，乐天派的”。

sad (adj.) /sæd/：悲伤的；令人遗憾的。

例句1 (悲伤的): It’s a sad story with a tragic ending. (这是一个结局悲惨的悲伤故事。)
例句2 (感觉): He felt sad when he had to say goodbye to his friends. (当他不得不和朋友告别时，他感到很难过。)
例句3 (令人遗憾的): It’s sad that so many people are homeless. (这么多人无家可归，真是令人遗憾。)
例句4 (可怜的): Look at that sad, wilted plant. (看看那棵可怜的、枯萎的植物。)
拓展 (Noun): “sadness” 是名词，意为“悲伤”。
扩展 (Verb): “to sadden” 是动词，意为“使悲伤”。
引申 (Usage): “sad” 不仅可以形容人的心情，也可以形容事物或情况，表示“可悲的，糟糕的”。

angry (adj.) /ˈæŋɡri/：生气的；愤怒的。

例句1 (基本义): She was angry with him for being late. (她因为他迟到而生他的气。)
例句2 (关于某事): He felt angry about the injustice of the situation. (他对这种情况下的不公正感到愤怒。)
例句3 (外观): The sky looked angry before the storm. (暴风雨来临前，天空看起来阴沉沉的。)
例句4 (伤口): The cut on his arm looked red and angry. (他手臂上的伤口看起来又红又肿。)
拓展 (Noun): “anger” 是名词，意为“愤怒”。
扩展 (Preposition): 通常用 “angry with/at” (对某人生气) 和 “angry about/at” (为某事生气)。
引申 (Usage): “angry” 也可以用来形容天气或伤口，表示“险恶的”或“发炎的”。

excited (adj.) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/：兴奋的；激动的。

例句1 (基本义): The children were very excited about opening their presents. (孩子们对拆礼物感到非常兴奋。)
例句2 (为某人): We are so excited for you and your new job! (我们真为你和你的新工作感到高兴！)
例句3 (状态): Her voice was excited as she told us the good news. (她告诉我们这个好消息时，声音很激动。)
例句4 (生理): Don’t get the puppy too excited before bedtime. (睡觉前不要让小狗太兴奋。)
拓展 (Noun): “excitement” 是名词，意为“兴奋，激动”。
扩展 (Adjective): “exciting” 是形容词，意为“令人兴奋的”，用来描述事物，如 “an exciting movie”。
引申 (Grammar): “-ed” 结尾的形容词通常描述人的感受，“-ing” 结尾的形容词通常描述事物的性质。

nervous (adj.) /ˈnɜːrvəs/：紧张的；焦虑的；神经的。

例句1 (紧张的): He always gets nervous before giving a presentation. (他在做演讲前总是很紧张。)
例句2 (焦虑的): She is a nervous person who worries about everything. (她是个神经质的人，什么事都担心。)
例句3 (神经的): The brain is the center of the nervous system. (大脑是神经系统的中枢。)
例句4 (举止): He has a nervous habit of tapping his fingers on the table. (他有个紧张时用手指敲桌子的习惯。)
拓展 (Noun): “nervousness” 是名词，意为“紧张”。
扩展 (Collocation): “nervous breakdown” (精神崩溃), “nervous system” (神经系统)。
引申 (Usage): “nervous” 既可以指暂时的紧张情绪，也可以指与神经系统相关的医学术语。

calm (adj. / v. / n.) /kɑːm/：平静的；镇静的；使平静。

例句1 (形容词): The sea was calm after the storm. (暴风雨过后，大海很平静。)
例句2 (形容词): Try to stay calm and tell me what happened. (试着保持冷静，告诉我发生了什么。)
例句3 (动词): He calmed the crying child by singing a song. (他通过唱歌让哭泣的孩子平静下来。)
例句4 (名词): A calm came over the crowd. (人群恢复了平静。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个词性非常丰富的词。
扩展 (Adverb): “calmly” 是副词，意为“平静地”。
引申 (Idiom): “the calm before the storm” 意为“暴风雨前的宁静”。

worried (adj.) /ˈwɜːrid/：担心的；焦虑的。

例句1 (基本义): I’m worried about my final exams. (我担心我的期末考试。)
例句2 (为某人): She was worried that he might be lost. (她担心他可能迷路了。)
例句3 (表情): He had a worried expression on his face. (他脸上带着忧虑的表情。)
例句4 (状态): Don’t look so worried! Everything will be fine. (别看起来那么担心！一切都会好起来的。)
拓展 (Noun): “worry” 是名词，意为“担心，烦恼”。
扩展 (Verb): “to worry” 是动词，意为“担心”。
引申 (Grammar): “worried” 描述一种状态，而 “worrying” 描述一个令人担心的事物，如 “a worrying situation”。

surprised (adj.) /sərˈpraɪzd/：惊讶的；吃惊的。

例句1 (基本义): I was surprised to see her at the party. (在派对上看到她，我感到很惊讶。)
例句2 (对某事): She was surprised by the sudden noise. (她被突如其来的噪音吓了一跳。)
例句3 (反应): He gave me a surprised look. (他给了我一个惊讶的眼神。)
例句4 (不惊讶): I’m not surprised that he failed; he never studied. (他不及格我一点也不惊讶，他从不学习。)
拓展 (Noun): “surprise” 是名词，意为“惊喜，惊奇”。
扩展 (Adjective): “surprising” 意为“令人惊讶的”，如 “a surprising result”。
引申 (Usage): “surprised” 可以是正面的（惊喜），也可以是负面的（惊吓）。

afraid (adj.) /əˈfreɪd/：害怕的；担心的。

例句1 (害怕): Many people are afraid of public speaking. (许多人害怕公众演讲。)
例句2 (担心): I’m afraid I can’t help you. (恐怕我帮不了你。)
例句3 (为某人): She was afraid for her children’s safety. (她为孩子们的安全感到担忧。)
例句4 (短语): Don’t be afraid to ask for help. (不要害怕寻求帮助。)
拓展 (Usage): “I’m afraid…” 是一种委婉地表达坏消息或拒绝的常用方式。
扩展 (Synonym): “scared” 是一个更口语化的近义词。
引申 (Grammar): “afraid” 是一个表语形容词，通常不放在名词前（不说 “an afraid boy”，而说 “The boy is afraid”）。

brave (adj.) /breɪv/：勇敢的；英勇的。

例句1 (基本义): The brave firefighter rescued the family from the burning house. (勇敢的消防员从燃烧的房子里救出了那家人。)
例句2 (决定): It was a brave decision to start her own business. (自己创业是一个勇敢的决定。)
例句3 (面对): She was very brave to face the challenges alone. (她非常勇敢地独自面对挑战。)
例句4 (动词): They had to brave the storm to get home. (他们不得不冒着暴风雨回家。)
拓展 (Verb): “to brave” 可以作动词，意为“勇敢面对，冒着”。
扩展 (Noun): “bravery” 是名词，意为“勇敢”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “cowardly” (懦弱的)。

kind (adj. / n.) /kaɪnd/：善良的；友好的；种类。

例句1 (形容词): Thank you for your kind words. (谢谢你的善言。)
例句2 (形容词): It was very kind of you to help me. (你帮助我真是太好了。)
例句3 (名词): What kind of music do you like? (你喜欢哪种音乐？)
例句4 (名词): The zoo has many different kinds of animals. (动物园里有许多不同种类的动物。)
拓展 (Usage): 注意它作为形容词和名词时的不同含义。
扩展 (Noun): “kindness” 是名词，意为“善良，仁慈”。
引申 (Antonym): 形容词的反义词是 “unkind” (不友善的) 或 “cruel” (残忍的)。

polite (adj.) /pəˈlaɪt/：有礼貌的；文雅的。

例句1 (基本义): He is always polite to everyone, regardless of their status. (他总是对每个人都很有礼貌，无论他们的地位如何。)
例句2 (行为): It is polite to say “please” and “thank you”. (说“请”和“谢谢”是有礼貌的。)
例句3 (方式): She found a polite way to refuse his invitation. (她找到了一个礼貌的方式来拒绝他的邀请。)
例句4 (短语): Try to be polite, even if you are angry. (即使你生气了，也要尽量保持礼貌。)
拓展 (Noun): “politeness” 是名词，意为“礼貌”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “impolite” 或 “rude” (粗鲁的)。
引申 (Culture): 礼貌 (politeness) 的标准在不同文化中可能有所不同。

rude (adj.) /ruːd/：粗鲁的；无礼的。

例句1 (基本义): It is rude to interrupt someone when they are speaking. (打断别人说话是粗鲁的。)
例句2 (行为): He made a rude comment about her dress. (他对她的着装做出了无礼的评论。)
例句3 (状态): I was shocked by his rude behavior. (我被他粗鲁的行为震惊了。)
例句4 (比喻): He had a rude awakening when he realized he had failed the exam. (当他意识到自己考试不及格时，他才如梦初醒。)
拓展 (Noun): “rudeness” 是名词，意为“粗鲁”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “polite” (有礼貌的)。
引申 (Idiom): “a rude awakening/shock” 意为“令人震惊的意外，当头一棒”。

honest (adj.) /ˈɒnɪst/：诚实的；正直的。

例句1 (基本义): She is a completely honest person; you can trust her. (她是一个完全诚实的人，你可以信任她。)
例句2 (坦率): To be honest, I don’t really like this movie. (说实话，我不太喜欢这部电影。)
例句3 (表情): He has an honest face. (他长着一张诚实的面孔。)
例句4 (劳动): He earns an honest living as a carpenter. (他做木匠，挣的是正当的钱。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意首字母 “h” 不发音。
扩展 (Noun): “honesty” 是名词，意为“诚实”。
引申 (Idiom): “Honesty is the best policy.” 意为“诚实为上策”。

dishonest (adj.) /dɪsˈɒnɪst/：不诚实的。

例句1 (基本义): It was dishonest of him to lie about his age. (他谎报年龄是不诚实的。)
例句2 (行为): He was fired for dishonest practices. (他因不诚实的做法而被解雇。)
例句3 (人): A dishonest person cannot be trusted. (一个不诚实的人是不能被信任的。)
例句4 (感觉): I feel there is something dishonest about his offer. (我觉得他的提议有些不诚实。)
拓展 (Prefix): 前缀 “dis-” 表示否定，是 “honest” 的反义词。
扩展 (Noun): “dishonesty” 是名词，意为“不诚实”。
引申 (Usage): 指任何形式的欺骗、撒谎或偷窃行为。

friendly (adj.) /ˈfrendli/：友好的；友善的。

例句1 (基本义): The local people are very friendly to tourists. (当地人对游客非常友好。)
例句2 (氛围): The restaurant has a warm and friendly atmosphere. (这家餐厅有温暖友好的氛围。)
例句3 (关系): They had a friendly chat over a cup of coffee. (他们喝着咖啡进行了友好的交谈。)
例句4 (比赛): The two teams played a friendly match before the tournament. (锦标赛前，两队进行了一场友谊赛。)
拓展 (Noun): “friendliness” 是名词，意为“友好”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “unfriendly” (不友好的) 或 “hostile” (有敌意的)。
引申 (Usage): “friendly” 也可以指“友谊赛”。

shy (adj.) /ʃaɪ/：害羞的；腼腆的。

例句1 (基本义): The little girl is shy and hides behind her mother. (小女孩很害羞，躲在她妈妈身后。)
例句2 (行为): He gave a shy smile and looked away. (他害羞地笑了笑，然后移开了目光。)
例句3 (短语): Don’t be shy! Come and join the conversation. (别害羞！过来加入对话吧。)
例句4 (比喻): The company is shy of investing in new technology. (公司对投资新技术持谨慎态度。)
拓展 (Noun): “shyness” 是名词，意为“害羞”。
扩展 (Verb): “to shy away from” 是动词短语，意为“回避，躲避”。
引申 (Usage): “shy of” 也可以表示“缺乏，不足”。

confident (adj.) /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/：自信的；确信的。

例句1 (自信的): She is a confident and articulate speaker. (她是一位自信且口齿伶俐的演讲者。)
例句2 (确信的): I am confident that we will win the game. (我确信我们会赢得比赛。)
例句3 (关于): He is confident in his ability to do the job. (他对自己的工作能力充满信心。)
例句4 (语气): She answered the questions in a confident voice. (她用自信的语气回答了问题。)
拓展 (Noun): “confidence” 是名词，意为“自信，信心”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “insecure” (缺乏安全感的) 或 “unconfident”。
引申 (Confidant): 注意不要与 “confidant” (知己，密友) 混淆。

proud (adj.) /praʊd/：骄傲的；自豪的；傲慢的。

例句1 (自豪的): Her parents are very proud of her achievements. (她的父母为她的成就感到非常自豪。)
例句2 (骄傲的): He is too proud to admit he made a mistake. (他太骄傲了，不肯承认自己犯了错。)
例句3 (时刻): It was a proud moment for the whole team. (那是整个团队的骄傲时刻。)
例句4 (拥有): The city is proud of its beautiful parks. (这座城市以其美丽的公园为荣。)
拓展 (Usage): “proud” 可以是褒义（自豪），也可以是贬义（傲慢）。
扩展 (Noun): “pride” 是名词，意为“自豪；骄傲”。
引申 (Idiom): “to do someone proud” 意为“让某人感到骄傲”。

humble (adj. / v.) /ˈhʌmbl/：谦逊的；简陋的；使谦卑。

例句1 (形容词-谦逊): Despite his fame, he remained a humble and modest man. (尽管他声名显赫，但他仍然是一个谦逊的人。)
例句2 (形容词-简陋): They live in a humble cottage in the countryside. (他们住在乡下一间简陋的小屋里。)
例句3 (动词): The experience humbled him and taught him a valuable lesson. (这次经历使他变得谦卑，并给了他宝贵的教训。)
例句4 (短语): In my humble opinion, this is not the right approach. (依我拙见，这不是正确的方法。)
拓展 (Usage): “in my humble opinion” 是一种表示谦虚的客套语。
扩展 (Noun): “humility” 是名词，意为“谦逊”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “proud” (骄傲的) 或 “arrogant” (傲慢的)。

clever (adj.) /ˈklevər/：聪明的；灵巧的；机灵的。

例句1 (聪明的): She is a clever student who always gets top grades. (她是个聪明的学生，总能得到最高分。)
例句2 (灵巧的): He is very clever with his hands. (他双手很灵巧。)
例句3 (主意): That’s a clever idea! (真是个聪明的主意！)
例句4 (英式): In British English, “clever” is a very common compliment for intelligence. (在英式英语中，“clever” 是对智商很常见的赞美。)
拓展 (Noun): “cleverness” 是名词，意为“聪明，机灵”。
扩展 (Synonym): “smart”, “intelligent”, “bright” 都是近义词，但侧重点略有不同。
引申 (Usage): “clever” 常常带有“机智、反应快”的意味。

stupid (adj.) /ˈstjuːpɪd/：愚蠢的；笨的。

例句1 (基本义): That was a stupid thing to do. (做那件事真是太蠢了。)
例句2 (感觉): I felt so stupid when I realized my mistake. (当我意识到自己的错误时，我感觉自己蠢透了。)
例句3 (问题): There’s no such thing as a stupid question. (没有所谓的愚蠢问题。)
例句4 (状态): He was knocked stupid by the blow. (他被那一击打得昏了过去。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个非常直接且不礼貌的词，使用时需谨慎。
扩展 (Noun): “stupidity” 是名词，意为“愚蠢”。
引申 (Synonym): “silly”, “foolish” 是更温和的近义词。

lazy (adj.) /ˈleɪzi/：懒惰的；悠闲的。

例句1 (懒惰的): He was too lazy to get out of bed on Sunday morning. (周日早上他懒得起床。)
例句2 (悠闲的): We spent a lazy afternoon by the river. (我们在河边度过了一个悠闲的下午。)
例句3 (比喻): The writer was accused of lazy thinking. (这位作家被指责思想懒惰。)
例句4 (动物): A lazy cat was sleeping in the sun. (一只懒猫在阳光下睡觉。)
拓展 (Noun): “laziness” 是名词，意为“懒惰”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “hardworking” (勤奋的) 或 “diligent” (勤勉的)。
引申 (Usage): “lazy” 也可以用来形容一种缓慢、放松的状态。

hardworking (adj.) /ˌhɑːrdˈwɜːrkɪŋ/：勤奋的；努力工作的。

例句1 (基本义): She is a hardworking and dedicated employee. (她是一位勤奋敬业的员工。)
例句2 (人): My parents were hardworking people who taught me the value of effort. (我的父母是勤劳的人，他们教会了我努力的价值。)
例句3 (对比): He is not very clever, but he is extremely hardworking. (他不是很聪明，但他极其勤奋。)
例句4 (群体): The success of the company is due to its hardworking staff. (公司的成功归功于其勤奋的员工。)
拓展 (Synonym): “diligent”, “industrious” 是更正式的近义词。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “lazy” (懒惰的)。
引申 (Composition): 这是一个由 “hard” (努力地) 和 “working” (工作) 组成的复合词。

generous (adj.) /ˈdʒenərəs/：慷慨的；大方的；大量的。

例句1 (慷慨的): It was very generous of you to pay for everyone. (你为大家付钱真是太慷慨了。)
例句2 (大方的): She is always generous with her time and advice. (她总是毫不吝啬地付出她的时间和建议。)
例句3 (大量的): The restaurant serves generous portions of food. (这家餐厅的菜量很足。)
例句4 (宽宏的): He was generous in his praise for his opponent. (他对他的对手不吝赞美之词。)
拓展 (Noun): “generosity” 是名词，意为“慷慨”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “selfish” (自私的) 或 “stingy” (吝啬的)。
引申 (Usage): “generous” 不仅指金钱，也可以指时间、赞美、食物份量等。

selfish (adj.) /ˈselfɪʃ/：自私的。

例句1 (基本义): It was selfish of him to eat all the cake himself. (他自己吃掉所有蛋糕是自私的。)
例句2 (人): Don’t be so selfish; think about other people’s feelings. (别那么自私，考虑一下别人的感受。)
例句3 (动机): His actions were driven by selfish motives. (他的行为是出于自私的动机。)
例句4 (基因): The book discusses the concept of the “selfish gene”. (这本书讨论了“自私的基因”这一概念。)
拓展 (Noun): “selfishness” 是名词，意为“自私”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “generous” (慷慨的) 或 “unselfish” (无私的)。
引申 (Composition): 由 “self” (自我) 和 “-ish” (像……的) 组成。

patient (adj.) /ˈpeɪʃnt/：有耐心的。

例句1 (基本义): A good teacher needs to be patient with students. (一位好老师需要对学生有耐心。)
例句2 (等待): Please be patient; the doctor will see you soon. (请耐心等待，医生很快就会见您。)
例句3 (名词): The doctor is with a patient right now. (医生现在正和一位病人在一起。)
例句4 (短语): You’ll have to be patient and wait your turn. (你必须耐心等待轮到你。)
拓展 (Usage): 注意它既是形容词“有耐心的”，也是名词“病人”。
扩展 (Noun): “patience” 是名词，意为“耐心”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “impatient” (不耐烦的)。

impatient (adj.) /ɪmˈpeɪʃnt/：不耐烦的；急切的。

例句1 (不耐烦的): He started to get impatient after waiting for an hour. (等了一个小时后，他开始变得不耐烦了。)
例句2 (急切的): The children were impatient to open their gifts. (孩子们迫不及待地想打开他们的礼物。)
例句3 (语气): There was an impatient tone in his voice. (他的语气里带着不耐烦。)
例句4 (行为): He gave an impatient sigh. (他不耐烦地叹了口气。)
拓展 (Prefix): 前缀 “im-” 表示否定，是 “patient” 的反义词。
扩展 (Noun): “impatience” 是名词，意为“不耐烦”。
引申 (Usage): “impatient to do sth” 或 “impatient for sth” 表示“急于做某事”或“急切盼望某事”。

serious (adj.) /ˈsɪəriəs/：严肃的；认真的；严重的。

例句1 (严肃的): Why do you look so serious? Is something wrong? (你为什么看起来这么严肃？出什么事了吗？)
例句2 (认真的): She is very serious about her career. (她对自己的事业非常认真。)
例句3 (严重的): He made a serious mistake. (他犯了一个严重的错误。)
例句4 (疾病): It was a serious illness, but she has fully recovered. (那是一场重病，但她已经完全康复了。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个多义词，可以形容人、态度、情况或疾病。
扩展 (Antonym): 形容人和态度时，反义词可以是 “funny” (有趣的), “lighthearted” (轻松的)。形容情况时，反义词是 “minor” (次要的)。
引申 (Noun): “seriousness” 是名词，意为“严肃，严重性”。

funny (adj.) /ˈfʌni/：有趣的；好笑的；奇怪的。

例句1 (好笑的): He told a very funny story that made everyone laugh. (他讲了一个非常有趣的故事，把大家都逗乐了。)
例句2 (奇怪的): That’s funny – I’m sure I left my keys on the table. (真奇怪——我确定我把钥匙放在桌子上了。)
例句3 (人): My brother is a really funny guy. (我哥哥是个很有趣的人。)
例句4 (感觉): I have a funny feeling that we’re being watched. (我有一种奇怪的感觉，觉得我们被人监视着。)
拓展 (Usage): “funny” 的第二个常见意思是“奇怪的，不寻常的”。
扩展 (Synonym): “amusing”, “humorous” 是“好笑的”近义词；“strange”, “odd”, “peculiar” 是“奇怪的”近义词。
引申 (Contrast): “fun” 是名词，指“乐趣”；“funny” 是形容词，指“好笑的”。

love (n. / v.) /lʌv/：爱；热爱；喜爱。

例句1 (名词-爱情): Their love story is like a romantic movie. (他们的爱情故事就像一部浪漫电影。)
例句2 (名词-亲情): A mother’s love for her child is unconditional. (母爱是无条件的。)
例句3 (动词-热爱): I love my family more than anything. (我爱我的家人胜过一切。)
例句4 (动词-喜爱): She loves reading and hiking in her free time. (她业余时间喜爱阅读和远足。)
拓展 (Usage): “love” 可以表达从亲情、爱情到对事物的强烈喜爱等多种情感。
扩展 (Adjective): “lovely” (可爱的), “loving” (充满爱意的)。
引申 (Idiom): “Love is blind.” 意为“爱情是盲目的”。

hate (n. / v.) /heɪt/：恨；憎恨；讨厌。

例句1 (名词): She was filled with hate for the people who had wronged her. (她对自己受到冤屈的人充满了仇恨。)
例句2 (名词): The opposite of love is not hate, it’s indifference. (爱的反面不是恨，而是冷漠。)
例句3 (动词): I hate it when people are dishonest. (我讨厌不诚实的人。)
例句4 (动词): He hates waking up early in the morning. (他讨厌早上早起。)
拓展 (Noun): “hatred” /ˈheɪtrɪd/ 是一个更强烈的名词，指“憎恨，仇恨”。
扩展 (Collocation): “hate mail” (恐吓信), “pet hate” (特别讨厌的东西)。
引申 (Usage): “hate” 是一个非常强烈的词，在日常生活中，人们更常用 “dislike” 或 “can’t stand” 来表达“不喜欢”。

joy (n.) /dʒɔɪ/：喜悦；欢乐；乐趣。

例句1 (喜悦): Her face was filled with joy when she saw her family. (当她看到家人时，脸上充满了喜悦。)
例句2 (乐趣): He finds great joy in helping others. (他在帮助他人中找到了巨大的乐趣。)
例句3 (来源): The new baby brought so much joy to the couple. (新生儿给这对夫妇带来了无尽的欢乐。)
例句4 (短语): To my great joy, my old friend was at the party. (令我大为欣喜的是，我的老朋友也在派对上。)
拓展 (Adjective): “joyful” (充满喜悦的), “joyous” (快乐的，更正式)。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “sorrow” (悲伤)。
引申 (Idiom): “a bundle of joy” 常用来指新生儿。

sorrow (n.) /ˈsɒroʊ/：悲伤；悲痛。

例句1 (基本义): He expressed his deep sorrow at the news of her death. (他对她的死讯表达了深切的悲痛。)
例句2 (状态): Her heart was full of sorrow after the loss. (在遭受损失后，她的心中充满了悲伤。)
例句3 (来源): The war brought nothing but sorrow and destruction. (战争带来的只有悲伤和毁灭。)
例句4 (短语): In times of sorrow, friends can be a great comfort. (在悲伤的时刻，朋友是巨大的安慰。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个比较正式和文学化的词，比 “sadness” 程度更深。
扩展 (Adjective): “sorrowful” 是形容词，意为“悲伤的”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “joy” (喜悦)。

fear (n. / v.) /fɪər/：恐惧；害怕；担心。

例句1 (名词): He has a fear of heights. (他有恐高症。)
例句2 (名词): The villagers lived in constant fear of attack. (村民们生活在对袭击的持续恐惧中。)
例句3 (动词): There is nothing to fear but fear itself. (除了恐惧本身，没什么好害怕的。)
例句4 (动词-担心): I fear that we may be too late. (我担心我们可能太迟了。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为动词，“fear” 也可以是一种礼貌地表达担忧或坏消息的方式。
扩展 (Adjective): “fearful” (可怕的；害怕的), “fearless” (无畏的)。
引申 (Noun): “phobia” /ˈfoʊbiə/ 指“（病态的）恐惧症”。

hope (n. / v.) /hoʊp/：希望。

例句1 (名词): Never give up hope. (永远不要放弃希望。)
例句2 (名词): She is our last hope for success. (她是我们成功的最后希望。)
例句3 (动词): I hope you feel better soon. (我希望你早日康复。)
例句4 (动词): We are hoping for good weather on our wedding day. (我们希望我们婚礼那天天气好。)
拓展 (Adjective): “hopeful” (充满希望的), “hopeless” (绝望的)。
扩展 (Collocation): “a glimmer of hope” (一线希望), “high hopes” (很高的期望)。
引申 (Usage): “hope” 通常用于对可能实现的事情的期盼。

dream (n. / v.) /driːm/：梦想；梦；做梦。

例句1 (名词-梦想): His dream is to travel around the world. (他的梦想是环游世界。)
例句2 (名词-梦): I had a strange dream last night. (我昨晚做了一个奇怪的梦。)
例句3 (动词): I often dream about flying. (我经常梦到飞翔。)
例句4 (动词-比喻): I wouldn’t dream of asking for more money. (我做梦也不会想多要钱的。)
拓展 (Usage): “wouldn’t dream of doing sth” 是一种强调“绝不会做某事”的说法。
扩展 (Adjective): “dreamy” (梦幻般的)。
引申 (Noun): “daydream” (白日梦)。

curious (adj.) /ˈkjʊəriəs/：好奇的；古怪的。

例句1 (好奇的): Children are naturally curious about the world around them. (孩子们天生对周围的世界充满好奇。)
例句2 (想知道): I’m curious to know what she said. (我很好奇想知道她说了什么。)
例句3 (古怪的): He is a curious character who lives alone in the woods. (他是个古怪的人，独自住在森林里。)
例句4 (事物): We found a curious object on the beach. (我们在沙滩上发现了一个奇特的物体。)
拓展 (Usage): “curious” 的第二个意思是“奇特的，古怪的”。
扩展 (Noun): “curiosity” 是名词，意为“好奇心”。
引申 (Idiom): “Curiosity killed the cat.” 意为“好奇害死猫（劝人别多管闲事）”。

anxious (adj.) /ˈæŋkʃəs/：焦虑的；渴望的。

例句1 (焦虑的): He is anxious about his job interview. (他对他的工作面试感到焦虑。)
例句2 (渴望的): She was anxious to start her new life in the city. (她渴望在城市开始她的新生活。)
例句3 (状态): The long delay made everyone feel anxious. (长时间的延误让每个人都感到焦虑。)
例句4 (短语): I am anxious for news of my family. (我急切地盼望家人的消息。)
拓展 (Usage): “anxious about” 通常指“为……而焦虑”，而 “anxious to do/for sth” 通常指“渴望做某事/得到某物”。
扩展 (Noun): “anxiety” /æŋˈzaɪəti/ 是名词，意为“焦虑”。
引申 (Synonym): “worried” 是近义词，但 “anxious” 常常暗示一种更强烈、更持久的不安感。

calm (adj.) /kɑːm/：冷静的；平静的。

例句1 (人): Despite the chaos, she remained perfectly calm. (尽管一片混乱，她仍然保持着绝对的冷静。)
例句2 (环境): The lake was calm and peaceful in the morning light. (在晨光中，湖面平静而安宁。)
例句3 (语气): He spoke in a calm and reassuring voice. (他用一种冷静而令人安心的语气说话。)
例句4 (动词): Calm down and tell me what happened. (冷静下来，告诉我发生了什么。)
拓展 (Verb): “to calm down” 是一个常用的动词短语，意为“冷静下来”。
扩展 (Noun): “calmness” 是名词，意为“平静，冷静”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “nervous” (紧张的), “anxious” (焦虑的), “agitated” (不安的)。

confident (adj.) /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/：自信的；确信的。

例句1 (自信的): She is a confident and articulate speaker. (她是一位自信且口齿伶俐的演讲者。)
例句2 (确信的): I am confident that we will win the game. (我确信我们会赢得比赛。)
例句3 (关于): He is confident in his ability to do the job. (他对自己的工作能力充满信心。)
例句4 (语气): She answered the questions in a confident voice. (她用自信的语气回答了问题。)
拓展 (Noun): “confidence” 是名词，意为“自信，信心”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “insecure” (缺乏安全感的) 或 “unconfident”。
引申 (Confidant): 注意不要与 “confidant” (知己，密友) 混淆。

shy (adj.) /ʃaɪ/：害羞的；腼腆的。

例句1 (基本义): The little girl is shy and hides behind her mother. (小女孩很害羞，躲在她妈妈身后。)
例句2 (行为): He gave a shy smile and looked away. (他害羞地笑了笑，然后移开了目光。)
例句3 (短语): Don’t be shy! Come and join the conversation. (别害羞！过来加入对话吧。)
例句4 (比喻): The company is shy of investing in new technology. (公司对投资新技术持谨慎态度。)
拓展 (Noun): “shyness” 是名词，意为“害羞”。
扩展 (Verb): “to shy away from” 是动词短语，意为“回避，躲避”。
引申 (Usage): “shy of” 也可以表示“缺乏，不足”。

outgoing (adj.) /ˈaʊtɡoʊɪŋ/：外向的；友好的。

例句1 (基本义): She has an outgoing personality and makes friends easily. (她性格外向，很容易交到朋友。)
例句2 (人): He is a very outgoing person, always the life of the party. (他是一个非常外向的人，总是派对的中心人物。)
例句3 (即将离职的): The outgoing president gave a farewell speech. (即将离任的总统发表了告别演说。)
例句4 (对比): Her brother is quiet and reserved, while she is very outgoing. (她的哥哥安静内向，而她则非常外向。)
拓展 (Usage): “outgoing” 的另一个意思是“即将离职的，即将结束的”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “shy” (害羞的), “reserved” (内敛的), “introverted” (内向的)。
引申 (Synonym): “sociable” 是近义词。

reserved (adj.) /rɪˈzɜːvd/：内敛的；寡言的；预订的。

例句1 (内敛的): He is a reserved man who doesn’t show his feelings easily. (他是个内敛的人，不轻易表露感情。)
例句2 (人): The English have a reputation for being rather reserved. (英国人以相当内敛而闻名。)
例句3 (预订的): This table is reserved for Mr. Smith. (这张桌子是为史密斯先生预订的。)
例句4 (权利): All rights reserved. (版权所有。)
拓展 (Usage): 注意它作为性格和作为“预订”时的不同含义。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “outgoing” (外向的)。
引申 (Verb): “to reserve” 是动词，意为“预订；保留”。

optimistic (adj.) /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/：乐观的。

例句1 (基本义): She is optimistic about her chances of winning. (她对获胜的机会持乐观态度。)
例句2 (人): Despite the difficulties, he remains optimistic. (尽管困难重重，他仍然保持乐观。)
例句3 (看法): He has an optimistic view of the future. (他对未来有乐观的看法。)
例句4 (语气): “I’m sure it will all work out,” she said in an optimistic tone. (“我相信一切都会解决的，”她用乐观的语气说。)
拓展 (Noun): “optimism” (乐观), “optimist” (乐观主义者)。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “pessimistic” (悲观的)。
引申 (Idiom): An optimist sees the glass as half full. (乐观者看到的杯子是半满的。)

pessimistic (adj.) /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/：悲观的。

例句1 (基本义): Don’t be so pessimistic; things might get better. (别这么悲观，情况可能会好转。)
例句2 (人): He is pessimistic about the future of the economy. (他对经济的未来感到悲观。)
例句3 (看法): She has a pessimistic outlook on life. (她的人生观很悲观。)
例句4 (预测): The report gives a pessimistic forecast for the industry. (该报告对该行业做出了悲观的预测。)
拓展 (Noun): “pessimism” (悲观), “pessimist” (悲观主义者)。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “optimistic” (乐观的)。
引申 (Idiom): A pessimist sees the glass as half empty. (悲观者看到的杯子是半空的。)

sensitive (adj.) /ˈsensətɪv/：敏感的；体贴的；灵敏的。

例句1 (敏感的): She is very sensitive to criticism. (她对批评非常敏感。)
例句2 (体贴的): He is a sensitive and caring person. (他是一个体贴入微、有爱心的人。)
例句3 (灵敏的): A dog’s nose is highly sensitive to smells. (狗的鼻子对气味高度灵敏。)
例句4 (话题): This is a politically sensitive issue. (这是一个政治敏感问题。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个多义词，可以是褒义（体贴的），也可以是中性或略带贬义（过于敏感的）。
扩展 (Noun): “sensitivity” 是名词，意为“敏感性”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “insensitive” (不敏感的，麻木不仁的)。

sensible (adj.) /ˈsensəbl/：明智的；通情达理的；实用的。

例句1 (明智的): It was sensible of you to save money instead of spending it all. (你把钱存起来而不是全部花掉，这是明智的。)
例句2 (人): She is a very sensible person who you can rely on. (她是一个非常通情达理的人，你可以信赖她。)
例句3 (实用的): Wear sensible shoes if you are going for a long walk. (如果你要去远足，就穿双舒适实用的鞋子。)
例句4 (建议): That’s a very sensible suggestion. (那是个非常明智的建议。)
拓展 (Usage): 注意不要和 “sensitive” (敏感的) 混淆。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “silly” 或 “foolish” (愚蠢的)。
引申 (Noun): “sense” 是名词，意为“感觉；判断力”。

moody (adj.) /ˈmuːdi/：喜怒无常的；情绪化的。

例句1 (基本义): He is very moody; you never know if he’ll be happy or angry. (他非常情绪化，你永远不知道他是会高兴还是会生气。)
例句2 (人): Teenagers are often perceived as being moody. (青少年常常被认为是喜怒无常的。)
例句3 (氛围): The film has a dark and moody atmosphere. (这部电影有一种阴暗而忧郁的氛围。)
例句4 (状态): She’s in a moody silence and won’t talk to anyone. (她陷入了郁闷的沉默中，不和任何人说话。)
拓展 (Noun): “mood” 是名词，意为“心情，情绪”。
扩展 (Usage): “moody” 也可以用来形容艺术作品，表示“忧郁的，有气氛的”。
引申 (Synonym): “temperamental” 是近义词。

cheerful (adj.) /ˈtʃɪəfl/：开朗的；令人愉快的。

例句1 (人): She is always cheerful and smiling. (她总是开朗爱笑。)
例句2 (氛围): The room was painted in cheerful colors like yellow and orange. (房间被漆成了黄色和橙色等令人愉快的颜色。)
例句3 (声音): He greeted us with a cheerful “Hello!”. (他用一声愉快的“你好！”跟我们打招呼。)
例句4 (状态): Despite her problems, she remains cheerful. (尽管有困难，她仍然保持开朗。)
拓展 (Noun): “cheer” (欢呼), “cheerfulness” (开朗)。
扩展 (Verb): “to cheer up” 是动词短语，意为“使高兴起来，振作起来”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “gloomy” (忧郁的) 或 “miserable” (痛苦的)。

miserable (adj.) /ˈmɪzrəbl/：痛苦的；悲惨的；糟糕的。

例句1 (痛苦的): I felt miserable when I failed the exam. (考试不及格时，我感到很痛苦。)
例句2 (悲惨的): They lived in miserable conditions. (他们生活在悲惨的环境中。)
例句3 (糟糕的): What miserable weather! It’s been raining all day. (多糟糕的天气！一整天都在下雨。)
例句4 (人): He’s a miserable old man who complains about everything. (他是个爱抱怨的讨厌老头。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个强烈的负面词，可以形容心情、生活条件、天气等。
扩展 (Noun): “misery” 是名词，意为“痛苦，悲惨”。
引申 (Synonym): “wretched” 是一个更强烈的近义词。

jealous (adj.) /ˈdʒeləs/：嫉妒的；吃醋的。

例句1 (嫉妒的): He was jealous of his brother’s success. (他嫉妒他兄弟的成功。)
例句2 (吃醋的): She gets jealous if her boyfriend talks to other girls. (如果她男朋友和其他女孩说话，她就会吃醋。)
例句3 (珍视的): He is very jealous of his reputation. (他非常爱惜自己的名誉。)
例句4 (短语): There is no reason to be jealous. (没有理由嫉妒。)
拓展 (Usage): “jealous of” 的第三个意思是“小心守护的，唯恐失去的”。
扩展 (Noun): “jealousy” 是名词，意为“嫉妒”。
引申 (Contrast): 不要与 “envious” 混淆。“Jealousy” 通常是你害怕失去你所拥有的东西，而 “envy” 是你想要别人拥有的东西。

envious (adj.) /ˈenviəs/：羡慕的。

例句1 (基本义): I am very envious of your new car. (我非常羡慕你的新车。)
例句2 (感觉): She felt envious when she saw her friend’s beautiful house. (当她看到朋友漂亮的房子时，她感到很羡慕。)
例句3 (眼神): He cast an envious glance at the winner’s trophy. (他向冠军的奖杯投去羡慕的一瞥。)
例句4 (短语): Many people are envious of their lifestyle. (许多人羡慕他们的生活方式。)
拓展 (Noun): “envy” 是名词，意为“羡慕”。
扩展 (Verb): “to envy” 是动词，意为“羡慕”。
引申 (Contrast): “Envy” 是想要别人拥有的东西，而 “jealousy” 通常涉及三方关系，害怕失去自己拥有的东西给第三方。

grateful (adj.) /ˈɡreɪtfl/：感激的；感谢的。

例句1 (基本义): I am very grateful for all your help. (我非常感谢你所有的帮助。)
例句2 (对某人): We are grateful to you for your support. (我们感谢你的支持。)
例句3 (为某事): She was grateful that she had survived the accident. (她很庆幸自己在事故中幸存下来。)
例句4 (短语): I would be grateful if you could reply as soon as possible. (如果您能尽快回复，我将不胜感激。)
拓展 (Usage): “I would be grateful if…” 是一种非常礼貌的请求方式。
扩展 (Noun): “gratitude” 是名词，意为“感激之情”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “ungrateful” (忘恩负义的)。

ashamed (adj.) /əˈʃeɪmd/：羞愧的；惭愧的。

例句1 (基本义): He was ashamed of his bad behavior. (他为自己的不良行为感到羞愧。)
例句2 (感觉): She felt ashamed that she had lied to her parents. (她为对父母撒了谎而感到惭愧。)
例句3 (短语): You should be ashamed of yourself! (你应该为自己感到羞耻！)
例句4 (不敢): He was too ashamed to admit his mistake. (他羞于承认自己的错误。)
拓展 (Noun): “shame” 是名词，意为“羞耻，羞愧”。
扩展 (Grammar): “ashamed” 是一个表语形容词，通常不放在名词前。
引申 (Contrast): “ashamed” 是因做错事而感到羞愧，而 “shy” 是天性害羞。

disappointed (adj.) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/：失望的。

例句1 (基本义): I was disappointed with my exam results. (我对我的考试成绩感到失望。)
例句2 (对某人): His parents were very disappointed in him. (他的父母对他非常失望。)
例句3 (感觉): She was disappointed that he didn’t come to the party. (他没来参加派对，她感到很失望。)
例句4 (语气): “Oh, I see,” she said in a disappointed voice. (“哦，我明白了，”她用失望的语气说。)
拓展 (Noun): “disappointment” 是名词，意为“失望”。
扩展 (Adjective): “disappointing” 意为“令人失望的”，如 “a disappointing movie”。
引申 (Verb): “to disappoint” 是动词，意为“使失望”。

relieved (adj.) /rɪˈliːvd/：感到宽慰的；放心的。

例句1 (基本义): I was relieved to hear that you are safe. (听到你安全的消息，我松了一口气。)
例句2 (感觉): She felt relieved when the difficult exam was over. (当艰难的考试结束后，她感到如释重负。)
例句3 (表情): He gave a relieved sigh. (他如释重负地叹了口气。)
例句4 (短语): Everyone was relieved that the crisis had been avoided. (所有人都为危机得以避免而感到宽慰。)
拓展 (Noun): “relief” 是名词，意为“宽慰，解脱”。
扩展 (Verb): “to relieve” 是动词，意为“缓解，解除”。
引申 (Usage): 描述一种从焦虑、恐惧或痛苦中解脱出来的感觉。

confused (adj.) /kənˈfjuːzd/：困惑的；混乱的。

例句1 (困惑的): I am confused by these instructions; they don’t make sense. (我被这些说明搞糊涂了，它们讲不通。)
例句2 (感觉): He was so confused he didn’t know what to do. (他非常困惑，不知道该怎么办。)
例句3 (状态): The old man seemed a little confused. (这位老人似乎有点神志不清。)
例句4 (短语): Don’t get confused between “affect” and “effect”. (不要混淆 “affect” 和 “effect”。)
拓展 (Noun): “confusion” 是名词，意为“困惑，混乱”。
扩展 (Adjective): “confusing” 意为“令人困惑的”，如 “a confusing map”。
引申 (Verb): “to confuse” 是动词，意为“使困惑”。

lonely (adj.) /ˈloʊnli/：孤独的；寂寞的；偏僻的。

例句1 (孤独的): She felt lonely after all her friends had gone home. (朋友们都回家后，她感到很孤独。)
例句2 (人): He is a lonely old man with no family. (他是一个没有家人的孤独老人。)
例句3 (偏僻的): They live on a lonely island. (他们住在一个偏僻的岛上。)
例句4 (感觉): It can be lonely when you move to a new city. (当你搬到一个新城市时，可能会感到孤独。)
拓展 (Noun): “loneliness” 是名词，意为“孤独，寂寞”。
扩展 (Contrast): “lonely” 是一种不愉快的情感，而 “alone” 只是一个客观状态（独自一人），可以是愉快的。
引申 (Usage): “lonely” 也可以用来形容地方，表示“人迹罕至的，荒凉的”。

bored (adj.) /bɔːrd/：无聊的；厌烦的。

例句1 (基本义): I’m bored with doing the same thing every day. (我厌倦了每天做同样的事情。)
例句2 (感觉): The children were getting bored, so we decided to go to the park. (孩子们开始觉得无聊了，所以我们决定去公园。)
例句3 (状态): If you are bored, why don’t you read a book? (如果你觉得无聊，为什么不读本书呢？)
例句4 (表情): He had a bored expression on his face during the lecture. (讲座期间，他脸上带着无聊的表情。)
拓展 (Noun): “boredom” /ˈbɔːdəm/ 是名词，意为“无聊，厌烦”。
扩展 (Adjective): “boring” 意为“令人无聊的”，如 “a boring movie”。
引申 (Verb): “to bore” 是动词，意为“使厌烦”。

学习策略：

反义词对： 学习词汇时，可以同时记忆其反义词，例如 “happy” 和 “sad”，“honest” 和 “dishonest”，有助于拓展词汇量并加深理解。
情景代入： 想象自己处于某种情绪或描述某人性格时，如何使用这些词汇。
观察与模仿： 留意英语母语者在表达情感和描述性格时使用的词汇和表达方式。

第二章：日常生活与环境（Daily Life & Environment）

本章旨在帮助学习者掌握与日常生活息息相关的核心英语词汇，包括居住环境、家居用品、饮食习惯以及自然现象和天气状况。这些词汇是进行日常交流、描述生活场景和理解周围世界的基础。
这一章将聚焦于我们日常生活中最常接触的场景和事物，包括住所、家居用品、食物饮品以及自然环境和天气。这些词汇是构建日常对话和理解周围世界的基础。

2.1 住所与家居（Home & Household）

家是我们生活的港湾，了解与住所和家居用品相关的词汇，能帮助我们更好地描述自己的居住环境，进行相关的日常对话。

核心词汇与例句：

house (n.) /haʊs/：房子；住宅。

例句1 (基本义): They live in a beautiful house with a big garden. (他们住在一栋带大花园的漂亮房子里。)
例句2 (比喻义): The theater was a full house tonight. (今晚剧院座无虚席。)
例句3 (特定建筑): The opera house is a famous landmark in the city. (这座歌剧院是该市的著名地标。)
例句4 (搭配): Let's play house! (我们来玩过家家吧！)
拓展 (Verb): "to house" /haʊz/ 是动词，意为“给……提供住所；容纳”。例如：This building can house over 500 students. (这栋楼可以容纳超过500名学生。)
扩展 (Adjective): "household" /ˈhaʊshoʊld/ 可作形容词，意为“家庭的；家用的”。例如：We need to buy some household appliances. (我们需要买一些家用电器。)
引申 (Noun): "housing" /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ 是名词，意为“住房；住宅（总称）”。例如：There is a shortage of affordable housing in the city. (这个城市缺少经济适用房。)

apartment (n.) /əˈpɑːrtmənt/ (美式) /əˈpɑːtmənt/ (英式)：公寓。

例句1 (基本义): I rent a small apartment in the city center. (我在市中心租了一套小公寓。)
例句2 (建筑): The apartment building has a gym and a swimming pool. (这栋公寓楼里有一个健身房和一个游泳池。)
例句3 (搭配): She lives in a luxury apartment overlooking the park. (她住在一套可以俯瞰公园的豪华公寓里。)
拓展 (Noun): "apartment" 在英式英语中通常用 "flat" /flæt/。例如：He owns a flat in London. (他在伦敦拥有一套公寓。)
引申 (Related term): "condominium" 或 "condo" /ˈkɒndoʊ/ 指产权独立的公寓。例如：They bought a condo as a vacation home. (他们买了一套产权公寓作为度假屋。)

room (n.) /ruːm/：房间；空间。

例句1 (基本义): This room is very spacious and bright. (这个房间非常宽敞明亮。)
例句2 (空间): Is there enough room for me in the car? (车里有足够的地方给我坐吗？)
例句3 (余地): There is always room for improvement. (总有改进的余地。)
拓展 (Adjective): "roomy" /ˈruːmi/ 是形容词，意为“宽敞的”。例如：The car is very roomy inside. (这辆车内部空间很宽敞。)
扩展 (Noun): "roommate" /ˈruːmmeɪt/ 是名词，意为“室友”。例如：My roommate and I share the rent. (我和我的室友分摊租金。)

door (n.) /dɔːr/：门。

例句1 (基本义): Please close the door quietly. (请轻轻关上门。)
例句2 (出入口): The front door leads to the hallway. (前门通向走廊。)
例句3 (比喻义): This opportunity could open a new door for your career. (这个机会可能为你的职业生涯打开一扇新的大门。)
拓展 (Noun): "doorway" /ˈdɔːrweɪ/ 是名词，意为“门口，门道”。例如：He stood in the doorway, blocking the exit. (他站在门口，挡住了出口。)
扩展 (Noun): "doorman" /ˈdɔːrmæn/ 是名词，意为“门卫”。例如：The doorman will help you with your luggage. (门卫会帮你拿行李。)

window (n.) /ˈwɪndoʊ/：窗户；窗口。

例句1 (基本义): Open the window to let in some fresh air. (打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。)
例句2 (商店橱窗): The kids were looking at the toys in the shop window. (孩子们看着商店橱窗里的玩具。)
例句3 (机会/时间): We have a small window of opportunity to finish this project. (我们只有一小段“窗口时间”来完成这个项目。)
拓展 (Noun): "windowsill" /ˈwɪndoʊsɪl/ 是名词，意为“窗台”。例如：She placed a pot of flowers on the windowsill. (她把一盆花放在窗台上。)
扩展 (Verb): "window shopping" 是动词词组，意为“只逛不买”。例如：We spent the afternoon just window shopping. (我们花了一下午的时间逛街，但什么也没买。)

wall (n.) /wɔːl/：墙。

例句1 (基本义): There’s a painting hanging on the wall. (墙上挂着一幅画。)
例句2 (比喻义): He felt like he was talking to a brick wall. (他感觉自己像在对牛弹琴。)
例句3 (障碍): The language barrier was a wall between them. (语言障碍是他们之间的一道墙。)
拓展 (Noun): "wallpaper" /ˈwɔːlpeɪpər/ 是名词，意为“墙纸，壁纸”。例如：They decided to put up new wallpaper in the living room. (他们决定在客厅贴上新壁纸。)
引申 (Idiom): "off-the-wall" 是一个习语，意为“古怪的，不寻常的”。例如：He has an off-the-wall sense of humor. (他有一种古怪的幽默感。)

floor (n.) /flɔːr/：地板；楼层。

例句1 (地板): The floor is made of wood. (地板是木制的。)
例句2 (楼层): Our office is on the tenth floor. (我们的办公室在十楼。)
例句3 (发言权): The chairman gave me the floor. (主席请我发言。)
拓展 (Verb): "to floor" 是动词，意为“使……惊愕；击倒”。例如：His sudden announcement floored everyone. (他突然的宣布让所有人都惊呆了。)
扩展 (Noun): "flooring" /ˈflɔːrɪŋ/ 是名词，意为“铺地材料”。例如：We chose hardwood flooring for our new house. (我们为新家挑选了硬木地板材料。)

ceiling (n.) /ˈsiːlɪŋ/：天花板；上限。

例句1 (基本义): The lamp hangs from the ceiling. (灯从天花板上垂下来。)
例句2 (上限): The government has put a price ceiling on gasoline. (政府对汽油价格设定了上限。)
例句3 (比喻义): She broke through the glass ceiling to become the company's first female CEO. (她打破了“玻璃天花板”，成为公司首位女性CEO。)
拓展 (Verb): "to hit the ceiling" 是一个习语，意为“勃然大怒”。例如：My dad will hit the ceiling when he sees the broken vase. (我爸爸看到打碎的花瓶时会火冒三丈。)

roof (n.) /ruːf/：屋顶；顶部。

例句1 (基本义): The roof needs to be repaired. (屋顶需要修理。)
例句2 (顶部): He climbed onto the roof of the car. (他爬上了车顶。)
例句3 (比喻义): We need a roof over our heads. (我们需要一个安身之所。)
拓展 (Adjective): "rooftop" /ˈruːftɒp/ 可作名词或形容词，意为“屋顶的”。例如：There is a rooftop bar with a great view. (那里有一个视野极佳的屋顶酒吧。)
引申 (Idiom): "raise the roof" 是一个习语，意为“大声喧闹；欢呼”。例如：The crowd raised the roof when the band came on stage. (当乐队登台时，人群欢声雷动。)

kitchen (n.) /ˈkɪtʃɪn/：厨房。

例句1 (基本义): She is cooking dinner in the kitchen. (她正在厨房里做晚饭。)
例句2 (烹饪风格): This restaurant is famous for its French kitchen. (这家餐厅以其法式烹饪而闻名。)
拓展 (Noun): "kitchenette" /ˌkɪtʃɪˈnet/ 是名词，意为“小厨房”。例如：The hotel room has a small kitchenette. (这个酒店房间里有一个小厨房。)
扩展 (Noun): "kitchenware" /ˈkɪtʃɪnweər/ 是名词，意为“厨房用具”。例如：You can buy all kinds of kitchenware in this store. (你可以在这家商店买到各种厨房用具。)

bedroom (n.) /ˈbedruːm/：卧室。

例句1 (基本义): My bedroom is on the second floor. (我的卧室在二楼。)
例句2 (搭配): This is a three-bedroom house. (这是一栋有三间卧室的房子。)
拓展 (Noun): "master bedroom" 是指“主卧室”。例如：The master bedroom has its own private bathroom. (主卧室有独立的卫生间。)
扩展 (Adjective): "bedroom" 也可作形容词，形容与卧室相关的。例如：a bedroom community (卧城，指居民主要在别处工作，仅在此居住的社区)。

bathroom (n.) /ˈbæθruːm/：浴室；卫生间。

例句1 (基本义): Where is the bathroom? (洗手间在哪里？)
例句2 (搭配): I need to take a bathroom break. (我需要上一下洗手间。)
拓展 (Related term): 在公共场所，"restroom" (美式) 或 "toilet" (英式) 更常用。例如：Excuse me, could you tell me where the restroom is? (打扰一下，请问洗手间在哪里？)
扩展 (Noun): "bathtub" /ˈbæθtʌb/ 是名词，意为“浴缸”。例如：She enjoys a long soak in the bathtub. (她喜欢在浴缸里长时间泡澡。)

living room (n.) /ˈlɪvɪŋ ruːm/：客厅。

例句1 (基本义): We usually watch TV in the living room. (我们通常在客厅看电视。)
拓展 (Synonym): 在英式英语中，"lounge" /laʊndʒ/ 或 "sitting room" 也是客厅的常用说法。例如：Let's have coffee in the lounge. (我们去客厅喝咖啡吧。)
扩展 (Related term): "family room" 通常指一个更休闲、供家庭成员日常活动的房间。例如：The kids are playing video games in the family room. (孩子们正在家庭活动室玩电子游戏。)

garden (n.) /ˈɡɑːrdn/：花园。

例句1 (基本义): He spends a lot of time working in his garden. (他花很多时间在他的花园里工作。)
例句2 (公共花园): The city has a beautiful botanical garden. (这个城市有一个美丽的植物园。)
拓展 (Verb): "to garden" 是动词，意为“从事园艺”。例如：She loves to garden on weekends. (她喜欢在周末做园艺。)
扩展 (Noun): "gardener" /ˈɡɑːrdnər/ 是名词，意为“园丁”。例如：They hired a gardener to take care of the plants. (他们雇了一名园丁来照料植物。)

furniture (n.) /ˈfɜːrnɪtʃər/：家具（总称，不可数）。

例句1 (基本义): We need to buy some new furniture for the living room. (我们需要为客厅买些新家具。)
例句2 (搭配): A piece of furniture like a table or a chair. (一件家具，比如一张桌子或一把椅子。)
拓展 (Verb): "to furnish" /ˈfɜːrnɪʃ/ 是动词，意为“为（房间或房屋）配备家具”。例如：They furnished the apartment with modern pieces. (他们为公寓配备了现代风格的家具。)
扩展 (Adjective): "furnished" 是形容词，意为“配有家具的”。例如：He is looking for a furnished apartment to rent. (他正在寻找一套带家具的公寓出租。)

table (n.) /ˈteɪbl/：桌子；表格。

例句1 (桌子): Please set the table for dinner. (请摆好餐桌准备晚餐。)
例句2 (表格): The results are shown in the table below. (结果显示在下方的表格中。)
例句3 (会议): The proposal is on the table for discussion. (提案已提交会议讨论。)
拓展 (Verb): "to table" 是动词，在美式英语中意为“搁置（议案）”，在英式英语中意为“提交（议案）供讨论”。
扩展 (Noun): "tablecloth" /ˈteɪblklɒθ/ 是名词，意为“桌布”。例如：She spread a clean tablecloth on the table. (她在桌上铺了一块干净的桌布。)

chair (n.) /tʃeər/：椅子；主席职位。

例句1 (椅子): Take a seat on that chair. (请坐到那把椅子上。)
例句2 (主席): She is the chair of the committee. (她是委员会的主席。)
拓展 (Verb): "to chair" 是动词，意为“主持（会议）”。例如：Who will chair the meeting tomorrow? (明天谁来主持会议？)
扩展 (Noun): "armchair" /ˈɑːrmtʃeər/ 是名词，意为“扶手椅”。例如：My grandfather likes to read in his armchair. (我爷爷喜欢坐在他的扶手椅里看书。)

bed (n.) /bed/：床；（河）床；苗圃。

例句1 (基本义): I’m going to bed early tonight. (我今晚要早点睡觉。)
例句2 (河床): The river bed was dry after the long drought. (长期干旱后，河床都干涸了。)
例句3 (苗圃): She planted roses in the flower bed. (她在花坛里种了玫瑰。)
拓展 (Noun): "bedtime" /ˈbedtaɪm/ 是名词，意为“就寝时间”。例如：It's past your bedtime. (已经过了你该睡觉的时间了。)
扩展 (Noun): "bedding" /ˈbedɪŋ/ 是名词，意为“床上用品（总称）”。例如：We bought new bedding for the guest room. (我们为客房买了新的床上用品。)

sofa (n.) /ˈsoʊfə/：沙发。

例句1 (基本义): He fell asleep on the sofa. (他在沙发上睡着了。)
拓展 (Synonym): "couch" /kaʊtʃ/ 是 "sofa" 的近义词，在美式英语中尤其常用。例如：Let's sit on the couch and watch a movie. (我们坐在沙发上看电影吧。)
扩展 (Noun): "sofa bed" 是指“沙发床”。例如：The sofa bed is useful when we have guests staying over. (当我们有客人留宿时，沙发床就很有用。)

lamp (n.) /læmp/：灯。

例句1 (基本义): Turn on the lamp, it’s getting dark. (把灯打开，天黑了。)
拓展 (Noun): "lampshade" /ˈlæmpʃeɪd/ 是名词，意为“灯罩”。例如：The lampshade softens the light. (灯罩使光线变得柔和。)
扩展 (Related term): "light" /laɪt/ 也可以指灯，但更通用。"Lamp" 通常指带有底座和灯罩、可移动的台灯或落地灯。例如：Please turn on the ceiling light. (请打开天花板上的灯。)

clock (n.) /klɒk/：钟。

例句1 (基本义): The clock on the wall shows the time. (墙上的钟显示时间。)
例句2 (搭配): The meeting will start at 2 o'clock sharp. (会议将在两点整准时开始。)
拓展 (Verb): "to clock" 是动词，意为“记录（时间）；达到（速度）”。例如：He clocked a speed of 100 miles per hour. (他记录下每小时100英里的速度。)
扩展 (Related term): "watch" /wɒtʃ/ 是名词，特指“手表”。例如：He received a new watch for his birthday. (他收到一块新手表作为生日礼物。)

mirror (n.) /ˈmɪrər/：镜子；反映。

例句1 (基本义): She looked at herself in the mirror. (她照了照镜子。)
例句2 (反映): The newspaper is a mirror of public opinion. (报纸是公众舆论的一面镜子。)
拓展 (Verb): "to mirror" 是动词，意为“反映；模仿”。例如：His actions mirror his beliefs. (他的行为反映了他的信念。)
扩展 (Noun): "rear-view mirror" 是指汽车的“后视镜”。例如：Always check your rear-view mirror before changing lanes. (换道前一定要看后视镜。)

cupboard (n.) /ˈkʌbərd/：碗柜；橱柜。

例句1 (基本义): The plates are in the kitchen cupboard. (盘子在厨房的碗柜里。)
拓展 (Related term): "cabinet" /ˈkæbɪnət/ 也是“橱柜”，用途更广，可指厨房、浴室或办公室的储物柜。例如：Please file these documents in the filing cabinet. (请把这些文件归档到文件柜里。)
引申 (Idiom): "a skeleton in the cupboard" (英式) 或 "a skeleton in the closet" (美式) 是一个习语，意为“家丑；不可告人的秘密”。

shelf (n.) /ʃelf/：架子；书架。

例句1 (基本义): Put the books back on the shelf. (把书放回书架上。)
例句2 (复数): The plural of shelf is shelves /ʃelvz/. (shelf的复数形式是shelves。)
拓展 (Noun): "bookshelf" /ˈbʊkʃelf/ 是名词，特指“书架”。例如：His office is lined with bookshelves. (他的办公室里摆满了书架。)
引申 (Idiom): "off-the-shelf" 是一个习语，意为“现成的；非定制的”。例如：We bought an off-the-shelf software package. (我们买了一套现成的软件包。)

appliance (n.) /əˈplaɪəns/：电器；器具。

例句1 (基本义): Modern kitchens are full of useful appliances. (现代厨房里充满了各种有用的电器。)
拓展 (Related term): "household appliance" 特指“家用电器”。例如：The store sells a wide range of household appliances. (这家商店出售各种各样的家用电器。)
扩展 (Related term): "gadget" /ˈɡædʒɪt/ 通常指新奇、小巧的电子装置。例如：He loves buying the latest tech gadgets. (他喜欢购买最新的科技小玩意。)

refrigerator (n.) /rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪtər/：冰箱。

例句1 (基本义): Put the milk back in the refrigerator. (把牛奶放回冰箱里。)
拓展 (Abbreviation): "fridge" /frɪdʒ/ 是 "refrigerator" 的常用缩写。例如：The leftovers are in the fridge. (剩菜在冰箱里。)
扩展 (Related term): "freezer" /ˈfriːzər/ 是指冰箱的“冷冻室”或独立的“冰柜”。例如：We keep ice cream in the freezer. (我们把冰淇淋放在冷冻室里。)

oven (n.) /ˈʌvn/：烤箱。

例句1 (基本义): Bake the cake in the oven for 30 minutes. (把蛋糕放进烤箱烤30分钟。)
拓展 (Related term): "microwave oven" 或简称 "microwave" /ˈmaɪkrəweɪv/ 是指“微波炉”。例如：You can heat the soup in the microwave. (你可以在微波炉里加热这汤。)
扩展 (Noun): "oven mitts" 是指“防烫手套，烤箱手套”。例如：Use oven mitts to take the hot dish out. (用防烫手套把热盘子拿出来。)

washing machine (n.) /ˈwɒʃɪŋ məˈʃiːn/：洗衣机。

例句1 (基本义): The washing machine is broken. (洗衣机坏了。)
拓展 (Related term): "dryer" /ˈdraɪər/ 或 "tumble dryer" 是指“烘干机”。例如：Put the wet clothes in the dryer. (把湿衣服放进烘干机。)
扩展 (Noun): "laundry" /ˈlɔːndri/ 是名词，意为“待洗或刚洗好的衣物”。例如：I need to do my laundry this weekend. (我这个周末需要洗衣服。)

television (n.) /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/：电视机；电视节目。

例句1 (电视机): We watched a movie on television last night. (我们昨晚在电视上看了一部电影。)
例句2 (电视节目): What's on television tonight? (今晚电视上有什么节目？)
拓展 (Abbreviation): "TV" /ˌtiːˈviː/ 是 "television" 的常用缩写。例如：My favorite TV show is on now. (我最喜欢的电视节目现在正在播出。)
扩展 (Verb): "to televise" /ˈtelɪvaɪz/ 是动词，意为“用电视播送”。例如：The final match will be televised live. (决赛将进行电视直播。)

computer (n.) /kəmˈpjuːtər/：电脑。

例句1 (基本义): I use my computer for work and entertainment. (我用电脑工作和娱乐。)
拓展 (Related term): "laptop" /ˈlæptɒp/ 指“笔记本电脑”，"desktop" /ˈdesktɒp/ 指“台式电脑”。例如：She prefers a laptop because it's portable. (她更喜欢笔记本电脑，因为它便于携带。)
扩展 (Verb): "to compute" /kəmˈpjuːt/ 是动词，意为“计算”。例如：The program can compute the results in seconds. (这个程序可以在几秒钟内计算出结果。)

phone (n.) /foʊn/：电话；手机。

例句1 (基本义): Can I use your phone to make a call? (我可以用你的电话打个电话吗？)
拓展 (Related term): "smartphone" /ˈsmɑːrtfoʊn/ 指“智能手机”，"cell phone" (美式) 或 "mobile phone" (英式) 特指“手机”。例如：Almost everyone has a smartphone these days. (如今几乎每个人都有一部智能手机。)
扩展 (Verb): "to phone" 是动词，意为“打电话”。例如：I'll phone you later. (我待会儿给你打电话。)

学习策略：

场景联想： 在自己的家中，指着各种物品说出它们的英文名称，将词汇与实际物品联系起来。
分类记忆： 将家居用品按照房间（如厨房用品、卧室用品）进行分类记忆。
动词搭配： 学习与这些名词相关的常用动词，例如 “open the door” (开门)，“clean the floor” (擦地板)。

2.2 食物与饮品（Food & Drinks）

食物和饮品是日常生活中不可或缺的部分。掌握这些词汇能帮助我们点餐、购物以及描述饮食偏好

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

food (n.) /fuːd/：食物；养料。

例句1 (基本义): Healthy food is essential for a good life. (健康的食物对美好生活至关重要。)
例句2 (种类): What’s your favorite food? (你最喜欢的食物是什么？)
例句3 (比喻): Books are food for the mind. (书籍是精神食粮。)
例句4 (搭配): The restaurant serves excellent Italian food. (这家餐厅供应美味的意大利菜。)
拓展 (Grammar): 通常是不可数名词。指不同种类的食物时，可用作可数名词，如 “frozen foods” (冷冻食品)。
扩展 (Collocation): “fast food” (快餐), “junk food” (垃圾食品), “seafood” (海鲜), “food court” (美食广场)。
引申 (Idiom): “food for thought” 意为“引人深思的事情”。

water (n. / v.) /ˈwɔːtər/：水；浇水。

例句1 (基本义): Please give me a glass of water. (请给我一杯水。)
例句2 (水域): The ship sailed into international waters. (船驶入了国际水域。)
例句3 (动词): You need to water the plants every day. (你需要每天给植物浇水。)
例句4 (比喻): His argument doesn't hold water. (他的论点站不住脚。)
拓展 (Verb): “to water” 是动词，意为“浇水”。“My mouth is watering” 意为“我在流口水”。
扩展 (Collocation): “tap water” (自来水), “bottled water” (瓶装水), “sparkling water” (气泡水), “still water” (无气泡纯净水)。
引申 (Idiom): “in hot water” 意为“陷入麻烦”。

milk (n. / v.) /mɪlk/：牛奶；奶；榨取。

例句1 (基本义): I like to drink milk with my breakfast. (我早餐喜欢喝牛奶。)
例句2 (其他奶): Have you ever tried coconut milk? (你喝过椰奶吗？)
例句3 (动词): The farmer milks the cows every morning. (农夫每天早上挤牛奶。)
例句4 (动词-比喻): He tried to milk the situation for all it was worth. (他试图从这种局势中捞取所有好处。)
拓展 (Verb): “to milk” 是动词，意为“挤奶”，引申为“（从……）榨取（信息、金钱等）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “whole milk” (全脂牛奶), “skimmed milk” (脱脂牛奶), “soy milk” (豆奶)。
引申 (Idiom): “Don’t cry over spilt milk.” 意为“不要做无益的后悔，覆水难收”。

juice (n.) /dʒuːs/：果汁；（肉）汁；精力。

例句1 (基本义): Orange juice is my favorite. (橙汁是我的最爱。)
例句2 (肉汁): The steak was full of juice. (这块牛排汁水饱满。)
例句3 (比喻-精力): I need a vacation to recharge my juices. (我需要休个假来重新充电。)
例句4 (比喻-电力): My phone has run out of juice. (我的手机没电了。)
拓展 (Usage): 在口语中，“juice” 可以指“电力”或“精力”。
扩展 (Collocation): “fruit juice” (果汁), “vegetable juice” (蔬菜汁), “juicer” (榨汁机)。
引申 (Adjective): “juicy” 是形容词，意为“多汁的；有趣的，诱人的”。

coffee (n.) /ˈkɒfi/：咖啡。

例句1 (基本义): Would you like a cup of coffee? (你想来杯咖啡吗？)
例句2 (种类): I prefer black coffee without sugar. (我更喜欢不加糖的黑咖啡。)
例句3 (社交): Let’s meet for coffee sometime next week. (我们下周找个时间喝杯咖啡吧。)
例句4 (豆子): Brazil is a major producer of coffee beans. (巴西是咖啡豆的主要生产国。)
拓展 (Usage): “a coffee” 指“一杯咖啡”。“to meet for coffee” 是常见的社交邀约。
扩展 (Collocation): “instant coffee” (速溶咖啡), “decaf coffee” (无因咖啡), “coffee shop” (咖啡店), “coffee break” (工间休息)。
引申 (Idiom): “Wake up and smell the coffee.” 意为“醒醒吧，面对现实”。

tea (n.) /tiː/：茶；茶点。

例句1 (基本义): I prefer green tea to black tea. (我更喜欢绿茶而不是红茶。)
例句2 (英式-下午茶): We were invited to their house for tea. (我们被邀请去他们家吃下午茶点。)
例句3 (搭配): Would you like lemon in your tea? (你的茶里要加柠檬吗？)
例句4 (比喻): That kind of music is not my cup of tea. (那种音乐不是我喜欢的类型。)
拓展 (Culture): 在英国，“tea” 也可以指傍晚时分吃的一顿便餐。
扩展 (Collocation): “herbal tea” (花草茶), “iced tea” (冰茶), “tea bag” (茶包), “tea party” (茶会)。
引申 (Idiom): “not my cup of tea” 意为“不合我的口味，非我所好”。

bread (n.) /bred/：面包。

例句1 (基本义): She bought a loaf of bread from the bakery. (她从面包店买了一条面包。)
例句2 (生计): He needs to work hard to earn his daily bread. (他需要努力工作来谋生。)
例句3 (搭配): I’d like a slice of bread with butter. (我想要一片涂了黄油的面包。)
例句4 (种类): Do you prefer white bread or whole wheat bread? (你喜欢白面包还是全麦面包？)
拓展 (Grammar): 通常是不可数名词。常用量词 “a loaf of” (一条) 或 “a slice of” (一片)。
扩展 (Collocation): “bread and butter” (黄油面包；主要经济来源), “breadcrumb” (面包屑), “breadwinner” (养家糊口的人)。
引申 (Idiom): “the best thing since sliced bread” 意为“极好的新事物”。

rice (n.) /raɪs/：米饭；大米。

例句1 (基本义): We usually eat rice with our meals. (我们吃饭通常配米饭。)
例句2 (种类): I prefer brown rice to white rice. (比起白米饭，我更喜欢糙米饭。)
例句3 (搭配): The dish is served with a side of steamed rice. (这道菜配一小份蒸米饭。)
例句4 (文化): Rice is a staple food in many Asian countries. (大米是许多亚洲国家的主食。)
拓展 (Grammar): 是不可数名词。
扩展 (Collocation): “fried rice” (炒饭), “rice cooker” (电饭煲), “rice wine” (米酒)。
引申 (Culture): 在婚礼上撒米 (throwing rice) 是一些文化中祝福新人多子多福的传统。

meat (n.) /miːt/：肉；核心。

例句1 (基本义): Do you eat meat? (你吃肉吗？)
例句2 (种类): The butcher sells various kinds of meat, like beef, pork, and lamb. (肉店出售各种肉类，如牛肉、猪肉和羊肉。)
例句3 (比喻): Let’s get to the meat of the issue. (让我们来谈谈问题的核心部分。)
例句4 (搭配): This sauce goes well with red meat. (这种酱汁和红肉很搭。)
拓展 (Usage): “meat” 是不可数名词，指食用的“肉类”。“red meat” (红肉) vs “white meat” (白肉)。
扩展 (Collocation): “minced meat” (肉末), “lean meat” (瘦肉), “meatball” (肉丸)。
引申 (Idiom): “one man’s meat is another man’s poison” 意为“萝卜青菜，各有所爱”。

fish (n. / v.) /fɪʃ/：鱼；鱼肉；钓鱼。

例句1 (鱼肉): Fish is a good source of protein. (鱼肉是蛋白质的良好来源。)
例句2 (活鱼): There are many colorful fish in the aquarium. (水族馆里有很多五颜六色的鱼。)
例句3 (动词): He likes to fish at the lake on weekends. (他喜欢周末在湖边钓鱼。)
例句4 (比喻): The police are fishing for information. (警方正在搜集信息。)
拓展 (Grammar): 作为“鱼肉”时不可数。指“一条或多条同种类的鱼”时，复数是 fish。指“不同种类的鱼”时，复数是 fishes。
扩展 (Collocation): “fish and chips” (炸鱼薯条), “fisherman” (渔夫), “fishing rod” (鱼竿)。
引申 (Idiom): “a big fish in a small pond” (池中大鱼，指在小范围内的重要人物)。

vegetable (n.) /ˈvedʒtəbl/：蔬菜；植物人。

例句1 (基本义): Eat more vegetables for a healthy diet. (多吃蔬菜以保持健康饮食。)
例句2 (种类): Carrots, broccoli, and spinach are all vegetables. (胡萝卜、西兰花和菠菜都是蔬菜。)
例句3 (搭配): The meal comes with a side of mixed vegetables. (这顿饭配有混合蔬菜。)
例句4 (比喻): After the accident, he was left in a vegetable state. (事故之后，他成了植物人。)
拓展 (Grammar): 通常用作可数名词。
扩展 (Collocation): “root vegetables” (根茎类蔬菜), “leafy green vegetables” (绿叶蔬菜), “vegetarian” (素食者)。
引申 (Adjective): “vegetable oil” (植物油)。

fruit (n.) /fruːt/：水果；成果。

例句1 (基本义): Apples and bananas are common fruits. (苹果和香蕉是常见的水果。)
例句2 (成果): All his hard work finally bore fruit. (他所有的辛勤工作终于结出了硕果。)
例句3 (搭配): I like to have fresh fruit for dessert. (我喜欢吃新鲜水果当甜点。)
例句4 (种类): This smoothie is made with a variety of tropical fruits. (这款冰沙是由多种热带水果制成的。)
拓展 (Grammar): 作为“水果”总称时，是不可数名词。指“不同种类的水果”时，是可数名词。
扩展 (Collocation): “fruit salad” (水果沙拉), “dried fruit” (水果干), “forbidden fruit” (禁果)。
引申 (Adjective): “fruitful” 意为“富有成效的”。

sugar (n. / v.) /ˈʃʊɡər/：糖；加糖。

例句1 (基本义): Do you take sugar in your coffee? (你的咖啡里放糖吗？)
例句2 (种类): Is brown sugar healthier than white sugar? (红糖比白糖更健康吗？)
例句3 (动词): She sugared her tea and stirred it. (她给茶加了糖并搅了搅。)
例句4 (比喻): Don't sugar the truth; just tell me what happened. (别粉饰真相，直接告诉我发生了什么。)
拓展 (Verb): “to sugar” 或 “to sugar-coat” 意为“粉饰，美化”。
扩展 (Collocation): “blood sugar” (血糖), “sugar-free” (无糖的), “sugar cube” (方糖)。
引申 (Adjective): “sugary” 意为“含糖的，甜的”。

salt (n. / v. / adj.) /sɔːlt/：盐；加盐于；咸的。

例句1 (基本义): Please pass me the salt. (请把盐递给我。)
例句2 (动词): He salted the potatoes before roasting them. (他在烤土豆前先在上面撒了盐。)
例句3 (比喻): He is the salt of the earth. (他是个非常正直可靠的人。)
例句4 (搭配): This dish needs a pinch of salt. (这道菜需要一小撮盐。)
拓展 (Usage): “salt” 也可以作形容词，尤其是在化学中，如 “salt water” (盐水)。
扩展 (Collocation): “sea salt” (海盐), “table salt” (食盐), “salt shaker” (盐瓶)。
引申 (Idiom): “take something with a grain of salt” 意为“对某事持保留态度，不全信”。

butter (n. / v.) /ˈbʌtər/：黄油；涂黄油。

例句1 (基本义): Spread some butter on the toast. (在吐司上涂些黄油。)
例句2 (动词): Could you butter the bread for me? (你能帮我把面包涂上黄油吗？)
例句3 (比喻): He tried to butter up his boss to get a promotion. (他试图奉承老板以获得晋升。)
例句4 (种类): This recipe calls for unsalted butter. (这个食谱需要无盐黄油。)
拓展 (Verb): “to butter up” 是一个固定短语，意为“奉承，拍马屁”。
扩展 (Collocation): “peanut butter” (花生酱), “butter knife” (黄油刀), “butterfly” (蝴蝶)。
引申 (Idiom): “bread and butter” 指“主要经济来源”。

cheese (n.) /tʃiːz/：奶酪；芝士。

例句1 (基本义): I like to put cheese on my sandwich. (我喜欢在三明治里放奶酪。)
例句2 (种类): This shop sells a wide variety of French cheeses. (这家店出售各种各样的法国奶酪。)
例句3 (拍照): “Say cheese!” said the photographer. (“笑一个！”摄影师说。)
例句4 (搭配): Wine and cheese is a classic combination. (葡萄酒和奶酪是经典搭配。)
拓展 (Usage): 拍照时说 “cheese” 是为了让人们微笑，因为发这个音时嘴角会自然上扬。
扩展 (Collocation): “cream cheese” (奶油奶酪), “cheesecake” (奶酪蛋糕), “cheeseburger” (吉士汉堡)。
引申 (Idiom): “chalk and cheese” (英式) 意为“截然不同”。

egg (n.) /eɡ/：鸡蛋；卵。

例句1 (基本义): I usually have two eggs for breakfast. (我早餐通常吃两个鸡蛋。)
例句2 (烹饪方式): How do you like your eggs? Fried or scrambled? (你的鸡蛋要怎么做？煎蛋还是炒蛋？)
例句3 (比喻): He is a good egg. (他是个好人/好家伙。)
例句4 (搭配): The bird laid three eggs in the nest. (鸟在巢里下了三只蛋。)
拓展 (Usage): “a good egg” 或 “a bad egg” 是对人品的非正式评价。
扩展 (Collocation): “egg yolk” (蛋黄), “egg white” (蛋白), “Easter egg” (复活节彩蛋)。
引申 (Idiom): “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” 意为“不要孤注一掷”。

soup (n.) /suːp/：汤。

例句1 (基本义): This chicken soup is delicious. (这鸡汤真好喝。)
例句2 (搭配): Would you like soup or salad as a starter? (你想要汤还是沙拉作为开胃菜？)
例句3 (种类): My favorite is tomato soup. (我最喜欢的是番茄汤。)
例句4 (比喻): He is in the soup now for lying to his boss. (他因为对老板撒谎而陷入了麻烦。)
拓展 (Idiom): “in the soup” 是一个非正式的习语，意为“陷入困境”。
扩展 (Collocation): “soup spoon” (汤匙), “a bowl of soup” (一碗汤), “alphabet soup” (字母汤，比喻杂乱难懂的缩写)。
引申 (Adjective): “soupy” 意为“汤太多的，像汤一样的”。

salad (n.) /ˈsæləd/：沙拉。

例句1 (基本义): I’ll have a green salad with my meal. (我的餐点要一份蔬菜沙拉。)
例句2 (种类): She made a delicious fruit salad for dessert. (她做了一道美味的水果沙拉当甜点。)
例句3 (搭配): What kind of salad dressing would you like? (你想要哪种沙拉酱？)
例句4 (比喻): His speech was a salad of clichés and empty promises. (他的演讲是陈词滥调和空洞承诺的大杂烩。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以是蔬菜沙拉、水果沙拉，或含有肉、蛋、意面等的混合沙拉。
扩展 (Collocation): “Caesar salad” (凯撒沙拉), “salad bar” (沙拉吧), “word salad” (语词杂拌，指精神错乱者说出的无逻辑的话)。
引申 (Culture): “salad days” 指“少不更事的青春年华”。

meal (n.) /miːl/：一餐；膳食。

例句1 (基本义): We had a delicious meal at the restaurant. (我们在餐厅吃了一顿美味的饭。)
例句2 (时间): The three main meals of the day are breakfast, lunch, and dinner. (一天中的三顿主餐是早餐、午餐和晚餐。)
例句3 (搭配): The price includes a three-course meal. (价格包含一顿三道菜的餐。)
例句4 (比喻): He made a meal of a simple task. (他把一件简单的工作小题大做了。)
拓展 (Idiom): “to make a meal of something” (英式) 意为“小题大做，把事情搞得比必要的复杂”。
扩展 (Collocation): “square meal” (一顿丰盛而营养均衡的饭), “set meal” (套餐), “mealtime” (用餐时间)。
引申 (Usage): 指在特定时间吃的一顿饭。

breakfast (n. / v.) /ˈbrekfəst/：早餐；吃早餐。

例句1 (名词): What did you have for breakfast? (你早餐吃了什么？)
例句2 (动词): We breakfasted on the terrace overlooking the sea. (我们在俯瞰大海的露台上吃了早餐。)
例句3 (种类): A full English breakfast is very hearty. (一顿完整的英式早餐非常丰盛。)
例句4 (搭配): Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. (早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。)
拓展 (Verb): “to breakfast” 作为动词使用比较正式。
扩展 (Collocation): “continental breakfast” (欧陆式早餐), “breakfast cereal” (早餐麦片)。
引申 (Etymology): 源于 “break” (打破) 和 “fast” (禁食)，字面意思是“打破一夜的禁食”。

lunch (n. / v.) /lʌntʃ/：午餐；吃午餐。

例句1 (名词): Let’s go out for lunch today. (我们今天出去吃午餐吧。)
例句2 (动词): He is lunching with a client. (他正在和一位客户共进午餐。)
例句3 (搭配): I packed a lunch for work. (我为上班准备了午餐。)
例句4 (比喻): There's no such thing as a free lunch. (天下没有免费的午餐。)
拓展 (Verb): “to lunch” 作为动词使用比较正式。
扩展 (Collocation): “packed lunch” (盒饭), “business lunch” (商务午餐), “lunch break” (午休时间)。
引申 (Idiom): “out to lunch” 意为“心不在焉，疯疯癫癫”。

dinner (n.) /ˈdɪnər/：晚餐；正餐。

例句1 (基本义): What’s for dinner tonight? (今晚晚餐吃什么？)
例句2 (正餐): The Nobel Prize winners attended a formal dinner with the King. (诺贝尔奖得主们与国王共进了正式晚宴。)
例句3 (邀请): We’re having friends over for dinner on Saturday. (我们周六请朋友来家里吃晚饭。)
例句4 (搭配): Let's make a reservation for dinner. (我们预订晚餐座位吧。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指一天中最丰盛的主餐，可以是在中午（尤其在旧时或某些地区）或晚上吃。
扩展 (Collocation): “dinner party” (晚宴), “TV dinner” (电视便餐), “dinner jacket” (晚礼服上装)。
引申 (Synonym): “supper” 通常指晚上吃得较晚或较简单的一餐。

snack (n. / v.) /snæk/：零食；小吃；吃零食。

例句1 (名词): I usually have a healthy snack in the afternoon. (我下午通常吃一份健康的零食。)
例句2 (动词): It's not good to snack on chips and candy all day. (整天吃薯片和糖果当零食是不好的。)
例句3 (种类): Fruits and nuts are good choices for a snack. (水果和坚果是零食的好选择。)
例句4 (搭配): The vending machine is full of unhealthy snacks. (自动售货机里装满了不健康的零食。)
拓展 (Verb): “to snack on something” 是常用搭配。
扩展 (Collocation): “snack bar” (小吃店), “midnight snack” (夜宵)。
引申 (Usage): 指正餐之间吃的小份食物。

cook (v. / n.) /kʊk/：烹饪；厨师。

例句1 (动词): She loves to cook for her family. (她喜欢为家人做饭。)
例句2 (名词): He is an excellent cook. (他是个出色的厨师。)
例句3 (比喻): They cooked up a plan to surprise their friend. (他们策划了一个给朋友惊喜的计划。)
例句4 (过程): How long does this meat need to cook? (这块肉需要煮多久？)
拓展 (Noun): “cook” 指普通厨师，“chef” /ʃef/ 指专业的、等级较高的厨师长。
扩展 (Collocation): “cooker” (炊具), “cookbook” (食谱), “home-cooked meal” (家常便饭)。
引申 (Idiom): “too many cooks spoil the broth” 意为“人多手杂，反倒误事”。

eat (v.) /iːt/：吃。

例句1 (基本义): Don’t eat too fast. (不要吃太快。)
例句2 (用餐): What time do you usually eat dinner? (你通常几点吃晚饭？)
例句3 (搭配): Let’s eat out tonight. (我们今晚出去吃吧。)
例句4 (比喻): The acid eats away at the metal. (酸腐蚀着金属。)
拓展 (Phrasal Verbs): “eat out” (外出就餐), “eat in” (在家吃饭), “eat up” (吃光)。
扩展 (Collocation): “a bite to eat” (吃点东西), “eatery” (餐馆)。
引申 (Idiom): “to eat one’s words” 意为“收回前言，承认说错了话”。

drink (v. / n.) /drɪŋk/：喝；饮品；酒。

例句1 (动词): Remember to drink plenty of water. (记得多喝水。)
例句2 (名词-饮品): What would you like to drink? (你想喝点什么？)
例句3 (名词-酒): He has a problem with drink. (他有酗酒的问题。)
例句4 (社交): Let’s go for a drink after work. (下班后我们去喝一杯吧。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为名词，“drink” 可以泛指“饮品”，也可以特指“酒”。
扩展 (Collocation): “soft drink” (软饮料), “a drinking problem” (酗酒问题), “drinkable” (可以喝的)。
引申 (Idiom): “to drink like a fish” 意为“牛饮，大量喝酒”。

hungry (adj.) /ˈhʌŋɡri/：饥饿的；渴望的。

例句1 (基本义): I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse! (我太饿了，能吃下一头牛！)
例句2 (比喻): He is hungry for success. (他渴望成功。)
例句3 (状态): Are you feeling hungry yet? (你觉得饿了吗？)
例句4 (搭配): The children came home from school tired and hungry. (孩子们放学回家，又累又饿。)
拓展 (Usage): “hungry for something” 意为“渴望得到某物”。
扩展 (Noun): “hunger” 是名词，意为“饥饿；渴望”。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “full” (饱的)。

thirsty (adj.) /ˈθɜːrsti/：口渴的；渴望的。

例句1 (基本义): I’m thirsty, do you have any water? (我渴了，你有水吗？)
例句2 (比喻): The team is thirsty for a victory. (这支队伍渴望一场胜利。)
例句3 (植物): The plants look thirsty; they need watering. (这些植物看起来很干，需要浇水了。)
例句4 (状态): Running makes me thirsty. (跑步让我口渴。)
拓展 (Usage): “thirsty for something” 意为“渴望得到某物”。
扩展 (Noun): “thirst” 是名词，意为“口渴；渴望”。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意 /θ/ 和 /ɜː/ 的发音。

delicious (adj.) /dɪˈlɪʃəs/：美味的。

例句1 (基本义): This cake is absolutely delicious. (这个蛋糕真是太美味了。)
例句2 (气味): The kitchen was filled with a delicious smell of baking bread. (厨房里充满了烤面包的香味。)
例句3 (赞美): “This is delicious!” she exclaimed. (“这太好吃了！”她大声说。)
例句4 (搭配): Thank you for the delicious meal. (谢谢你这顿美味的饭菜。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个表示“非常好吃”的强意词，比 “tasty” 或 “nice” 语气更强。
扩展 (Synonym): “yummy” (非正式), “tasty”, “scrumptious” (非正式)。
引申 (Noun): “deliciousness” 是名词，意为“美味”。

sweet (adj. / n.) /swiːt/：甜的；可爱的；糖果。

例句1 (味道): This apple is very sweet. (这个苹果很甜。)
例句2 (可爱的): What a sweet little baby! (多可爱的小宝宝啊！)
例句3 (名词): The children love to eat sweets. (孩子们喜欢吃糖果。)
例句4 (声音): She has a sweet voice. (她的声音很甜美。)
拓展 (Noun): 在英式英语中，“sweets” 指“糖果”；在美式英语中，常用 “candy”。
扩展 (Collocation): “sweet tooth” (爱吃甜食), “sweetheart” (甜心，爱人), “bittersweet” (又苦又甜的)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “sour” (酸的) 或 “bitter” (苦的)。

sour (adj. / v.) /ˈsaʊər/：酸的；变馊的；变坏。

例句1 (味道): Lemons are very sour. (柠檬很酸。)
例句2 (变质): The milk has gone sour. (牛奶变酸了。)
例句3 (比喻): The deal went sour at the last minute. (交易在最后一刻告吹了。)
例句4 (表情): He gave me a sour look. (他给了我一个不悦的表情。)
拓展 (Verb): “to sour” 是动词，意为“（使）变酸；（使）变坏”。
扩展 (Collocation): “sour cream” (酸奶油), “sweet and sour pork” (糖醋里脊)。
引申 (Idiom): “sour grapes” 意为“酸葡萄心理（吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸）”。

bitter (adj.) /ˈbɪtər/：苦的；痛苦的；严寒的。

例句1 (味道): This medicine tastes bitter. (这药尝起来很苦。)
例句2 (情感): He felt bitter about losing his job. (他对失去工作感到痛苦和怨恨。)
例句3 (天气): It was a bitter cold winter day. (那是一个严寒的冬日。)
例句4 (争斗): They are bitter rivals. (他们是死对头。)
拓展 (Usage): 除了味觉，还可以形容情感上的痛苦、怨恨，或天气的严寒。
扩展 (Collocation): “bitter coffee” (苦咖啡), “a bitter disappointment” (一个惨痛的失望), “a bitter enemy” (死敌)。
引申 (Idiom): “to the bitter end” 意为“直到最后，坚持到底”。

spicy (adj.) /ˈspaɪsi/：辣的；辛辣的；有趣的。

例句1 (味道): I like spicy food. (我喜欢吃辣的食物。)
例句2 (气味): The air was filled with the spicy scent of cinnamon. (空气中充满了肉桂的辛香。)
例句3 (比喻): She told us some spicy gossip about the movie star. (她告诉了我们一些关于那个电影明星的有趣的八卦。)
例句4 (搭配): This dish is too spicy for me. (这道菜对我来说太辣了。)
拓展 (Usage): 除了指食物的辣味，也可以指气味辛香，或故事、八卦“劲爆、有趣”。
扩展 (Noun): “spice” 是名词，意为“香料，调味品”。
引申 (Synonym): “hot” 也常用来形容“辣”。

学习策略：

购物清单： 尝试用英文列出你的购物清单，练习食物词汇。
描述口味： 学习如何用形容词描述食物的味道，如 “sweet”, “sour”, “spicy” 等。
餐桌对话： 模拟在餐厅点餐或与家人朋友讨论食物的场景。

2.3 自然与天气（Nature & Weather）

自然界和天气现象是我们日常生活中经常谈论的话题。掌握这些词汇能帮助我们描述周围环境，进行天气预报的交流。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

sun (n.) /sʌn/：太阳；阳光。

例句1 (基本义): The sun is shining brightly today. (今天阳光明媚。)
例句2 (阳光): Let’s sit in the sun for a while. (我们到阳光下坐一会儿吧。)
例句3 (恒星): Our sun is just one of billions of stars in the galaxy. (我们的太阳只是银河系中数十亿颗恒星之一。)
例句4 (比喻): She is the sun of my life. (她是我生命中的太阳。)
拓展 (Adjective): “sunny” 是形容词，意为“晴朗的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “sunrise” (日出), “sunset” (日落), “sunshine” (阳光), “sunglasses” (太阳镜)。
引申 (Idiom): “a place in the sun” 意为“一个理想优越的位置”。

moon (n.) /muːn/：月亮；卫星。

例句1 (基本义): The moon looks beautiful tonight. (今晚月亮很美。)
例句2 (卫星): Mars has two small moons. (火星有两颗小卫星。)
例句3 (搭配): The astronauts walked on the moon. (宇航员在月球上行走。)
例句4 (比喻): He promised her the moon, but gave her nothing. (他对她许下海誓山盟，却什么也没给。)
拓展 (Usage): “the moon” 特指地球的月亮。
扩展 (Collocation): “full moon” (满月), “new moon” (新月), “moonlight” (月光), “honeymoon” (蜜月)。
引申 (Idiom): “once in a blue moon” 意为“千载难逢，非常罕见”。

star (n. / v.) /stɑːr/：星星；明星；主演。

例句1 (基本义): The sky was full of twinkling stars. (天空中布满了闪烁的星星。)
例句2 (明星): He is a famous movie star. (他是一位著名的电影明星。)
例句3 (动词): She will star in the new Hollywood blockbuster. (她将主演新的好莱坞大片。)
例句4 (形状): The hotel has a five-star rating. (这家酒店是五星级的。)
拓展 (Verb): “to star” 是动词，意为“主演”。
扩展 (Collocation): “shooting star” (流星), “rock star” (摇滚明星), “starfish” (海星)。
引申 (Idiom): “to see stars” 意为“（被打得）眼冒金星”。

sky (n.) /skaɪ/：天空。

例句1 (基本义): The sky is blue and clear. (天空湛蓝清澈。)
例句2 (天气): The sky is getting dark; it looks like it’s going to rain. (天色变暗了，看起来要下雨了。)
例句3 (比喻): The sky's the limit for what you can achieve. (你的成就是无限的。)
例句4 (搭配): A flock of birds flew across the sky. (一群鸟飞过天空。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常用单数形式 “the sky”。
扩展 (Collocation): “blue sky” (蓝天), “night sky” (夜空), “sky-high” (极高的)。
引申 (Idiom): “out of a clear blue sky” 意为“出乎意料地，晴天霹雳”。

cloud (n. / v.) /klaʊd/：云；笼罩。

例句1 (基本义): There are many white clouds in the sky. (天空中有很多白云。)
例句2 (比喻): A cloud of suspicion hung over him. (怀疑的阴云笼罩着他。)
例句3 (动词): His face clouded with anger. (他脸上因愤怒而布满阴云。)
例句4 (搭配): Every cloud has a silver lining. (黑暗中总有一线光明。)
拓展 (Verb): “to cloud” 是动词，意为“（使）模糊，（使）蒙上阴影”。
扩展 (Collocation): “cloudy” (多云的), “cloud computing” (云计算)。
引申 (Idiom): “on cloud nine” 意为“欣喜若狂，幸福到了极点”。

rain (n. / v.) /reɪn/：雨；下雨。

例句1 (动词): It started to rain heavily. (开始下大雨了。)
例句2 (名词): We got caught in the rain without an umbrella. (我们淋雨了，没带伞。)
例句3 (比喻): Gifts rained down on the new baby. (礼物像雨点般落在新生儿身上。)
例句4 (搭配): The forecast is for heavy rain and strong winds. (天气预报说有大雨和强风。)
拓展 (Adjective): “rainy” 是形容词，意为“下雨的，多雨的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “raincoat” (雨衣), “raindrop” (雨滴), “acid rain” (酸雨)。
引申 (Idiom): “come rain or shine” 意为“风雨无阻，无论如何”。

snow (n. / v.) /snoʊ/：雪；下雪。

例句1 (名词): The ground was covered with snow. (地面被雪覆盖着。)
例句2 (动词): It started to snow last night. (昨晚开始下雪了。)
例句3 (比喻): He was snowed under with work. (他被工作压得喘不过气来。)
例句4 (搭配): The children were playing in the snow. (孩子们在雪地里玩耍。)
拓展 (Verb): “to be snowed under” 是一个习语，意为“（因工作等）忙得不可开交”。
扩展 (Collocation): “snowflake” (雪花), “snowman” (雪人), “snowball” (雪球)。
引申 (Adjective): “snowy” 是形容词，意为“下雪的，多雪的”。

wind (n.) /wɪnd/：风。

例句1 (基本义): The wind is blowing strongly. (风刮得很大。)
例句2 (气息): He was out of wind after running up the stairs. (他跑上楼梯后喘不过气来。)
例句3 (比喻): I got wind of their secret plan. (我听到了他们秘密计划的风声。)
例句4 (搭配): A gentle wind rustled the leaves. (微风吹得树叶沙沙作响。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意动词 “to wind” /waɪnd/ (缠绕，上发条) 的发音不同。
扩展 (Collocation): “windy” (多风的), “windmill” (风车), “windsurfing” (帆板运动)。
引申 (Idiom): “to throw caution to the wind” 意为“不顾一切，豁出去了”。

storm (n. / v.) /stɔːrm/：暴风雨；风暴；猛攻。

例句1 (基本义): A big storm is coming. (一场大风暴即将来临。)
例句2 (比喻): There was a storm of protest against the new law. (针对新法律掀起了一场抗议风暴。)
例句3 (动词): He stormed out of the room in anger. (他愤怒地冲出了房间。)
例句4 (种类): The ship was caught in a tropical storm. (船遭遇了热带风暴。)
拓展 (Verb): “to storm” 是动词，意为“猛攻；怒气冲冲地走”。
扩展 (Collocation): “thunderstorm” (雷暴), “snowstorm” (暴风雪), “a storm in a teacup” (小题大做，大惊小怪)。
引申 (Adjective): “stormy” 是形容词，意为“有暴风雨的；激烈的”。

thunder (n. / v.) /ˈθʌndər/：雷；雷声；发出雷鸣。

例句1 (名词): We heard the thunder in the distance. (我们听到了远处的雷声。)
例句2 (动词): The cannons thundered all night. (大炮整夜轰鸣。)
例句3 (比喻): His speech was met with thunderous applause. (他的演讲赢得了雷鸣般的掌声。)
例句4 (搭配): A clap of thunder woke me up. (一声雷鸣把我惊醒了。)
拓展 (Verb): “to thunder” 是动词，意为“打雷；大声说”。
扩展 (Collocation): “thunderstorm” (雷暴), “thunderbolt” (雷电)。
引申 (Idiom): “to steal someone’s thunder” 意为“抢了某人的风头”。

lightning (n.) /ˈlaɪtnɪŋ/：闪电。

例句1 (基本义): The lightning lit up the night sky. (闪电照亮了夜空。)
例句2 (速度): He ran with lightning speed. (他以闪电般的速度奔跑。)
例句3 (搭配): A flash of lightning was followed by a clap of thunder. (一道闪电之后是一声雷鸣。)
例句4 (比喻): The idea came to me like a flash of lightning. (这个想法像一道闪电一样出现在我的脑海里。)
拓展 (Grammar): 是不可数名词。
扩展 (Collocation): “lightning bolt/flash” (一道闪电), “lightning rod” (避雷针)。
引申 (Idiom): “lightning never strikes twice in the same place” 意为“同样的不幸不会在同一地方发生两次”。

rainbow (n.) /ˈreɪnboʊ/：彩虹。

例句1 (基本义): After the rain, a beautiful rainbow appeared. (雨后出现了一道美丽的彩虹。)
例句2 (颜色): The colors of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. (彩虹的颜色是红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫。)
例句3 (比喻): She is chasing a rainbow, trying to become a famous actress. (她正在追逐一个遥不可及的梦想，想成为一名著名演员。)
例句4 (搭配): We saw a double rainbow yesterday. (我们昨天看到了双彩虹。)
拓展 (Usage): “chasing rainbows” 意为“追逐不切实际的梦想”。
扩展 (Collocation): “rainbow trout” (虹鳟)。
引申 (Culture): 在许多文化中，彩虹被视为好运或希望的象征。

weather (n. / v.) /ˈweðər/：天气；经受住。

例句1 (名词): What’s the weather like today? (今天天气怎么样？)
例句2 (动词): The company has weathered the economic crisis. (这家公司经受住了经济危机。)
例句3 (搭配): I feel a bit under the weather today. (我今天有点不舒服。)
例句4 (预报): The weather forecast says it will be sunny tomorrow. (天气预报说明天会是晴天。)
拓展 (Verb): “to weather” 是动词，意为“经受住，平安度过（困难）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “weather report/forecast” (天气预报), “bad weather” (坏天气)。
引申 (Idiom): “under the weather” 意为“身体不适”。

climate (n.) /ˈklaɪmət/：气候；氛围。

例句1 (基本义): The climate in this region is mild. (这个地区的气候温和。)
例句2 (比喻): The current political climate is very tense. (当前的政治氛围非常紧张。)
例句3 (变化): Climate change is a serious global issue. (气候变化是一个严重的全球性问题。)
例句4 (种类): This plant grows best in a tropical climate. (这种植物在热带气候中生长得最好。)
拓展 (Usage): “weather” 指短期的天气状况，“climate” 指长期的、有规律的天气模式。
扩展 (Collocation): “climate control” (气候控制系统), “business climate” (商业环境)。
引申 (Adjective): “climatic” 是形容词，意为“气候的”。

temperature (n.) /ˈtemprətʃər/：温度；体温。

例句1 (基本义): The temperature dropped sharply last night. (昨晚气温骤降。)
例句2 (体温): The nurse took my temperature. (护士给我量了体温。)
例句3 (高烧): He has a high temperature and needs to see a doctor. (他发高烧了，需要看医生。)
例句4 (搭配): Water boils at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. (水在100摄氏度时沸腾。)
拓展 (Usage): “to have/run a temperature” 意为“发烧”。
扩展 (Collocation): “room temperature” (室温), “high/low temperature” (高温/低温)。
引申 (Measurement): 常用的温标有摄氏度 (Celsius) 和华氏度 (Fahrenheit)。

season (n. / v.) /ˈsiːzn/：季节；给……调味。

例句1 (季节): There are four seasons in a year. (一年有四个季节。)
例句2 (动词): Season the soup with salt and pepper. (用盐和胡椒给汤调味。)
例句3 (时期): The holiday season is my favorite time of year. (假日季节是我一年中最喜欢的时候。)
例句4 (搭配): What’s your favorite season? (你最喜欢哪个季节？)
拓展 (Verb): “to season” 是动词，意为“给……调味”。
扩展 (Collocation): “rainy season” (雨季), “peak season” (旺季), “off-season” (淡季)。
引申 (Noun): “seasoning” 是名词，意为“调味品”。

spring (n. / v.) /sprɪŋ/：春天；泉水；弹簧；跳。

例句1 (春天): Flowers bloom in spring. (春天鲜花盛开。)
例句2 (泉水): The town is famous for its hot springs. (这个小镇以其温泉而闻名。)
例句3 (动词): The cat sprang onto the table. (猫跳到了桌子上。)
例句4 (比喻): New ideas sprang to mind. (新想法涌上心头。)
拓展 (Verb): “to spring” 是动词，意为“跳跃，涌现”。
扩展 (Collocation): “spring break” (春假), “spring cleaning” (春季大扫除)。
引申 (Idiom): “a spring in one’s step” 意为“步履轻快，精神焕发”。

summer (n.) /ˈsʌmər/：夏天。

例句1 (基本义): We usually go to the beach in summer. (我们夏天通常去海滩。)
例句2 (天气): It can get very hot here in the summer. (这里的夏天会变得非常热。)
例句3 (搭配): I love the long days of summer. (我喜欢夏天漫长的白昼。)
例句4 (活动): She is going to a summer camp. (她要去参加一个夏令营。)
拓展 (Adjective): “summer” 也可作形容词，如 “summer vacation” (暑假)。
扩展 (Collocation): “midsummer” (仲夏), “Indian summer” (秋老虎，指秋季反常的温暖天气)。
引申 (Culture): 夏天通常与假期、旅行和户外活动联系在一起。

autumn (n.) /ˈɔːtəm/ (英式) / fall (n.) /fɔːl/ (美式)：秋天。

例句1 (基本义): The leaves turn yellow and red in autumn. (秋天树叶变黄变红。)
例句2 (美式): We always go apple picking in the fall. (我们总是在秋天去摘苹果。)
例句3 (天气): The weather is cool and pleasant in autumn. (秋天的天气凉爽宜人。)
例句4 (搭配): The new school year begins in autumn. (新学年从秋季开始。)
拓展 (Usage): “autumn” 在英式和美式英语中都通用，但 “fall” 主要在美式英语中使用。
扩展 (Collocation): “autumn equinox” (秋分)。
引申 (Etymology): “fall” 这个词源于 “the fall of the leaf” (叶落)。

winter (n.) /ˈwɪntər/：冬天。

例句1 (基本义): It often snows in winter. (冬天经常下雪。)
例句2 (天气): We had a very cold winter last year. (我们去年过了一个非常寒冷的冬天。)
例句3 (比喻): He is in the winter of his life. (他已步入晚年。)
例句4 (搭配): Many animals hibernate during the winter. (许多动物在冬天冬眠。)
拓展 (Adjective): “winter” 也可作形容词，如 “winter clothes” (冬衣)。
扩展 (Collocation): “midwinter” (隆冬), “Winter Olympics” (冬奥会)。
引申 (Culture): 冬天常与寒冷、节日和家庭团聚联系在一起。

tree (n.) /triː/：树。

例句1 (基本义): There’s a big old tree in our backyard. (我们后院有一棵又大又老的树。)
例句2 (种类): Oak, pine, and maple are types of trees. (橡树、松树和枫树都是树的种类。)
例句3 (搭配): The children climbed the tree. (孩子们爬上了树。)
例句4 (比喻): Don't bark up the wrong tree. (不要找错目标，用错方法。)
拓展 (Usage): “family tree” (家谱)。
扩展 (Collocation): “Christmas tree” (圣诞树), “fruit tree” (果树)。
引申 (Idiom): “money doesn’t grow on trees” 意为“钱不是从天上掉下来的，挣钱不易”。

flower (n. / v.) /ˈflaʊər/：花；开花。

例句1 (名词): She loves to grow flowers in her garden. (她喜欢在花园里种花。)
例句2 (动词): The cherry trees flower in early spring. (樱花树在早春开花。)
例句3 (比喻): He was in the flower of his youth. (他正值青春年华。)
例句4 (搭配): He gave her a bunch of flowers. (他送了她一束花。)
拓展 (Verb): “to flower” 或 “to bloom” 都是“开花”的意思。
扩展 (Collocation): “wildflower” (野花), “flower bed” (花坛), “flour” (面粉，注意是同音词)。
引申 (Adjective): “flowery” 意为“开满花的；（语言）华丽的”。

grass (n.) /ɡrɑːs/ (英式) /ɡræs/ (美式)：草；草地。

例句1 (基本义): The grass is green and soft. (草地又绿又软。)
例句2 (活动): Let’s have a picnic on the grass. (我们去草地上野餐吧。)
例句3 (搭配): The gardener is cutting the grass. (园丁正在割草。)
例句4 (比喻): The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence. (这山望着那山高。)
拓展 (Grammar): 通常是不可数名词。
扩展 (Collocation): “grassland” (草原), “seagrass” (海草), “grassy” (长满草的)。
引申 (Idiom): “a snake in the grass” 意为“潜藏的危险，伪装的朋友”。

animal (n.) /ˈænɪml/：动物。

例句1 (基本义): Lions are wild animals. (狮子是野生动物。)
例句2 (种类): Humans are social animals. (人类是社会性动物。)
例句3 (比喻): He is a political animal. (他是个热衷于政治的人。)
例句4 (搭配): We visited the animal shelter to adopt a pet. (我们去了动物收容所领养宠物。)
拓展 (Usage): “animal” 可以泛指除人以外的动物，也可以包含人类。
扩展 (Collocation): “farm animal” (农场动物), “pet animal” (宠物), “animal rights” (动物权利)。
引申 (Adjective): “animal instinct” (动物本能)。

bird (n.) /bɜːrd/：鸟。

例句1 (基本义): Many birds migrate south for the winter. (许多鸟类冬天迁徙到南方。)
例句2 (声音): I was woken up by the sound of birds singing. (我被鸟儿的歌声唤醒。)
例句3 (比喻): He is an early bird. (他是个早起的人。)
例句4 (搭配): A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。)
拓展 (Idiom): “the early bird catches the worm” 意为“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”。
扩展 (Collocation): “bird watching” (观鸟), “birdcage” (鸟笼), “lovebirds” (情侣)。
引申 (Usage): “bird” 在俚语中可以指“女孩”（现已过时且可能被视为冒犯）。

fish (n. / v.) /fɪʃ/：鱼；鱼肉；钓鱼。

例句1 (活鱼): We saw many colorful fish in the ocean. (我们在海里看到了许多五颜六色的鱼。)
例句2 (鱼肉): Fish is a healthy food. (鱼肉是一种健康的食物。)
例句3 (动词): He likes to fish on weekends. (他喜欢周末去钓鱼。)
例句4 (比喻): There are plenty of other fish in the sea. (天涯何处无芳草。)
拓展 (Grammar): 作为“鱼肉”时不可数。指“一条或多条同种类的鱼”时，复数是 fish。指“不同种类的鱼”时，复数是 fishes。
扩展 (Collocation): “fish and chips” (炸鱼薯条), “fisherman” (渔夫), “fishing rod” (鱼竿)。
引申 (Idiom): “a fish out of water” 意为“感到格格不入的人”。

insect (n.) /ˈɪnsekt/：昆虫。

例句1 (基本义): Bees and butterflies are types of insects. (蜜蜂和蝴蝶是昆虫的一种。)
例句2 (叮咬): I got an insect bite on my arm. (我的手臂被虫子咬了一口。)
例句3 (搭配): Many insects are attracted to light. (许多昆虫有趋光性。)
例句4 (种类): An ant is a social insect. (蚂蚁是一种社会性昆虫。)
拓展 (Usage): 昆虫的特征通常是三对足和一个三节的身体。
扩展 (Collocation): “insect repellent” (驱虫剂), “insecticide” (杀虫剂)。
引申 (Related term): “bug” 是一个更口语化的词，可以指昆虫或任何小虫子。

mountain (n.) /ˈmaʊntən/：山；大量。

例句1 (基本义): The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest. (世界上最高的山是珠穆朗玛峰。)
例句2 (比喻): I have a mountain of work to do. (我有堆积如山的工作要做。)
例句3 (搭配): We went hiking in the mountains. (我们去山里徒步了。)
例句4 (范围): The Rocky Mountains is a major mountain range in North America. (落基山脉是北美的主要山脉。)
拓展 (Usage): “a mountain of something” 意为“大量的某物”。
扩展 (Collocation): “mountain climbing” (登山), “mountain range” (山脉), “mountain bike” (山地自行车)。
引申 (Idiom): “to make a mountain out of a molehill” 意为“小题大做”。

river (n.) /ˈrɪvər/：河流。

例句1 (基本义): The city is located on the bank of a river. (这座城市坐落在一座河岸边。)
例句2 (流动): The river flows to the sea. (河流汇入大海。)
例句3 (搭配): We went for a boat trip on the river. (我们乘船在河上游览。)
例句4 (比喻): He cried a river of tears. (他泪流成河。)
拓展 (Usage): “up the river” (向上游), “down the river” (向下游)。
扩展 (Collocation): “riverbank” (河岸), “riverbed” (河床)。
引申 (Idiom): “to sell someone down the river” 意为“出卖某人”。

lake (n.) /leɪk/：湖泊。

例句1 (基本义): We went fishing in the lake. (我们在湖里钓鱼。)
例句2 (大小): Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes. (苏必利尔湖是五大湖中最大的一个。)
例句3 (景色): The cottage has a beautiful view of the lake. (小屋享有美丽的湖景。)
例句4 (搭配): The surface of the lake was as smooth as glass. (湖面像玻璃一样光滑。)
拓展 (Usage): 湖是四面被陆地环绕的大片水域。
扩展 (Collocation): “lakeside” (湖边的), “salt lake” (咸水湖)。
引申 (Culture): 许多著名的湖泊，如英国的湖区 (the Lake District)，是著名的旅游胜地。

ocean (n.) /ˈoʊʃn/：海洋。

例句1 (基本义): The ocean is vast and mysterious. (海洋广阔而神秘。)
例句2 (五大洋): The five oceans are the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern. (五大洋是大西洋、太平洋、印度洋、北冰洋和南冰洋。)
例句3 (比喻): She felt an ocean of sadness. (她感到无边的悲伤。)
例句4 (搭配): We sailed across the ocean. (我们航行穿越大洋。)
拓展 (Usage): “ocean” 指地球上广阔的咸水水域，比 “sea” 更大。
扩展 (Collocation): “ocean floor” (海底), “ocean current” (洋流), “ocean liner” (远洋客轮)。
引申 (Adjective): “oceanic” 是形容词，意为“海洋的”。

sea (n.) /siː/：海。

例句1 (基本义): We spent our vacation by the sea. (我们在海边度过了假期。)
例句2 (航行): He has been at sea for three months. (他已经在海上待了三个月。)
例句3 (比喻): I was all at sea in the new job. (我对新工作感到茫然不知所措。)
例句4 (搭配): The Mediterranean Sea is between Europe and Africa. (地中海位于欧洲和非洲之间。)
拓展 (Usage): “sea” 通常指海洋的一部分，或被陆地部分环绕的大片咸水。
扩展 (Collocation): “seaside” (海滨), “seasick” (晕船), “seafood” (海鲜)。
引申 (Idiom): “between the devil and the deep blue sea” 意为“进退两难”。

island (n.) /ˈaɪlənd/：岛屿。

例句1 (基本义): They live on a small island. (他们住在一个小岛上。)
例句2 (地理): Great Britain is an island. (大不列颠是一个岛屿。)
例句3 (搭配): We took a ferry to the island. (我们乘渡轮去了那个岛。)
例句4 (比喻): No man is an island. (没有人是一座孤岛。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意字母 “s” 不发音。
扩展 (Collocation): “desert island” (荒岛), “islander” (岛民)。
引申 (Idiom): “No man is an island” 是一句名言，强调人与人之间的联系。

forest (n.) /ˈfɔːrɪst/：森林。

例句1 (基本义): Many wild animals live in the forest. (许多野生动物生活在森林里。)
例句2 (种类): The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. (亚马逊是世界上最大的热带雨林。)
例句3 (比喻): He couldn't see the forest for the trees. (他见树不见林，因小失大。)
例句4 (搭配): We got lost in the forest. (我们在森林里迷路了。)
拓展 (Usage): “forest” 通常比 “woods” 更大、更茂密。
扩展 (Collocation): “deforestation” (砍伐森林), “forestry” (林业)。
引申 (Idiom): “can’t see the forest for the trees” 意为“只见树木，不见森林”。

desert (n. / v.) /ˈdezərt/ (名词) /dɪˈzɜːrt/ (动词)：沙漠；抛弃。

例句1 (名词): The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world. (撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的热沙漠。)
例句2 (动词): He deserted his family and ran away. (他抛弃了家人，离家出走了。)
例句3 (形容词): The streets were deserted late at night. (深夜的街道空无一人。)
例句4 (搭配): Camels are well adapted to life in the desert. (骆驼很适应沙漠里的生活。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意名词 /ˈdezərt/ 和动词 /dɪˈzɜːrt/ (抛弃) 的重音和发音不同。
扩展 (Collocation): “desert island” (荒岛), “desert plant” (沙漠植物)。
引申 (Homophone): 不要与 “dessert” /dɪˈzɜːrt/ (甜点) 混淆，虽然动词“抛弃”和“甜点”发音相同。

land (n. / v.) /lænd/：陆地；土地；降落。

例句1 (名词-陆地): After a month at sea, the sailors were happy to see land. (在海上待了一个月后，水手们很高兴看到陆地。)
例句2 (名词-土地): He bought a piece of land to build a house. (他买了一块地来盖房子。)
例句3 (动词): The plane landed safely on the runway. (飞机安全地降落在跑道上。)
例句4 (动词-比喻): His joke didn't land well with the audience. (他的笑话在观众中反响不佳。)
拓展 (Verb): “to land” 意为“降落，着陆”，也可以比喻“（笑话、评论等）被接受，产生预期效果”或“成功获得（工作、合同等）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “landlord/landlady” (房东/女房东), “landmark” (地标), “landscape” (风景)。
引申 (Usage): “by land” (从陆路)。

air (n. / v.) /eər/：空气；空中；态度；播出。

例句1 (名词-空气): Fresh air is good for your health. (新鲜空气对你的健康有益。)
例句2 (名词-态度): She has an air of confidence about her. (她身上有种自信的气质。)
例句3 (动词): The show will be aired tonight at 8 PM. (这个节目将于今晚8点播出。)
例句4 (动词): You should air your grievances instead of keeping them to yourself. (你应该把你的不满说出来，而不是憋在心里。)
拓展 (Verb): “to air” 意为“播出，广播”或“公开发表，宣泄”。
扩展 (Collocation): “air conditioner” (空调), “airline” (航空公司), “on the air” (正在播出)。
引申 (Idiom): “to walk on air” 意为“欣喜若狂，飘飘然”。

fire (n. / v.) /ˈfaɪər/：火；火灾；射击；解雇。

例句1 (名词-火): Be careful with fire. (小心火。)
例句2 (名词-火灾): The building was destroyed by a fire. (大楼被一场火灾烧毁了。)
例句3 (动词-射击): The soldiers were ordered to fire. (士兵们接到命令开火。)
例句4 (动词-解雇): He was fired from his job for being lazy. (他因为懒惰而被解雇了。)
拓展 (Verb): “to fire” 意为“射击”或“解雇”，后者是非常重要的引申义。
扩展 (Collocation): “firefighter” (消防员), “fireplace” (壁炉), “firework” (烟火)。
引申 (Idiom): “to play with fire” 意为“玩火，冒风险”。

学习策略：

观察法： 观察周围的自然环境和天气变化，尝试用英文描述你所看到的一切。
天气预报： 尝试听英文天气预报，并学习相关的词汇和表达。
主题词汇： 将词汇按照自然现象、动物、植物、地理特征等主题进行归类记忆。

第三章：时间与地点（Time & Place）

本章旨在帮助学习者掌握与时间表达和地点方位相关的核心英语词汇。这些词汇是构建日常对话、描述事件顺序和指引方向的基础，对于流畅的英语交流至关重要。

3.1 时间表达 (Time Expressions)

时间是生活中不可或缺的维度，准确地表达时间能够让我们的沟通更加清晰有效。本节将介绍一系列描述时间单位、时间段以及时间频率的核心词汇。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

time (n. / v.) /taɪm/：时间；时刻；次数；计时。

例句1 (时间): What time is it? (现在几点了？)
例句2 (次数): I have told you three times. (我已经告诉过你三次了。)
例句3 (时期): It was a difficult time for all of us. (那对我们所有人来说都是一段艰难的时期。)
例句4 (动词): The runner was timed at 9.58 seconds. (这位赛跑运动员的计时是9.58秒。)
拓展 (Verb): “to time” 是动词，意为“为……计时”。
扩展 (Collocation): “on time” (准时), “in time” (及时), “free time” (空闲时间), “have a good time” (玩得开心)。
引申 (Idiom): “Time flies.” 意为“时光飞逝”。

minute (n.) /ˈmɪnɪt/：分钟；片刻；会议记录。

例句1 (分钟): The meeting will start in five minutes. (会议将在五分钟后开始。)
例句2 (片刻): Wait a minute, I'm almost ready. (等一下，我马上就好。)
例句3 (会议记录): Who is going to take the minutes of the meeting? (谁来做会议记录？)
例句4 (形容词): The details are too minute /maɪˈnjuːt/ to see. (细节太微小了，看不见。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 作为形容词 /maɪˈnjuːt/ 时，意为“微小的，详细的”，注意发音和重音的变化。
扩展 (Collocation): “last-minute” (最后一刻的), “up-to-the-minute” (最新的)。
引申 (Idiom): “a New York minute” 意为“极短的时间”。

hour (n.) /ˈaʊər/：小时。

例句1 (基本义): She studies for two hours every day. (她每天学习两个小时。)
例句2 (时刻): The museum opens in an hour. (博物馆一小时后开门。)
例句3 (搭配): We drove for hours to get here. (我们开了好几个小时的车才到这里。)
例句4 (比喻): It was the darkest hour of his life. (那是他生命中最黑暗的时刻。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意首字母 “h” 不发音，所以冠词用 “an” (an hour)。
扩展 (Collocation): “rush hour” (高峰时间), “office hours” (办公时间), “happy hour” (（酒吧的）欢乐时光)。
引申 (Adjective): “hourly” 是形容词或副词，意为“每小时的（地）”。

day (n.) /deɪ/：天；日；白天。

例句1 (基本义): There are 365 days in a year. (一年有365天。)
例句2 (白天): I work during the day and sleep at night. (我白天工作，晚上睡觉。)
例句3 (时期): In my grandfather's day, there was no internet. (在我祖父那个年代，没有互联网。)
例句4 (搭配): Have a nice day! (祝你今天过得愉快！)
拓展 (Usage): “the other day” 指“几天前”。
扩展 (Collocation): “day off” (休息日), “nowadays” (如今), “daydream” (白日梦)。
引申 (Idiom): “to call it a day” 意为“（今天）到此为止，收工”。

week (n.) /wiːk/：周；星期。

例句1 (基本义): We meet once a week. (我们每周见一次。)
例句2 (时间段): I will be on vacation for two weeks. (我将休假两周。)
例句3 (搭配): What day of the week is it? (今天星期几？)
例句4 (未来/过去): See you next week! (下周见！)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “weak” (虚弱的) 混淆，它们是同音词。
扩展 (Collocation): “weekday” (工作日), “weekend” (周末), “weekly” (每周的)。
引申 (Usage): 一周七天：Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday。

month (n.) /mʌnθ/：月。

例句1 (基本义): February is the shortest month of the year. (二月是一年中最短的月份。)
例句2 (时间段): The project will take several months to complete. (这个项目需要几个月才能完成。)
例句3 (搭配): I pay my rent at the beginning of every month. (我每个月初付房租。)
例句4 (具体): My birthday is next month. (我的生日在下个月。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式是 “months” /mʌnθs/。
扩展 (Collocation): “month of the year” (一年中的月份), “monthly” (每月的)。
引申 (Usage): 一年十二个月的名称需要专门记忆。

year (n.) /jɪər/：年。

例句1 (基本义): I have been working here for three years. (我在这里工作了三年。)
例句2 (学年/财年): The school year starts in September. (学年从九月开始。)
例句3 (年龄): She is 25 years old. (她25岁。)
例句4 (搭配): Happy New Year! (新年快乐！)
拓展 (Usage): “a year” 或 “per year” 意为“每年”。
扩展 (Collocation): “leap year” (闰年), “New Year's Eve” (除夕), “yearly” (每年的)。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “ear” (耳朵) 的发音混淆。

century (n.) /ˈsentʃəri/：世纪（一百年）。

例句1 (基本义): The 21st century began in 2001. (21世纪始于2001年。)
例句2 (历史): This castle was built in the 15th century. (这座城堡建于15世纪。)
例句3 (比喻): It feels like a century since we last met. (感觉我们好像一个世纪没见了。)
例句4 (搭配): We are living in a new century of technological advancement. (我们生活在一个科技进步的新世纪。)
拓展 (Grammar): 复数形式是 “centuries”。
扩展 (Collocation): “turn of the century” (世纪之交)。
引申 (Related term): “decade” (十年), “millennium” (一千年)。

morning (n.) /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/：早晨；上午。

例句1 (基本义): I usually wake up early in the morning. (我通常在早晨很早起床。)
例句2 (问候): Good morning! (早上好！)
例句3 (搭配): I have a meeting at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. (我明天上午10点有个会。)
例句4 (整个): I spent the whole morning cleaning the house. (我花了一整个上午打扫房子。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指从日出到中午的时间段。
扩展 (Collocation): “early morning” (清晨), “morning person” (习惯早起的人)。
引申 (Preposition): 通常与介词 “in” 连用，如 “in the morning”。

afternoon (n.) /ˌæftərˈnuːn/：下午。

例句1 (基本义): I have a meeting in the afternoon. (我下午有个会议。)
例句2 (问候): Good afternoon! (下午好！)
例句3 (搭配): What are you doing this afternoon? (你今天下午做什么？)
例句4 (整个): The rain continued all afternoon. (雨下了一整个下午。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指从中午到傍晚的时间段。
扩展 (Collocation): “late afternoon” (傍晚), “afternoon tea” (下午茶)。
引申 (Preposition): 通常与介词 “in” 连用，如 “in the afternoon”。

evening (n.) /ˈiːvnɪŋ/：傍晚；晚上。

例句1 (基本义): We went out for dinner in the evening. (我们傍晚出去吃了晚餐。)
例句2 (问候): Good evening! (晚上好！)
例句3 (搭配): I like to read a book in the evening. (我喜欢在晚上看书。)
例句4 (活动): The concert starts at 7 in the evening. (音乐会晚上7点开始。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指从日落到就寝前的时间段。用于问候，而 “good night” 用于告别。
扩展 (Collocation): “evening gown” (晚礼服), “evening class” (夜校)。
引申 (Preposition): 通常与介词 “in” 连用，如 “in the evening”。

night (n.) /naɪt/：夜晚。

例句1 (基本义): It’s dangerous to walk alone at night. (夜晚独自走路很危险。)
例句2 (告别): Good night! Sleep well. (晚安！睡个好觉。)
例句3 (搭配): I couldn't sleep last night. (我昨晚没睡着。)
例句4 (比喻): It was a long, dark night of the soul for him. (那对他来说是一段漫长而黑暗的心灵低谷期。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指从就寝到日出的时间段。
扩展 (Collocation): “night owl” (夜猫子), “nightmare” (噩梦), “overnight” (一夜之间)。
引申 (Preposition): 通常与介词 “at” 连用，如 “at night”。

today (adv. / n.) /təˈdeɪ/：今天。

例句1 (基本义): What are you doing today? (你今天要做什么？)
例句2 (名词): Today is my birthday. (今天是我的生日。)
例句3 (当今): The youth of today face different challenges. (如今的年轻人面临着不同的挑战。)
例句4 (搭配): I have a lot of work to do today. (我今天有很多工作要做。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以作副词或名词。
扩展 (Related term): “tonight” (今晚)。
引申 (Culture): “Seize the day” (活在当下，及时行乐) 是一个常见的格言。

tomorrow (adv. / n.) /təˈmɒroʊ/：明天。

例句1 (基本义): I’ll see you tomorrow. (我明天见你。)
例句2 (名词): Tomorrow is another day. (明天又是新的一天。)
例句3 (未来): We must prepare for the world of tomorrow. (我们必须为未来的世界做好准备。)
例句4 (搭配): The meeting is scheduled for tomorrow morning. (会议安排在明天上午。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以作副词或名词。
扩展 (Related term): “the day after tomorrow” (后天)。
引申 (Idiom): “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.” (今日事，今日毕。)

yesterday (adv. / n.) /ˈjestərdeɪ/：昨天。

例句1 (基本义): I saw him yesterday. (我昨天见到他了。)
例句2 (名词): Yesterday was a beautiful day. (昨天是美好的一天。)
例句3 (比喻): He seems like a hero from yesterday. (他看起来像是昔日的英雄。)
例句4 (搭配): I finished the report yesterday evening. (我昨天傍晚完成了报告。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以作副词或名词。
扩展 (Related term): “the day before yesterday” (前天)。
引申 (Culture): 披头士乐队有一首著名的歌曲叫 “Yesterday”。

now (adv. / n.) /naʊ/：现在；此刻。

例句1 (基本义): I need to leave now. (我需要现在就走。)
例句2 (对比): He used to be shy, but he's very confident now. (他过去很害羞，但现在非常自信。)
例句3 (短语): It's now or never. (机不可失，时不再来。)
例句4 (名词): From now on, I will exercise every day. (从现在起，我将每天锻炼。)
拓展 (Usage): “right now” 意为“立刻，马上”。
扩展 (Collocation): “now and then” (有时，偶尔), “for now” (暂时)。
引申 (Adjective): “the now generation” (当今这一代)。

then (adv.) /ðen/：那时；然后；那么。

例句1 (那时): I was young then. (那时我还年轻。)
例句2 (然后): First I'll take a shower, then I'll go to bed. (我先洗个澡，然后去睡觉。)
例句3 (那么): If you're tired, then you should rest. (如果你累了，那么你就该休息。)
例句4 (搭配): See you then! (到时候见！)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个多义词，根据上下文判断其含义。
扩展 (Collocation): “now and then” (有时，偶尔), “back then” (当时)。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “than” /ðæn/ (比) 混淆。

always (adv.) /ˈɔːlweɪz/：总是；一直。

例句1 (基本义): She always arrives on time. (她总是准时到达。)
例句2 (抱怨): You are always complaining! (你老是抱怨！)
例句3 (永恒): I will always love you. (我会永远爱你。)
例句4 (习惯): He always drinks coffee in the morning. (他总是在早上喝咖啡。)
拓展 (Usage): 表示频率为100%。与现在进行时连用时，常带有赞扬或抱怨的情感色彩。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “never” (从不)。
引申 (Idiom): “better late than never” (迟做总比不做好)。

often (adv.) /ˈɔːfn/ 或 /ˈɒftən/：经常；常常。

例句1 (基本义): I often go for a walk in the park. (我经常去公园散步。)
例句2 (频率): How often do you go to the cinema? (你多久去看一次电影？)
例句3 (对比): He often works late, but not always. (他经常工作到很晚，但并非总是如此。)
例句4 (搭配): As is often the case, he was the last to arrive. (通常都是这样，他是最后一个到的。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 字母 “t” 可以发音也可以不发音，两种都是正确的。
扩展 (Synonym): “frequently” 是一个更正式的同义词。
引申 (Usage): 表示频率较高，但低于 “always”。

sometimes (adv.) /ˈsʌmtaɪmz/：有时；偶尔。

例句1 (基本义): Sometimes I feel like giving up. (有时我感觉想放弃。)
例句2 (位置): I sometimes walk to work. (我有时走路去上班。)
例句3 (对比): The weather here is sometimes hot, sometimes cold. (这里的天气时而热，时而冷。)
例句4 (频率): He only sees his parents sometimes. (他只是偶尔见见他的父母。)
拓展 (Usage): 在句子中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中或句末。
扩展 (Contrast): 不要与 “sometime” (某个时候) 或 “some time” (一段时间) 混淆。
引申 (Synonym): “occasionally”, “now and then”。

never (adv.) /ˈnevər/：从不；决不。

例句1 (基本义): He never eats meat. (他从不吃肉。)
例句2 (强调): I will never forget your kindness. (我永远不会忘记你的好意。)
例句3 (经历): I have never been to Japan. (我从没去过日本。)
例句4 (感叹): Well, I never! (哎呀，真没想到！)
拓展 (Usage): 表示频率为0%。它本身含有否定意义，所以句子中不能再用其他否定词。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “always” (总是)。
引申 (Idiom): “Never say never.” (永不言败，凡事无绝对。)

early (adv. / adj.) /ˈɜːrli/：早的；早地。

例句1 (副词): I woke up early this morning. (我今天早上醒得很早。)
例句2 (形容词): We took an early flight. (我们搭乘了早班飞机。)
例句3 (时期): He was a famous painter in the early 20th century. (他是20世纪早期一位著名的画家。)
例句4 (比喻): It's too early to say who will win. (现在说谁会赢还为时过早。)
拓展 (Usage): 形容词和副词同形。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “late” (晚的)。
引申 (Idiom): “The early bird catches the worm.” (早起的鸟儿有虫吃。)

late (adv. / adj.) /leɪt/：晚的；晚地；迟到的；已故的。

例句1 (迟到): Don’t be late for the meeting. (开会不要迟到。)
例句2 (晚): I stayed up late last night. (我昨晚熬夜了。)
例句3 (已故的): Her late husband was a kind man. (她已故的丈夫是个和善的人。)
例句4 (最近): Have you seen any good movies of late? (你最近看过什么好电影吗？)
拓展 (Usage): “of late” 或 “lately” 意为“最近”。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “early” (早的)。
引申 (Adverb): 注意 “lately” (最近) 和 “late” (晚) 的意思完全不同。

before (prep. / adv. / conj.) /bɪˈfɔːr/：在……之前。

例句1 (介词): Please finish your homework before dinner. (请在晚饭前完成作业。)
例句2 (副词): I've seen this movie before. (我以前看过这部电影。)
例句3 (连词): Look both ways before you cross the street. (过马路前要两边看。)
例句4 (位置): He stood before the judge. (他站在法官面前。)
拓展 (Usage): 词性多样，用法灵活。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “after” (在……之后)。
引申 (Idiom): “calm before the storm” (暴风雨前的平静)。

after (prep. / adv. / conj.) /ˈæftər/：在……之后。

例句1 (介词): Let’s go for a walk after lunch. (午饭后我们去散步吧。)
例句2 (副词): They lived happily ever after. (他们从此过上了幸福的生活。)
例句3 (连词): I'll call you after I finish my work. (我做完工作后会给你打电话。)
例句4 (追逐): The police ran after the thief. (警察追赶小偷。)
拓展 (Usage): 词性多样，用法灵活。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “before” (在……之前)。
引申 (Noun): “afternoon” (下午)。

during (prep.) /ˈdʊrɪŋ/：在……期间。

例句1 (基本义): She fell asleep during the movie. (她在看电影期间睡着了。)
例句2 (时间段): I will be on vacation during the first week of August. (我将在八月的第一周休假。)
例句3 (事件): He was injured during the game. (他在比赛中受了伤。)
例句4 (对比): During the day it's hot, but at night it's cold. (白天很热，但到了晚上就很冷。)
拓展 (Usage): 后面通常跟名词，表示一个时间段或一个事件。
扩展 (Contrast): 不要与 “while” 混淆。“During” 是介词，后跟名词；“while” 是连词，后跟从句。
引申 (Example): “during the war” (在战争期间), “during my childhood” (在我的童年时期)。

while (conj. / n.) /waɪl/：当……的时候；然而；一会儿。

例句1 (连词-同时): He read a book while waiting for the bus. (他等公交车的时候看了一本书。)
例句2 (连词-然而): She is very outgoing, while her sister is shy. (她非常外向，而她的妹妹很害羞。)
例句3 (名词): I'll be back in a little while. (我过一会儿就回来。)
例句4 (动词): He whiled away the afternoon reading. (他靠读书消磨了一下午。)
拓展 (Verb): “to while away the time” 意为“消磨时间”。
扩展 (Contrast): 不要与 “during” 混淆。
引申 (Idiom): “once in a while” 意为“偶尔”。

soon (adv.) /suːn/：很快；不久。

例句1 (基本义): I’ll be back soon. (我很快就回来。)
例句2 (搭配): See you soon! (待会见！)
例句3 (比较级): The sooner we start, the sooner we'll finish. (我们越早开始，就越早完成。)
例句4 (短语): As soon as I get home, I'll call you. (我一到家就给你打电话。)
拓展 (Usage): 表示在不远的将来。
扩展 (Collocation): “sooner or later” (迟早), “no sooner... than...” (一……就……)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “late” (晚)。

fast (adj. / adv.) /fæst/：快的；快地；禁食。

例句1 (副词): He can run very fast. (他跑得很快。)
例句2 (形容词): This is a fast car. (这是一辆快车。)
例句3 (名词): Muslims observe a fast during Ramadan. (穆斯林在斋月期间禁食。)
例句4 (动词): Some people fast for health reasons. (一些人为了健康而禁食。)
拓展 (Usage): 形容词和副词同形。作为名词或动词时，意为“禁食”。
扩展 (Collocation): “fast food” (快餐), “hold fast” (抓紧)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “slow” (慢的)。

slow (adj. / adv.) /sloʊ/：慢的；慢地。

例句1 (形容词): He is a slow learner. (他学东西很慢。)
例句2 (副词): Please drive slow. (请慢点开车。)
例句3 (动词): You need to slow down. (你需要慢下来。)
例句4 (比喻): Business is slow this month. (这个月生意很清淡。)
拓展 (Usage): “slow” 和 “slowly” 都可以作副词，但 “slowly” 更为正式和常见。
扩展 (Collocation): “slow motion” (慢动作), “slow cooker” (慢炖锅)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “fast” (快的)。

quick (adj.) /kwɪk/：快的；迅速的。

例句1 (基本义): She made a quick decision. (她迅速做出了决定。)
例句2 (搭配): Let's have a quick chat. (我们快快地聊几句吧。)
例句3 (头脑): He has a quick mind. (他头脑反应很快。)
例句4 (脾气): Be careful, he has a quick temper. (小心，他脾气很急。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常强调动作或时间短暂。对应的副词是 “quickly”。
扩展 (Synonym): 与 “fast” 相似，但 “quick” 更多指完成某事所需时间短，而 “fast” 更多指移动速度快。
引申 (Idiom): “as quick as a flash” (像闪电一样快)。

sudden (adj.) /ˈsʌdn/：突然的。

例句1 (基本义): There was a sudden change in the weather. (天气突然发生了变化。)
例句2 (搭配): He came to a sudden stop. (他突然停了下来。)
例句3 (副词): All of a sudden, the lights went out. (突然，灯灭了。)
例句4 (情感): A sudden fear gripped her. (一阵突如其来的恐惧抓住了她。)
拓展 (Adverb): 副词是 “suddenly”。“all of a sudden” 是一个常用的副词短语。
扩展 (Collocation): “sudden death” (猝死；（体育比赛中的）突然死亡法)。
引申 (Usage): 强调事情发生得出乎意料。

future (n. / adj.) /ˈfjuːtʃər/：未来；未来的。

例句1 (名词): What do you want to be in the future? (你未来想成为什么？)
例句2 (形容词): We need to plan for our future expenses. (我们需要为未来的开支做计划。)
例句3 (搭配): The future is uncertain. (未来是不确定的。)
例句4 (语法): The future tense is used to talk about things that haven't happened yet. (将来时用于谈论尚未发生的事情。)
拓展 (Usage): “in the future” (在未来), “in the near future” (在不久的将来)。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “past” (过去)。
引申 (Adjective): “futuristic” 意为“未来主义的，超前的”。

past (n. / adj. / prep.) /pæst/：过去；过去的；经过。

例句1 (名词): In the past, people used horses for transportation. (过去，人们用马匹代步。)
例句2 (形容词): I have been very busy for the past few weeks. (过去几周我一直很忙。)
例句3 (介词): He walked right past me without saying hello. (他直接从我身边走过，没打招呼。)
例句4 (时间): It's half past ten. (现在是十点半。)
拓展 (Usage): 词性多样，用法灵活。
扩展 (Antonym): 反义词是 “future” (未来)。
引申 (Idiom): “to live in the past” (活在过去，守旧)。

present (n. / adj. / v.)：现在；礼物；出席的；赠送。

例句1 (名词-现在): Live in the present moment. (活在当下。)
例句2 (名词-礼物): He gave me a beautiful present for my birthday. (/ˈpreznt/) (他送给我一份漂亮的生日礼物。)
例句3 (形容词-出席的): How many students were present in class today? (/ˈpreznt/) (今天有多少学生到课？)
例句4 (动词-赠送): The mayor will present the awards. (/prɪˈzent/) (市长将颁发奖项。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 作为名词“礼物”和形容词“出席的”时，重音在前，读/ˈpreznt/。作为动词“赠送，呈现”时，重音在后，读/prɪˈzent/。
扩展 (Collocation): “at present” (目前), “the present day” (当今)。
引申 (Noun): “presence” (出席，存在)。

学习策略：

时间轴： 尝试绘制一个时间轴，将不同时间单位和时间段的词汇标注在上面，形成直观的认知。
日常对话： 在日常生活中，多练习用英文询问和回答时间，例如 “What time is it?”, “What day is it today?”。
频率副词的位置： 注意 “always”, “often”, “sometimes”, “never” 等频率副词在句子中的位置，通常位于动词之前或be动词之后。

3.2 地点与方向 (Places & Directions)

准确地描述地点和指引方向是日常交流中非常实用的技能。本节将介绍一系列描述位置、方向以及地理特征的核心词汇。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

here (adv. / n.) /hɪər/：这里；在这里。

例句1 (基本义): Please come here. (请到这里来。)
例句2 (位置): I have lived here for five years. (我在这里住了五年了。)
例句3 (介绍): Here is your coffee. (这是你的咖啡。)
例句4 (名词): Let's get out of here. (我们离开这里吧。)
拓展 (Usage): 在打电话时，“This is [name] here.” 是一种常见的自我介绍方式。
扩展 (Collocation): “here and there” (到处), “right here” (就在这里)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “there” (那里)。

there (adv. / pron.) /ðeər/：那里；在那里；（引导词）有。

例句1 (基本义): He lives over there. (他住在那里。)
例句2 (引导词): There is a book on the table. (桌子上有一本书。)
例句3 (安慰): There, there, don't cry. (好了，好了，别哭了。)
例句4 (存在): I'll be there for you. (我会支持你的。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为引导词时，没有实际意义，用于引出主语。
扩展 (Collocation): “over there” (在那边), “here and there” (到处)。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “their” (他们的) 或 “they're” (他们是) 混淆，它们是同音词。

where (adv. / conj.) /weər/：哪里；在……的地方。

例句1 (疑问): Where are you going? (你要去哪里？)
例句2 (连词): This is the house where I grew up. (这就是我长大的房子。)
例句3 (反问): You're going on vacation? Where to? (你要去度假？去哪儿？)
例句4 (比喻): I'm not sure where to begin. (我不确定该从何说起。)
拓展 (Usage): 用于引出地点状语从句。
扩展 (Collocation): “anywhere” (任何地方), “somewhere” (某个地方), “nowhere” (无处), “everywhere” (到处)。
引申 (Idiom): “where there's a will, there's a way” (有志者，事竟成)。

up (adv. / prep.) /ʌp/：向上；在……上面；起床；增加。

例句1 (向上): Go up the stairs. (上楼梯。)
例句2 (起床): What time do you get up? (你几点起床？)
例句3 (增加): The price of gas went up. (油价上涨了。)
例句4 (完成): Eat up your vegetables. (把你的蔬菜吃完。)
拓展 (Usage): 是一个非常灵活的词，常用于构成动词短语，如 “give up” (放弃), “show up” (出现)。
扩展 (Collocation): “What's up?” (怎么了？/你好吗？), “upside down” (颠倒)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “down” (向下)。

down (adv. / prep.) /daʊn/：向下；沿着；情绪低落。

例句1 (向下): Come down the stairs. (下楼梯。)
例句2 (沿着): We walked down the street. (我们沿着街道走。)
例句3 (情绪): I'm feeling a bit down today. (我今天情绪有点低落。)
例句4 (减少): The temperature went down. (气温下降了。)
拓展 (Usage): 同样常用于构成动词短语，如 “calm down” (冷静下来), “write down” (写下来)。
扩展 (Collocation): “sit down” (坐下), “downtown” (市中心)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “up” (向上)。

in (prep. / adv.) /ɪn/：在……里面；进入；穿着。

例句1 (里面): The book is in the bag. (书在包里。)
例句2 (进入): Please come in. (请进。)
例句3 (穿着): The woman in red is my sister. (穿红衣服的那个女人是我姐姐。)
例句4 (时间): I'll see you in an hour. (我一小时后见你。)
拓展 (Usage): 用法非常广泛，可以表示地点、时间、状态等。
扩展 (Collocation): “in front of” (在……前面), “in fact” (事实上), “be in trouble” (有麻烦)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “out” (在外面)。

out (adv. / prep.) /aʊt/：在外面；向外；熄灭。

例句1 (外面): Let’s go out for dinner. (我们出去吃饭吧。)
例句2 (熄灭): The fire went out. (火熄灭了。)
例句3 (离开): He walked out of the room. (他走出了房间。)
例句4 (用完): We are out of milk. (我们牛奶喝完了。)
拓展 (Usage): 常用于构成动词短语，如 “find out” (发现), “work out” (解决；锻炼)。
扩展 (Collocation): “out of date” (过时的), “out of order” (出故障的)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “in” (在里面)。

on (prep. / adv.) /ɒn/：在……上面；关于；开着。

例句1 (上面): The book is on the table. (书在桌子上。)
例句2 (开着): Please turn on the light. (请开灯。)
例句3 (关于): This is a book on history. (这是一本关于历史的书。)
例句4 (时间): My birthday is on Monday. (我的生日在星期一。)
拓展 (Usage): 用法非常广泛，可以表示接触、状态、主题、时间等。
扩展 (Collocation): “go on” (继续), “depend on” (取决于), “on foot” (步行)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “off” (离开)。

off (adv. / prep.) /ɒf/：离开；从……上掉下；关掉；休息。

例句1 (关掉): Turn off the light. (关灯。)
例句2 (离开): He got off the bus at the wrong stop. (他在错误的车站下了车。)
例句3 (休息): I have a day off tomorrow. (我明天休息一天。)
例句4 (折扣): Everything is 50% off. (所有商品都打五折。)
拓展 (Usage): 常用于构成动词短语，如 “take off” (起飞；脱下), “put off” (推迟)。
扩展 (Collocation): “off-topic” (跑题的), “well-off” (富裕的)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “on” (在……上)。

under (prep. / adv.) /ˈʌndər/：在……下面；少于；在……情况下。

例句1 (下面): The cat is under the table. (猫在桌子下面。)
例句2 (少于): Children under five can enter for free. (五岁以下儿童可免费入场。)
例句3 (在……情况下): The restaurant is under new management. (这家餐厅正在新的管理之下。)
例句4 (比喻): He is under a lot of pressure. (他承受着巨大的压力。)
拓展 (Usage): 既可以指具体的物理位置，也可以指抽象的状态或数量。
扩展 (Collocation): “under construction” (正在建设中), “under control” (在控制之下)。
引申 (Synonym): “beneath” 和 “below” 是更正式的同义词。

over (prep. / adv.) /ˈoʊvər/：在……上方；越过；结束；多于。

例句1 (上方): The bird flew over the house. (鸟飞过房子。)
例句2 (结束): The game is over. (比赛结束了。)
例句3 (多于): He is over 40 years old. (他40多岁了。)
例句4 (覆盖): She put a blanket over the sleeping child. (她给睡着的孩子盖上毯子。)
拓展 (Usage): 含义非常丰富，可以表示位置、方向、状态、数量等。
扩展 (Collocation): “over and over again” (一遍又一遍), “all over the world” (全世界)。
引申 (Idiom): “to be over the moon” 意为“欣喜若狂”。

front (n. / adj.) /frʌnt/：前面；前面的。

例句1 (名词): The car is parked in front of the house. (车停在房子前面。)
例句2 (形容词): Please use the front door. (请走前门。)
例句3 (位置): He sat at the front of the classroom. (他坐在教室的前面。)
例句4 (比喻): She puts on a brave front, but I know she's sad. (她装出一副勇敢的样子，但我知道她很难过。)
拓展 (Usage): “in front of” 是一个常用的介词短语。
扩展 (Collocation): “front page” (头版), “front seat” (前座)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “back” (后面)。

back (n. / adj. / adv.) /bæk/：后面；后面的；向后；背部。

例句1 (名词): The garden is at the back of the house. (花园在房子的后面。)
例句2 (副词): I'll be right back. (我马上回来。)
例句3 (形容词): Let's use the back entrance. (我们走后门吧。)
例句4 (身体): He hurt his back. (他伤到了背。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个词性非常丰富的词。
扩展 (Collocation): “go back” (回去), “look back” (回顾), “background” (背景)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “front” (前面)。

side (n. / v.) /saɪd/：旁边；侧面；一方；支持。

例句1 (名词-旁边): He stood by my side. (他站在我旁边。)
例句2 (名词-一方): There are two sides to every story. (每个故事都有两面性。)
例句3 (动词): Whose side are you on? (你支持哪一方？)
例句4 (搭配): The house has a beautiful garden on one side. (房子的一侧有一个美丽的花园。)
拓展 (Verb): “to side with someone” 意为“支持某人”。
扩展 (Collocation): “side by side” (并排地), “side effect” (副作用), “countryside” (乡村)。
引申 (Usage): “on the side” 意为“作为副业；另外”。

near (prep. / adv. / adj.) /nɪər/：在……附近；近；靠近。

例句1 (介词): My house is near the park. (我家在公园附近。)
例句2 (副词): Don't come too near. (别靠太近。)
例句3 (形容词): The end of the year is near. (年终将近。)
例句4 (比喻): The two languages are very near to each other. (这两种语言非常相近。)
拓展 (Usage): “nearby” 也可以作形容词或副词，意为“附近的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “the near future” (不久的将来), “a near miss” (侥幸的躲过)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “far” (远的)。

far (adv. / adj.) /fɑːr/：远的；远地。

例句1 (副词): How far is it from here? (离这里有多远？)
例句2 (形容词): He lives in a far country. (他住在一个遥远的国家。)
例句3 (程度): This is far better than I expected. (这比我预期的要好得多。)
例句4 (短语): So far, so good. (到目前为止，一切都好。)
拓展 (Usage): 在比较级前，意为“……得多”。
扩展 (Collocation): “as far as I know” (据我所知), “by far” (到目前为止最……)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “near” (近的)。

left (n. / adj. / adv.) /left/：左边；左边的；向左；剩下的。

例句1 (方向): Turn left at the next corner. (在下一个拐角向左转。)
例句2 (名词): Look to your left. (看你的左边。)
例句3 (剩下的): Is there any cake left? (还有剩下的蛋糕吗？)
例句4 (动词过去式): He left the room. (他离开了房间。)
拓展 (Usage): 也是动词 “leave” (离开) 的过去式和过去分词。
扩展 (Collocation): “left-handed” (左撇子的), “leftovers” (剩饭剩菜)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “right” (右边)。

right (n. / adj. / adv.) /raɪt/：右边；右边的；向右；正确的；权利。

例句1 (方向): Turn right at the traffic lights. (在红绿灯处向右转。)
例句2 (正确): That's the right answer. (那是正确答案。)
例句3 (权利): Everyone has the right to education. (每个人都有受教育的权利。)
例句4 (程度): The hotel is right in the city center. (酒店就在市中心。)
拓展 (Usage): 含义非常丰富，需要根据上下文判断。
扩展 (Collocation): “all right” (好的), “right now” (立刻), “human rights” (人权)。
引申 (Antonym): 方向上的反义词是 “left” (左边)，正确性的反义词是 “wrong” (错误的)。

straight (adv. / adj.) /streɪt/：直地；直的；坦率的。

例句1 (方向): Go straight ahead. (直走。)
例句2 (形容词): Draw a straight line. (画一条直线。)
例句3 (坦率): Just give me a straight answer. (给我一个坦率的回答。)
例句4 (连续): He worked for 12 hours straight. (他连续工作了12个小时。)
拓展 (Usage): 形容词和副词同形。
扩展 (Collocation): “straight face” (板着脸，一本正经的样子), “go straight” (改过自新)。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “street” (街道) 混淆。

across (prep. / adv.) /əˈkrɒs/：穿过；横过；在……对面。

例句1 (穿过): He walked across the street. (他穿过街道。)
例句2 (在……对面): The library is just across the road. (图书馆就在马路对面。)
例句3 (遍及): Her fame spread across the country. (她的名声传遍了全国。)
例句4 (短语): I came across an old friend yesterday. (我昨天偶然遇到了一个老朋友。)
拓展 (Usage): “come across” 是一个常用的动词短语，意为“偶然遇见”。
扩展 (Collocation): “across from” (在……对面，美式用法)。
引申 (Related term): 与 “through” (穿过一个三维空间) 有区别。

along (prep. / adv.) /əˈlɒŋ/：沿着；一起。

例句1 (沿着): Walk along the river. (沿着河边走。)
例句2 (一起): Why don't you come along with us? (你为什么不和我们一起来呢？)
例句3 (进展): How is your project coming along? (你的项目进展如何？)
例句4 (搭配): There are trees all along the road. (路两旁都是树。)
拓展 (Usage): “come along” 意为“一起来”或“进展”。
扩展 (Collocation): “all along” (一直，始终), “get along with” (与……和睦相处)。
引申 (Related term): 表示沿着一条线移动。

around (prep. / adv.) /əˈraʊnd/：在……周围；大约；到处。

例句1 (周围): The children are playing around the tree. (孩子们在树周围玩耍。)
例句2 (大约): It costs around 50 dollars. (它大约要50美元。)
例句3 (到处): I've been looking all around for my keys. (我到处找我的钥匙。)
例句4 (转身): He turned around to see who was calling him. (他转过身去看谁在叫他。)
拓展 (Usage): 在英式英语中，“round” 也常用作同样的意思。
扩展 (Collocation): “look around” (环顾四周), “around the corner” (在拐角处；即将来临)。
引申 (Synonym): “about” 也可以表示“大约”。

through (prep. / adv.) /θruː/：穿过；通过；凭借；从头到尾。

例句1 (穿过): We drove through the tunnel. (我们开车穿过隧道。)
例句2 (凭借): She got the job through her connections. (她凭借关系得到了这份工作。)
例句3 (从头到尾): I read the book through in one night. (我一晚上就把这本书从头到尾读完了。)
例句4 (完成): Are you through with your homework? (你做完作业了吗？)
拓展 (Usage): 表示穿过一个三维空间或一个过程。
扩展 (Collocation): “go through” (经历), “breakthrough” (突破)。
引申 (Related term): 与 “across” (穿过一个平面) 有区别。

between (prep.) /bɪˈtwiːn/：在（两者）之间。

例句1 (基本义): The shop is between the bank and the post office. (商店在银行和邮局之间。)
例句2 (选择): You have to choose between these two options. (你必须在这两个选项之间做出选择。)
例句3 (关系): There is a strong bond between the two sisters. (这两姐妹之间有很强的联系。)
例句4 (时间): I'll arrive between 2 and 3 PM. (我会在下午2点到3点之间到达。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常用于两者之间，但如果事物被明确分开看待，也可以用于三者或以上。
扩展 (Antonym): 与 “among” (在三者或以上之间) 相对。
引申 (Idiom): “read between the lines” (读出言外之意)。

among (prep.) /əˈmʌŋ/：在（三者或以上）之间；在……之中。

例句1 (基本义): He was sitting among his friends. (他坐在朋友们中间。)
例句2 (一部分): She is among the top students in her class. (她是班上顶尖的学生之一。)
例句3 (分配): The money was divided among the three winners. (奖金被分给了三个获胜者。)
例句4 (环境): It's nice to be among nature. (置身于大自然之中感觉很好。)
拓展 (Usage): 用于三者或三者以上的人或物之间。
扩展 (Antonym): 与 “between” (在两者之间) 相对。
引申 (Variant): “amongst” 是一个更正式或稍显老式的变体。

beside (prep.) /bɪˈsaɪd/：在……旁边。

例句1 (基本义): She sat beside him. (她坐在他旁边。)
例句2 (位置): The house is beside the river. (房子在河边。)
例句3 (对比): Beside her, I felt very tall. (在她旁边，我感觉自己很高。)
例句4 (无关): That's beside the point. (那离题了。)
拓展 (Contrast): 注意不要与 “besides” (除了……之外；而且) 混淆。“besides” 多一个 “s”，意思完全不同。
扩展 (Synonym): “next to”。
引申 (Idiom): “to be beside oneself with joy/grief” (高兴/悲伤得发狂)。

behind (prep. / adv.) /bɪˈhaɪnd/：在……后面；落后。

例句1 (位置): The car is parked behind the building. (车停在建筑物后面。)
例句2 (落后): He is behind in his studies. (他学习落后了。)
例句3 (支持): I'm right behind you in your decision. (我完全支持你的决定。)
例句4 (原因): What's the story behind this painting? (这幅画背后有什么故事？)
拓展 (Usage): 既可以指物理位置，也可以指抽象的落后或支持。
扩展 (Collocation): “behind schedule” (落后于预定计划), “leave behind” (留下，遗忘)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “in front of” (在……前面)。

opposite (prep. / adj. / n.) /ˈɒpəzɪt/：在……对面；相反的；对立面。

例句1 (介词): The bank is opposite the supermarket. (银行在超市对面。)
例句2 (形容词): They have opposite views on this issue. (他们在这个问题上持相反的观点。)
例句3 (名词): "Hot" is the opposite of "cold". (“热”是“冷”的反义词。)
例句4 (方向): He ran in the opposite direction. (他朝相反的方向跑去。)
拓展 (Usage): 词性多样，用法灵活。
扩展 (Collocation): “the opposite sex” (异性)。
引申 (Synonym): “across from” (美式)。

inside (prep. / adv. / n. / adj.) /ˌɪnˈsaɪd/：在……里面；在里面。

例句1 (副词): It’s warm inside the house. (房子里面很暖和。)
例句2 (介词): What's inside the box? (盒子里是什么？)
例句3 (名词): The inside of the car is very clean. (车子内部很干净。)
例句4 (形容词): I have some inside information. (我有一些内部消息。)
拓展 (Usage): 词性多样，用法灵活。
扩展 (Collocation): “inside out” (里外反穿)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “outside” (在外面)。

outside (prep. / adv. / n. / adj.) /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/：在……外面；在外面。

例句1 (副词): Let’s go play outside. (我们出去玩吧。)
例句2 (介词): There is a small garden outside the house. (房子外面有一个小花园。)
例句3 (名词): The outside of the building needs painting. (建筑物的外部需要粉刷。)
例句4 (形容词): We need to hire an outside consultant. (我们需要聘请一位外部顾问。)
拓展 (Usage): 词性多样，用法灵活。
扩展 (Collocation): “outside chance” (机会渺茫)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “inside” (在里面)。

top (n. / adj. / v.) /tɒp/：顶部；顶部的；盖过。

例句1 (名词): He reached the top of the mountain. (他到达了山顶。)
例句2 (形容词): She is a top student. (她是个顶尖的学生。)
例句3 (动词): Can you top up my glass, please? (请帮我把杯子倒满，好吗？)
例句4 (短语): On top of all that, it started to rain. (最糟糕的是，天开始下雨了。)
拓展 (Verb): “to top” 意为“超过，居于……之首”；“to top up” 意为“加满”。
扩展 (Collocation): “top secret” (绝密), “over the top” (过分的，夸张的)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “bottom” (底部)。

bottom (n. / adj.) /ˈbɒtəm/：底部；底部的。

例句1 (名词): The book is at the bottom of the bag. (书在包的底部。)
例句2 (形容词): Sign your name on the bottom line. (请在底部的线上签名。)
例句3 (比喻): Let's get to the bottom of this problem. (让我们探究一下这个问题的根源。)
例句4 (位置): He started from the bottom and worked his way up. (他从底层做起，一步步往上爬。)
拓展 (Usage): “get to the bottom of something” 意为“弄清……的真相”。
扩展 (Collocation): “rock bottom” (谷底，最低点)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “top” (顶部)。

middle (n. / adj.) /ˈmɪdl/：中间；中间的。

例句1 (名词): He stood in the middle of the room. (他站在房间的中间。)
例句2 (形容词): He is the middle child in the family. (他是家里的老二。)
例句3 (时间): We are in the middle of a meeting. (我们正在开会。)
例句4 (比喻): I'm stuck in the middle of their argument. (我被夹在他们的争论中间，左右为难。)
拓展 (Usage): “in the middle of nowhere” 意为“在偏僻的地方”。
扩展 (Collocation): “Middle Ages” (中世纪), “middle class” (中产阶级), “middle name” (中间名)。
引申 (Related term): 与 “center” (中心) 意思相近。

corner (n. / v.) /ˈkɔːrnər/：角落；街角；使走投无路。

例句1 (名词): The shop is on the corner of the street. (商店在街角。)
例句2 (名词): The spider built a web in the corner of the room. (蜘蛛在房间的角落里织了一张网。)
例句3 (动词): The police cornered the suspect in an alley. (警察在一条小巷里把嫌疑犯逼得走投无路。)
例句4 (比喻): Success is just around the corner. (成功近在咫尺。)
拓展 (Verb): “to corner” 意为“把……逼入角落，使走投无路”。
扩展 (Collocation): “corner shop” (街角小店), “cut corners” (走捷径，偷工减料)。
引申 (Idiom): “to turn a corner” 意为“（情况）好转”。

center (n. / v.) /ˈsentər/ (美式) /ˈsentrə/ (英式)：中心；使集中。

例句1 (名词): The city center is very busy. (市中心非常繁忙。)
例句2 (名词): The discussion was the center of attention. (讨论是关注的焦点。)
例句3 (动词): Her life centers around her children. (她的生活以孩子为中心。)
例句4 (搭配): The shopping center has many stores. (购物中心有很多商店。)
拓展 (Spelling): 美式拼写为 “center”，英式拼写为 “centre”。
扩展 (Collocation): “shopping center” (购物中心), “medical center” (医疗中心), “center of gravity” (重心)。
引申 (Adjective): “central” 是形容词，意为“中心的，主要的”。

edge (n. / v.) /edʒ/：边缘；优势；慢慢移动。

例句1 (名词-边缘): Be careful, you’re too close to the edge. (小心，你离边缘太近了。)
例句2 (名词-优势): The company has an edge over its competitors. (这家公司比其竞争对手有优势。)
例句3 (动词): He edged his way through the crowd. (他从人群中慢慢挤过去。)
例句4 (比喻): She was on the edge of tears. (她快要哭了。)
拓展 (Verb): “to edge” 意为“侧身缓慢移动”。
扩展 (Collocation): “cutting edge” (尖端的), “on edge” (紧张不安)。
引申 (Adjective): “edgy” 意为“紧张的，前卫的”。

road (n.) /roʊd/：路；公路。

例句1 (基本义): The road is very busy. (这条路很繁忙。)
例句2 (比喻): He is on the road to recovery. (他正在康复的道路上。)
例句3 (搭配): Follow this road for two miles. (沿着这条路走两英里。)
例句4 (短语): Let's hit the road. (我们出发吧。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指连接城镇的、供车辆行驶的较宽的路。
扩展 (Collocation): “main road” (主干道), “road trip” (公路旅行), “crossroads” (十字路口)。
引申 (Idiom): “the end of the road” 意为“终点，尽头”。

street (n.) /striːt/：街道。

例句1 (基本义): My house is on this street. (我家在这条街上。)
例句2 (搭配): The streets are crowded with people. (街上挤满了人。)
例句3 (比喻): He learned about life on the streets. (他在街头闯荡中学到了人生。)
例句4 (地址): What is your street address? (你的街道地址是什么？)
拓展 (Usage): 通常指城镇里两旁有房屋的道路。
扩展 (Collocation): “street food” (街头小吃), “main street” (主街), “one-way street” (单行道)。
引申 (Idiom): “a two-way street” 意为“相互的事情，双向的”。

path (n.) /pæθ/：小路；路径；道路。

例句1 (小路): Follow the path to the river. (沿着小路走到河边。)
例句2 (比喻): He chose a difficult path in life. (他选择了一条艰难的人生道路。)
例句3 (路线): The storm is on a path towards the coast. (风暴正朝着海岸的方向移动。)
例句4 (搭配): The garden path was lined with flowers. (花园小径两旁种满了花。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以是具体的路，也可以是抽象的“道路”或“途径”。
扩展 (Collocation): “career path” (职业道路), “footpath” (人行小道)。
引申 (Idiom): “the path of least resistance” 意为“最省事的办法”。

bridge (n. / v.) /brɪdʒ/：桥；桥梁；连接。

例句1 (名词): The car drove over the bridge. (汽车开过桥。)
例句2 (动词): We need to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. (我们需要弥合贫富之间的差距。)
例句3 (比喻): Music can be a bridge between cultures. (音乐可以是文化之间的桥梁。)
例句4 (搭配): The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous landmark. (金门大桥是一个著名的地标。)
拓展 (Verb): “to bridge” 是动词，意为“架桥于……之上；连接，弥合”。
扩展 (Collocation): “bridge the gap” (弥合差距), “suspension bridge” (吊桥)。
引申 (Idiom): “to cross that bridge when you come to it” 意为“船到桥头自然直，到时候再说”。

building (n.) /ˈbɪldɪŋ/：建筑物；大楼。

例句1 (基本义): That’s a very tall building. (那是一栋非常高的建筑物。)
例句2 (种类): The university has many different buildings on campus. (大学校园里有很多不同的建筑。)
例句3 (建造): The building of the new stadium took two years. (新体育场的建设花了两年时间。)
例句4 (搭配): He works in an office building. (他在一栋办公楼里工作。)
拓展 (Usage): “building” 也可以指“建造”这个过程。
扩展 (Collocation): “apartment building” (公寓楼), “office building” (办公楼), “building blocks” (积木；基础)。
引申 (Verb): “to build” 是动词，意为“建造”。

city (n.) /ˈsɪti/：城市。

例句1 (基本义): New York is a big city. (纽约是一个大城市。)
例句2 (生活): Do you prefer living in the city or the country? (你更喜欢住在城市还是乡村？)
例句3 (搭配): The city never sleeps. (这座城市从不沉睡。)
例句4 (种类): Paris is known as the City of Light. (巴黎被称为“光之城”。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常比 “town” 规模更大、更重要。
扩展 (Collocation): “city life” (城市生活), “city hall” (市政厅), “inner city” (市中心贫民区)。
引申 (Related term): “metropolis” 指“大都市”。

town (n.) /taʊn/：城镇。

例句1 (基本义): I live in a small town. (我住在一个小城镇。)
例句2 (中心): Let's go into town to do some shopping. (我们进城去购物吧。)
例句3 (对比): A town is larger than a village but smaller than a city. (镇比村大，但比市小。)
例句4 (搭配): He is the mayor of the town. (他是这个镇的镇长。)
拓展 (Usage): “in town” 指在城镇的商业或中心区域。
扩展 (Collocation): “hometown” (家乡), “downtown” (市中心), “ghost town” (鬼城)。
引申 (Idiom): “to paint the town red” 意为“狂欢作乐”。

village (n.) /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/：村庄；乡村。

例句1 (基本义): He grew up in a small village. (他在一个小村庄长大。)
例句2 (生活): Life in the village is quiet and peaceful. (村庄里的生活安静而祥和。)
例句3 (社区): The whole village came to the wedding. (全村的人都来参加了婚礼。)
例句4 (比喻): It takes a village to raise a child. (养育一个孩子需要整个村庄的力量。)
拓展 (Usage): 通常比 “town” 更小。
扩展 (Collocation): “fishing village” (渔村), “villager” (村民), “global village” (地球村)。
引申 (Idiom): “It takes a village” 是一句非洲谚语，强调社区合作的重要性。

country (n.) /ˈkʌntri/：国家；乡村；领域。

例句1 (国家): Which country are you from? (你来自哪个国家？)
例句2 (乡村): I prefer living in the country to the city. (我更喜欢住在乡村而不是城市。)
例句3 (领域): This is a new discovery for the country of science. (这是科学领域的一项新发现。)
例句4 (搭配): He loves listening to country music. (他喜欢听乡村音乐。)
拓展 (Usage): 这是一个多义词。“the country” 通常指“乡村地区”。
扩展 (Collocation): “countryside” (乡村地区), “home country” (祖国)。
引申 (Adjective): “country” 也可作形容词，如 “a country road” (一条乡间小路)。

world (n.) /wɜːrld/：世界。

例句1 (基本义): The world is a beautiful place. (世界是一个美丽的地方。)
例句2 (全球): People from all over the world attended the event. (来自世界各地的人们参加了这次活动。)
例句3 (领域): She is a leader in the world of fashion. (她是时尚界的领军人物。)
例句4 (比喻): He means the world to me. (他对我来说意味着整个世界。)
拓展 (Usage): “the world” 通常指地球及其所有国家和人民。
扩展 (Collocation): “World War” (世界大战), “Third World” (第三世界), “worldwide” (全世界的)。
引申 (Idiom): “It's a small world.” 意为“世界真小”。

学习策略：

地图练习： 找一张简单的地图，练习用英文描述地点和指引方向，例如 “Go straight, then turn left at the traffic lights.”。
介词辨析： 介词是表达地点和方向的关键，注意区分相似介词的用法，例如 “in”, “on”, “at” 的区别。
情景对话： 模拟问路、指路等情景，多加练习，提高口语表达能力。

第四章：基本动作与行为（Basic Actions & Behaviors）

动词是英语句子的核心，它们描述动作、状态或事件。本章将聚焦于日常生活中最基本、最常用的动词，帮助学习者理解并掌握这些“句子的灵魂”，从而能够构建更丰富、更准确的英语表达。

4.1 存在与状态动词 (Being & State Verbs)

存在与状态动词主要描述事物的存在、状态、性质或感知，它们通常不表示具体的动作，而是表示一种持续的状态。这类动词也常被称为“连系动词”（Linking Verbs），因为它们将主语与其后的表语（名词、形容词等）连接起来，说明主语的特征或状态。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

be (v.) /biː/：是；存在；处于某种状态。

例句1 (身份): She is a student. (她是一名学生。)
例句2 (状态): I am happy. (我很高兴。)
例句3 (存在): To be or not to be, that is the question. (生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题。)
例句4 (位置): The keys are on the table. (钥匙在桌子上。)
拓展 (Grammar): be 动词是英语中最基本、最不规则的动词，有多种形式（am, is, are, was, were, been, being），用于构成各种时态（如进行时 be + doing）和语态（如被动语态 be + done）。
扩展 (Usage): 它可以连接主语和表语（名词、形容词、介词短语等），说明主语的性质、状态或位置。
引申 (Function): 它是英语语法结构的基石。

exist (v.) /ɪɡˈzɪst/：存在；生存。

例句1 (基本义): Do aliens really exist? (外星人真的存在吗？)
例句2 (生存): They can exist on very little food. (他们靠很少的食物就能生存。)
例句3 (事实): The problem exists, whether you admit it or not. (无论你承认与否，问题都存在。)
例句4 (搭配): A perfect world does not exist. (完美的世界是不存在的。)
拓展 (Noun): “existence” 是名词，意为“存在，生存”。
扩展 (Collocation): “coexist” (共存)。
引申 (Usage): 这是一个不及物动词，强调客观存在或生命存续。

live (v.) /lɪv/ (动词) /laɪv/ (形容词/副词)：居住；生活；活着；现场直播的。

例句1 (居住): They live /lɪv/ in a big city. (他们住在一个大城市里。)
例句2 (生活): He wants to live /lɪv/ a happy life. (他想过幸福的生活。)
例句3 (活着): His grandfather lived to be 90 years old. (他的祖父活到了90岁。)
例句4 (形容词): We watched a live /laɪv/ concert on TV. (我们看了一场电视直播音乐会。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 作为动词时读 /lɪv/。作为形容词或副词，意为“现场的，直播的”时，读 /laɪv/。
扩展 (Noun): “life” (生活，生命), “living” (生活，生计)。
引申 (Idiom): “to live and learn” 意为“活到老，学到老”。

stay (v. / n.) /steɪ/：停留；保持；逗留。

例句1 (停留): Please stay here. (请留在这里。)
例句2 (保持): Stay calm. (保持冷静。)
例句3 (做客): I'm staying with my aunt for a few days. (我将在我姑妈家待几天。)
例句4 (名词): We enjoyed our stay at the hotel. (我们很享受在酒店的逗留。)
拓展 (Noun): “stay” 也可以作名词，意为“逗留”。
扩展 (Collocation): “stay up” (熬夜), “stay in” (待在家里), “stay healthy” (保持健康)。
引申 (Usage): 后面可以跟形容词，表示维持某种状态。

stand (v. / n.) /stænd/：站立；忍受；立场；货摊。

例句1 (站立): Please stand up. (请站起来。)
例句2 (忍受): I can’t stand this noise. (我受不了这噪音。)
例句3 (名词-立场): What is your stand on this issue? (你在这个问题上是什么立场？)
例句4 (比喻): The old castle still stands on the hill. (古老的城堡依然矗立在山上。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “stood”。
扩展 (Collocation): “stand for” (代表), “stand out” (杰出), “understand” (理解)。
引申 (Idiom): “to stand on one's own two feet” 意为“自力更生”。

sit (v.) /sɪt/：坐；位于。

例句1 (基本义): Please sit down. (请坐下。)
例句2 (位置): The house sits on a hill overlooking the sea. (房子坐落在一座可以俯瞰大海的小山上。)
例句3 (为……当模特): She sat for a portrait. (她坐着让人画像。)
例句4 (参加考试): I have to sit an exam tomorrow. (我明天得参加一场考试。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “sat”。
扩展 (Collocation): “sit up” (坐直), “babysit” (当临时保姆)。
引申 (Usage): 在英式英语中，“sit an exam” 意为“参加考试”。

lie (v.) /laɪ/：躺；平放；位于；说谎。

例句1 (躺): He likes to lie on the grass. (他喜欢躺在草地上。)
例句2 (位于): The town lies in a beautiful valley. (小镇坐落在一个美丽的山谷里。)
例句3 (说谎): Don't lie to me. (别对我撒谎。)
例句4 (问题在于): The problem lies in our lack of communication. (问题在于我们缺乏沟通。)
拓展 (Grammar): 这是一个非常容易混淆的词。
- 躺，位于: lie - lay - lain - lying
- 说谎: lie - lied - lied - lying
- 放置，下蛋: lay - laid - laid - laying (及物动词)
扩展 (Collocation): “lie down” (躺下)。
引申 (Idiom): “The camera never lies.” (镜头从不撒谎。)

seem (v.) /siːm/：似乎；好像。

例句1 (基本义): She seems tired. (她看起来很累。)
例句2 (搭配): It seems that we are lost. (我们好像迷路了。)
例句3 (不定式): He seems to be a nice guy. (他似乎是个好人。)
例句4 (比较): Things are not always what they seem. (事情不总是像表面看起来那样。)
拓展 (Usage): 后面常跟形容词或不定式（to do）。
扩展 (Collocation): “It seems to me that...” (在我看来……)。
引申 (Function): 用于表达基于观察或感觉的推测，语气比 “be” 动词更不确定。

appear (v.) /əˈpɪər/：出现；显得；登场。

例句1 (出现): A new star appeared in the sky. (天空中出现了一颗新星。)
例句2 (显得): He appears to be honest. (他显得很诚实。)
例句3 (登场): She will be appearing in a new play. (她将出演一部新剧。)
例句4 (似乎): It appears that we have a problem. (看来我们有麻烦了。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为状态动词时，与 “seem” 意思相近，但 “appear” 更侧重于外在的表象。
扩展 (Noun): “appearance” (外貌；出现)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “disappear” (消失)。

become (v.) /bɪˈkʌm/：变成；成为；变得。

例句1 (成为): She wants to become a doctor. (她想成为一名医生。)
例句2 (变得): The weather became colder. (天气变冷了。)
例句3 (适合): That color doesn't become you. (那个颜色不适合你。)
例句4 (结果): What will become of us? (我们将会怎样呢？)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “became”，过去分词是 “become”。
扩展 (Usage): “become of” 意为“（某人/某物）遭遇如何”。
引申 (Synonym): 近义词有 “get”, “grow”, “turn”，但 “become” 更为正式。

remain (v.) /rɪˈmeɪn/：保持；仍然是；剩余。

例句1 (保持): He remained silent. (他保持沉默。)
例句2 (仍然是): Despite the changes, he remains my best friend. (尽管有种种变化，他仍然是我最好的朋友。)
例句3 (剩余): Only two cookies remained on the plate. (盘子里只剩下两块饼干了。)
例句4 (待定): The cause of the accident remains unknown. (事故的原因仍然不明。)
拓展 (Usage): 强调在变化中维持原状。
扩展 (Noun): “remains” (复数形式) 意为“剩余物；遗骸”。
引申 (Synonym): 与 “stay” 意思相近，但 “remain” 更为正式。

keep (v.) /kiːp/：保持；保留；继续；遵守。

例句1 (保持): Keep quiet. (保持安静。)
例句2 (保留): You can keep the change. (你可以保留零钱。)
例句3 (继续): He kept walking despite the rain. (尽管下着雨，他还是继续走。)
例句4 (遵守): You should keep your promise. (你应该遵守你的诺言。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “kept”。“keep doing something” 意为“持续做某事”。
扩展 (Collocation): “keep in touch” (保持联系), “keep a secret” (保守秘密)。
引申 (Usage): 是一个非常灵活的动词，可以构成大量动词短语。

feel (v. / n.) /fiːl/：感觉；觉得；触摸；感觉。

例句1 (感觉): I feel happy. (我感到高兴。)
例句2 (触摸): Can you feel the warmth of the sun? (你能感觉到阳光的温暖吗？)
例句3 (认为): I feel that we should do something. (我觉得我们应该做点什么。)
例句4 (名词): The fabric has a soft feel. (这布料手感柔软。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “felt”。
扩展 (Collocation): “feel like” (想要), “feel sorry for” (同情)。
引申 (Noun): “feeling” (感情，感觉)。

sound (v. / n.) /saʊnd/：听起来；发出声音；声音；可靠的。

例句1 (听起来): That sounds like a good idea. (那听起来是个好主意。)
例句2 (发出声音): The alarm sounded loudly. (警报响得很响。)
例句3 (名词): I heard the sound of footsteps. (我听到了脚步声。)
例句4 (形容词): Her advice is always sound. (她的建议总是很可靠。)
拓展 (Adjective): “sound” 也可作形容词，意为“健康的，完好的，可靠的”。
扩展 (Collocation): “sound asleep” (熟睡的), “safe and sound” (安然无恙)。
引申 (Usage): 作为状态动词，后面跟形容词或 “like + 名词”。

smell (v. / n.) /smel/：闻起来；闻到；气味。

例句1 (闻起来): The flowers smell sweet. (这些花闻起来很香。)
例句2 (闻到): I can smell something burning. (我闻到有东西烧焦了。)
例句3 (名词): What's that strange smell? (那是什么奇怪的气味？)
例句4 (比喻): The plan smells of corruption. (这个计划有腐败的嫌疑。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词可以是 “smelled” 或 “smelt”。
扩展 (Collocation): “sense of smell” (嗅觉)。
引申 (Usage): 作为状态动词，后面跟形容词或 “like/of + 名词”。

taste (v. / n.) /teɪst/：尝起来；品尝；味道；品味。

例句1 (尝起来): This soup tastes delicious. (这汤尝起来很美味。)
例句2 (品尝): Have you ever tasted durian? (你尝过榴莲吗？)
例句3 (名词-味道): I don't like the taste of coffee. (我不喜欢咖啡的味道。)
例句4 (名词-品味): She has good taste in music. (她对音乐有很好的品味。)
拓展 (Noun): “taste” 作名词时，可以指味觉，也可以指审美上的“品味”。
扩展 (Collocation): “a taste of” (一点点，尝试), “sense of taste” (味觉)。
引申 (Adjective): “tasty” (美味的), “tasteful” (有品位的), “tasteless” (无味的；没品位的)。

look (v. / n.) /lʊk/：看起来；看；表情；外表。

例句1 (看起来): You look tired. (你看起来很累。)
例句2 (看): Look at that beautiful sunset. (看那个美丽的日落。)
例句3 (名词-表情): He had a sad look on his face. (他脸上带着悲伤的表情。)
例句4 (名词-外表): I don't like the look of those dark clouds. (我不喜欢那些乌云的样子。)
拓展 (Usage): 作为状态动词时，意为“看起来”，后面跟形容词或 “like + 名词”。作为动作动词时，意为“看”，后面常跟介词，如 “look at” (看), “look for” (寻找), “look after” (照顾)。
扩展 (Collocation): “good-looking” (好看的)。
引申 (Function): 是英语中最高频的动词之一，用法极其丰富。

学习策略：

感官动词： 重点掌握 “seem, appear, feel, sound, smell, taste, look” 这些感官动词，它们常用于描述主语的状态或性质。
系动词： 理解 “be, become, remain, keep” 等作为系动词的用法，它们连接主语和表语，构成主系表结构。
例句模仿： 多模仿例句，体会这些动词在不同语境下的细微差别。

4.2 运动与位移动词 (Movement & Location Verbs)

运动与位移动词描述物体或人从一个地方移动到另一个地方，或在某个地方进行动作。这些动词是描述行动和过程的关键，它们使语言充满动感和画面感。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

go (v.) /ɡoʊ/：去；走；进行；变成。

例句1 (去): I need to go home now. (我需要现在回家。)
例句2 (进行): How is your project going? (你的项目进展如何？)
例句3 (变成): The milk has gone bad. (牛奶变质了。)
例句4 (搭配): Let's go for a walk. (我们去散步吧。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “went”，过去分词是 “gone”。它是不及物动词，后面通常跟介词或副词来表示方向（如 go to, go up, go in）。
扩展 (Collocation): “go shopping” (去购物), “go crazy” (发疯), “let go” (放手)。
引申 (Usage): 是英语中最高频、用法最灵活的动词之一。

come (v.) /kʌm/：来；来到。

例句1 (基本义): Please come here. (请到这里来。)
例句2 (发生): How did this come to happen? (这事是怎么发生的？)
例句3 (结果): My dream has come true. (我的梦想成真了。)
例句4 (来源): Where do you come from? (你来自哪里？)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “came”，过去分词是 “come”。
扩展 (Collocation): “come in” (进来), “come on” (快点；加油), “come up with” (想出)。
引申 (Usage): “go” 通常表示“离开说话者”，而 “come” 通常表示“朝向说话者”。

walk (v. / n.) /wɔːk/：走；步行；散步。

例句1 (动词): Let’s walk to the park. (我们步行去公园吧。)
例句2 (名词): It's a short walk from here. (从这里走过去很近。)
例句3 (遛狗): I need to walk the dog. (我需要去遛狗。)
例句4 (比喻): He walked away from the deal. (他退出了这笔交易。)
拓展 (Noun): “walk” 也可以作名词，意为“散步；步行路程”。
扩展 (Collocation): “take a walk” (散步), “walkway” (走道), “sleepwalk” (梦游)。
引申 (Usage): 强调使用双腿的移动方式。

run (v. / n.) /rʌn/：跑；经营；运转。

例句1 (跑): He can run very fast. (他跑得很快。)
例句2 (经营): She runs her own business. (她经营自己的公司。)
例句3 (运转): The engine is running smoothly. (引擎运转平稳。)
例句4 (流): Tears were running down her face. (泪水顺着她的脸流下来。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “ran”，过去分词是 “run”。
扩展 (Collocation): “run out of” (用完), “run into” (偶然遇见), “in the long run” (从长远来看)。
引申 (Usage): 含义非常丰富，除了“跑”，还有“经营、管理、运转、流淌”等重要意思。

drive (v. / n.) /draɪv/：驾驶；开车；驱使；驱动。

例句1 (驾驶): She learned to drive last year. (她去年学会了开车。)
例句2 (驱使): Hunger drove him to steal. (饥饿驱使他去偷窃。)
例句3 (名词): Let's go for a drive. (我们开车去兜风吧。)
例句4 (比喻): He is driven by ambition. (他被野心所驱使。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “drove”，过去分词是 “driven”。
扩展 (Collocation): “drive someone crazy” (把某人逼疯), “driver's license” (驾照)。
引申 (Noun): “driver” (司机)。

fly (v. / n.) /flaɪ/：飞；乘飞机；苍蝇。

例句1 (飞): Birds can fly. (鸟会飞。)
例句2 (乘飞机): I’m going to fly to London next week. (我下周要飞往伦敦。)
例句3 (时间飞逝): Time flies when you're having fun. (开心的时候时间过得飞快。)
例句4 (名词): There is a fly in my soup. (我的汤里有只苍蝇。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “flew”，过去分词是 “flown”。
扩展 (Collocation): “fly a kite” (放风筝), “on the fly” (匆忙地)。
引申 (Noun): “flight” (航班；飞行)。

swim (v.) /swɪm/：游泳。

例句1 (基本义): Can you swim? (你会游泳吗？)
例句2 (活动): We went swimming in the lake. (我们去湖里游泳了。)
例句3 (比喻): My head is swimming with all these new ideas. (我的脑子里充满了这些新想法，晕乎乎的。)
例句4 (搭配): He swam across the river. (他游过了河。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “swam”，过去分词是 “swum”。
扩展 (Collocation): “swimming pool” (游泳池), “go for a swim” (去游个泳)。
引申 (Noun): “swimmer” (游泳者)。

jump (v. / n.) /dʒʌmp/：跳；跳跃；猛增。

例句1 (跳跃): The children were jumping with joy. (孩子们高兴地跳了起来。)
例句2 (猛增): Prices jumped overnight. (价格一夜之间猛涨。)
例句3 (比喻): Don't jump to conclusions. (不要过早下结论。)
例句4 (名词): He won the long jump. (他赢得了跳远比赛。)
拓展 (Noun): “jump” 也可以作名词，意为“跳跃；猛增”。
扩展 (Collocation): “jump rope” (跳绳), “jump-start” (（用跨接电缆）发动汽车；推动)。
引申 (Usage): 强调双脚离地的动作。

fall (v. / n.) /fɔːl/：落下；跌倒；下降；秋天。

例句1 (跌倒): Be careful not to fall. (小心别摔倒。)
例句2 (落下): The leaves fall from the trees in autumn. (秋天树叶从树上落下。)
例句3 (下降): The temperature is expected to fall. (气温预计会下降。)
例句4 (名词-秋天): I love the colors of fall. (我爱秋天的色彩。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “fell”，过去分词是 “fallen”。
扩展 (Collocation): “fall in love” (坠入爱河), “fall asleep” (睡着), “fall behind” (落后)。
引申 (Usage): 作为名词时，“fall” 是美式英语中“秋天”的说法。

rise (v. / n.) /raɪz/：上升；升起；起床；增长。

例句1 (升起): The sun rises in the east. (太阳从东方升起。)
例句2 (增长): Prices continue to rise. (物价持续上涨。)
例句3 (起床): He rises early every morning. (他每天早晨起得很早。)
例句4 (名词): The company saw a rise in profits. (公司利润实现了增长。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “rose”，过去分词是 “risen”。它是不及物动词。
扩展 (Contrast): 注意与及物动词 “raise” (举起，抚养，筹集) 的区别。
引申 (Collocation): “give rise to” (引起，导致)。

move (v. / n.) /muːv/：移动；搬家；感动；行动。

例句1 (移动): Don’t move! (别动！)
例句2 (搬家): We are planning to move to a new house. (我们计划搬到新房子。)
例句3 (感动): His story moved me to tears. (他的故事让我感动得流泪。)
例句4 (名词): It's your move. (该你走了。/该你采取行动了。)
拓展 (Usage): 含义非常丰富，既可以是物理上的移动，也可以是情感上的触动。
扩展 (Collocation): “get a move on” (快点), “make a move” (采取行动)。
引申 (Noun): “movement” (运动，移动)。

turn (v. / n.) /tɜːrn/：转动；转向；轮流；变化。

例句1 (转向): Turn left at the next corner. (在下一个拐角向左转。)
例句2 (变化): The leaves turn yellow in autumn. (秋天树叶变黄。)
例句3 (名词): It's your turn to speak. (轮到你发言了。)
例句4 (变得): The weather has turned cold. (天气变冷了。)
拓展 (Usage): 常用于构成动词短语，如 “turn on/off” (打开/关闭), “turn up/down” (调高/调低音量)。
扩展 (Collocation): “turn into” (变成), “in turn” (轮流地)。
引申 (Noun): “a turning point” (转折点)。

enter (v.) /ˈentər/：进入；参加；输入。

例句1 (进入): Please knock before you enter. (请敲门后再进入。)
例句2 (参加): She decided to enter the competition. (她决定参加比赛。)
例句3 (输入): Please enter your password. (请输入您的密码。)
例句4 (比喻): A new idea entered my mind. (一个新想法进入了我的脑海。)
拓展 (Usage): 是及物动词，后面直接跟名词，通常不用介词 “into”。
扩展 (Noun): “entrance” (入口), “entry” (进入；条目)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “exit” (离开，退出)。

leave (v.) /liːv/：离开；留下；遗忘。

例句1 (离开): What time did you leave home? (你几点离开家的？)
例句2 (留下): You can leave your bag here. (你可以把包留在这里。)
例句3 (遗忘): I think I left my keys on the table. (我想我把钥匙忘在桌子上了。)
例句4 (致使): The news left me speechless. (这个消息让我无言以对。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “left”。
扩展 (Collocation): “leave a message” (留言), “sick leave” (病假)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “arrive” (到达) 或 “stay” (停留)。

arrive (v.) /əˈraɪv/：到达。

例句1 (基本义): When did you arrive in New York? (你什么时候到达纽约的？)
例句2 (搭配): The train arrived on time. (火车准时到达。)
例句3 (比喻): Summer has finally arrived. (夏天终于到了。)
例句4 (介词): We arrived at the airport early. (我们很早就到达了机场。)
拓展 (Usage): 是不及物动词。到达大地方（如城市、国家）用 arrive in，到达小地方（如车站、建筑）用 arrive at。
扩展 (Noun): “arrival” (到达)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “depart” (出发) 或 “leave” (离开)。

depart (v.) /dɪˈpɑːrt/：出发；启程；离开。

例句1 (基本义): The train will depart at 10:00 AM. (火车将于上午10点出发。)
例句2 (离开): He departed from his usual routine. (他背离了他平时的常规。)
例句3 (去世): She departed this life peacefully. (她安详地离世了。)
例句4 (搭配): The flight departs from Gate 23. (该航班从23号登机口出发。)
拓展 (Usage): 是一个比 “leave” 更正式的词。
扩展 (Noun): “departure” (出发；离开)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “arrive” (到达)。

travel (v. / n.) /ˈtrævl/：旅行；行进。

例句1 (动词): I love to travel around the world. (我喜欢环游世界。)
例句2 (行进): Light travels faster than sound. (光比声音传播得快。)
例句3 (名词): My travels have taken me to many interesting places. (我的旅行带我去了很多有趣的地方。)
例句4 (搭配): He travels for work. (他因公出差。)
拓展 (Noun): “travel” (不可数) 指旅行这一行为，“travels” (复数) 指长途或多次旅行的经历。
扩展 (Collocation): “travel agency” (旅行社), “space travel” (太空旅行)。
引申 (Noun): “traveler” (旅行者)。

ride (v. / n.) /raɪd/：骑（马、自行车等）；乘坐；搭便车。

例句1 (骑): Can you ride a bicycle? (你会骑自行车吗？)
例句2 (乘坐): I ride the bus to work every day. (我每天乘公交车上班。)
例句3 (名词): Do you want to go for a ride? (你想去兜风吗？)
例句4 (比喻): Life is a roller coaster ride. (人生就像坐过山车。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “rode”，过去分词是 “ridden”。
扩展 (Collocation): “give someone a ride” (让某人搭便车), “roller coaster ride” (过山车)。
引申 (Noun): “rider” (骑手)。

climb (v.) /klaɪm/：爬；攀登；上升。

例句1 (攀登): They decided to climb the mountain. (他们决定爬山。)
例句2 (爬): The cat climbed up the tree. (猫爬上了树。)
例句3 (上升): The plane climbed to 30,000 feet. (飞机爬升到三万英尺。)
例句4 (比喻): He is trying to climb the corporate ladder. (他正努力在公司里往上爬。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意词尾的 “b” 不发音。
扩展 (Collocation): “rock climbing” (攀岩), “social climber” (攀附权贵者)。
引申 (Noun): “climb” 也可以作名词，意为“攀登”。

descend (v.) /dɪˈsend/：下降；下坡；是……的后裔。

例句1 (下降): The plane began to descend. (飞机开始下降。)
例句2 (下坡): We descended the mountain carefully. (我们小心翼翼地走下山。)
例句3 (是……的后裔): He is descended from royalty. (他有王室血统。)
例句4 (比喻): Darkness descended on the city. (夜幕降临在这座城市。)
拓展 (Usage): 是一个比较正式的词。
扩展 (Noun): “descent” (下降；血统), “descendant” (后代)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “ascend” (上升)。

push (v. / n.) /pʊʃ/：推；推动；督促。

例句1 (推): Push the door open. (把门推开。)
例句2 (督促): My parents always pushed me to do my best. (我的父母总是督促我做到最好。)
例句3 (名词): Give the door a push. (推一下门。)
例句4 (比喻): We need to push for more changes. (我们需要推动更多的变革。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以是具体的推，也可以是抽象的“推动”或“强迫”。
扩展 (Collocation): “push the button” (按按钮), “pushy” (爱出风头的，强求的)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “pull” (拉)。

pull (v. / n.) /pʊl/：拉；拖；吸引。

例句1 (拉): Pull the rope. (拉绳子。)
例句2 (吸引): The event pulled a large crowd. (这次活动吸引了大批观众。)
例句3 (名词): The door opens with a pull. (这门一拉就开。)
例句4 (短语): He managed to pull himself out of debt. (他设法摆脱了债务。)
拓展 (Usage): 常用于构成动词短语，如 “pull over” (（车辆）靠边停车), “pull off” (成功做成)。
扩展 (Collocation): “pull a muscle” (拉伤肌肉)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “push” (推)。

carry (v.) /ˈkæri/：携带；搬运；带有；刊登。

例句1 (携带): Can you help me carry these bags? (你能帮我提这些包吗？)
例句2 (带有): This crime carries a heavy penalty. (这项罪行会受到重罚。)
例句3 (刊登): The newspaper carried the story on its front page. (报纸在头版刊登了这个故事。)
例句4 (短语): Don't get carried away. (别得意忘形。)
拓展 (Usage): 含义广泛，可以指具体的携带，也可以指抽象的“带有（某种特质或后果）”。
扩展 (Collocation): “carry on” (继续), “carry out” (执行)。
引申 (Contrast): 与 “bring” 和 “take” 有区别。“carry” 强调负重移动的过程。

bring (v.) /brɪŋ/：带来；拿来。

例句1 (基本义): Please bring your book tomorrow. (请明天带上你的书。)
例句2 (导致): The new policy brought many changes. (新政策带来了许多变化。)
例句3 (短语): She was brought up by her grandparents. (她是由祖父母抚养长大的。)
例句4 (搭配): What brings you here? (是什么风把你吹来了？)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “brought”。
扩展 (Collocation): “bring back” (带回；使回忆起), “bring about” (导致)。
引申 (Usage): 表示从别处拿到说话者所在的地方，方向是“来”。

take (v.) /teɪk/：拿；取；带走；花费；乘坐。

例句1 (拿): Take a pen from the desk. (从桌子上拿一支笔。)
例句2 (带走): Don’t forget to take your umbrella. (别忘了带伞。)
例句3 (花费): It takes 30 minutes to get there. (到那里需要30分钟。)
例句4 (乘坐): I usually take the subway to work. (我通常乘地铁上班。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “took”，过去分词是 “taken”。
扩展 (Collocation): “take a break” (休息一下), “take care of” (照顾), “take place” (发生)。
引申 (Usage): 是英语中用法最复杂的动词之一。表示从说话者所在地拿到别处，方向是“去”。

send (v.) /send/：发送；寄；派遣。

例句1 (发送): I will send you an email. (我会给你发一封电子邮件。)
例句2 (寄): She sent a gift to her friend. (她给朋友寄了一份礼物。)
例句3 (派遣): The company sent him to work abroad. (公司派他去国外工作。)
例句4 (比喻): The loud noise sent the birds flying. (巨大的噪音惊飞了鸟儿。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “sent”。
扩展 (Collocation): “send for” (派人去请), “send out” (发出)。
引申 (Noun): “sender” (发送者)。

学习策略：

反义词对： 学习动词的反义词，例如 “go” 和 “come”，“enter” 和 “leave”，“push” 和 “pull”，有助于加深理解。
介词搭配： 许多运动动词常与介词搭配使用，形成动词短语，例如 “go to”, “come from”, “arrive at/in”。
场景模拟： 想象自己在进行这些动作，并用英文描述，例如 “I walk to school every day.”。

4.3 交流与表达动词 (Communication & Expression Verbs)

交流与表达动词是人际互动中不可或缺的部分，它们描述了人们如何传递信息、表达思想和情感。掌握这些动词能极大地丰富我们的口头和书面表达能力。

核心词汇、例句与深度解析：

say (v.) /seɪ/：说；讲；表明。

例句1 (直接引语): "I'm tired," she said. (“我累了，”她说。)
例句2 (间接引语): He said that he would be late. (他说他会迟到。)
例句3 (表明): The clock says it's ten o'clock. (时钟显示是十点。)
例句4 (短语): Needless to say, he was very angry. (不用说，他非常生气。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “said”。say 后面通常直接跟所说的内容（名词从句），如果要跟宾语（人），需要用介词 “to”，如 say something to someone。
扩展 (Collocation): “that is to say” (也就是说), “have a say” (有发言权)。
引申 (Contrast): 与 “tell” 的区别在于，“say” 侧重于说的内容，而 “tell” 侧重于告诉的对象。

tell (v.) /tel/：告诉；讲述；分辨。

例句1 (告诉): Please tell me your name. (请告诉我你的名字。)
例句2 (讲述): He told us an interesting story. (他给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。)
例句3 (分辨): Can you tell the difference between them? (你能分辨出它们之间的区别吗？)
例句4 (命令): I told you to be quiet. (我叫你安静。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “told”。tell 后面通常直接跟宾语（人），构成 tell someone something 或 tell someone to do something 的结构。
扩展 (Collocation): “tell a lie” (说谎), “tell the truth” (说实话), “time will tell” (时间会证明一切)。
引申 (Contrast): 与 “say” 的区别在于，“tell” 必须有“告诉”的对象。

speak (v.) /spiːk/：说（某种语言）；讲话；发言。

例句1 (语言): Can you speak English? (你会说英语吗？)
例句2 (发言): He will speak at the conference. (他将在会议上发言。)
例句3 (交谈): May I speak to Mr. Smith? (我可以和史密斯先生通话吗？)
例句4 (比喻): Actions speak louder than words. (事实胜于雄辩。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “spoke”，过去分词是 “spoken”。
扩展 (Collocation): “generally speaking” (总的来说), “speak up” (大声说), “speak one's mind” (说出心里话)。
引申 (Contrast): “speak” 侧重于“说”这个动作本身或说某种语言的能力，比 “talk” 更正式。

talk (v. / n.) /tɔːk/：谈话；交谈；演讲。

例句1 (交谈): Let’s talk about it later. (我们稍后再谈论这件事吧。)
例句2 (搭配): We talked on the phone for an hour. (我们通了一个小时的电话。)
例句3 (名词): The manager gave a talk on company strategy. (经理做了一个关于公司战略的演讲。)
例句4 (劝说): I tried to talk him out of quitting his job. (我试图说服他不要辞职。)
拓展 (Usage): 侧重于双向的交流，比 “speak” 更口语化。
扩展 (Collocation): “talk to/with someone” (和某人谈话), “small talk” (闲聊), “talk show” (脱口秀)。
引申 (Idiom): “money talks” (金钱万能)。

ask (v.) /æsk/：问；请求；邀请。

例句1 (问): Can I ask you a question? (我能问你一个问题吗？)
例句2 (请求): He asked for help. (他请求帮助。)
例句3 (邀请): She asked him to dinner. (她邀请他共进晚餐。)
例句4 (要求): The teacher asked the students to be quiet. (老师要求学生们保持安静。)
拓展 (Usage): “ask for something” (请求得到某物), “ask someone to do something” (请求某人做某事)。
扩展 (Collocation): “ask someone out” (约某人出去约会)。
引申 (Noun): “question” (问题)。

answer (v. / n.) /ˈænsər/：回答；答案；接电话。

例句1 (动词): Please answer my question. (请回答我的问题。)
例句2 (名词): What is the answer to this question? (这个问题的答案是什么？)
例句3 (接电话): Why didn't you answer the phone? (你为什么不接电话？)
例句4 (比喻): Prayer is not the only answer to our problems. (祈祷不是我们问题的唯一解决办法。)
拓展 (Usage): 是及物动词，直接跟宾语。
扩展 (Collocation): “answer for” (对……负责), “answer back” (顶嘴)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “ask” (问) 或 “question” (问题)。

reply (v. / n.) /rɪˈplaɪ/：回复；答复。

例句1 (动词): She didn’t reply to my email. (她没有回复我的邮件。)
例句2 (名词): I am waiting for his reply. (我正在等他的答复。)
例句3 (回应): He replied that he was busy. (他回答说他很忙。)
例句4 (搭配): He replied with a smile. (他以微笑作答。)
拓展 (Usage): 与 “answer” 意思相近，但 “reply” 更常用于书面或正式的回应。
扩展 (Collocation): “in reply to” (作为对……的答复)。
引申 (Synonym): “respond” 是一个更正式的同义词。

explain (v.) /ɪkˈspleɪn/：解释；说明。

例句1 (基本义): Can you explain this rule to me? (你能给我解释一下这条规则吗？)
例句2 (原因): He explained why he was late. (他解释了为什么迟到。)
例句3 (搭配): Let me explain how it works. (让我来解释一下它是如何运作的。)
例句4 (澄清): She tried to explain herself, but no one would listen. (她试图为自己解释，但没人听。)
拓展 (Grammar): 后面不能直接跟双宾语，要用 explain something to someone 的结构。
扩展 (Noun): “explanation” (解释)。
引申 (Usage): 旨在使某事变得清晰易懂。

describe (v.) /dɪˈskraɪb/：描述；描绘。

例句1 (基本义): Can you describe the suspect? (你能描述一下嫌疑犯吗？)
例句2 (描绘): The novel describes the life of a poor family. (这部小说描绘了一个贫困家庭的生活。)
例句3 (搭配): Words cannot describe how beautiful the sunset was. (言语无法形容日落有多美。)
例句4 (细节): He described in detail what had happened. (他详细地描述了所发生的事情。)
拓展 (Usage): 旨在用语言描绘出人、物或事件的样子。
扩展 (Noun): “description” (描述)。
引申 (Adjective): “descriptive” (描述性的)。

discuss (v.) /dɪˈskʌs/：讨论；商量。

例句1 (基本义): Let’s discuss the plan. (我们来讨论一下这个计划吧。)
例句2 (搭配): We discussed where to go for our vacation. (我们讨论了去哪里度假。)
例句3 (细节): The committee will discuss the matter tomorrow. (委员会明天将讨论此事。)
例句4 (用法): I need to discuss this with my parents. (我需要和我的父母商量这件事。)
拓展 (Grammar): 是及物动词，后面直接跟讨论的内容，不要加 “about”。
扩展 (Noun): “discussion” (讨论)。
引申 (Usage): 强调为了达成共识或理解而交换意见。

argue (v.) /ˈɑːrɡjuː/：争论；辩论；主张。

例句1 (争论): They often argue about politics. (他们经常争论政治。)
例句2 (主张): He argued that the new law was unfair. (他主张新法律是不公平的。)
例句3 (搭配): I don't want to argue with you. (我不想和你争吵。)
例句4 (说服): She argued him into agreeing. (她说服他同意了。)
拓展 (Usage): 可以指情绪化的争吵，也可以指理性的辩论或论证。
扩展 (Noun): “argument” (争论；论点)。
引申 (Adjective): “argumentative” (好辩的)。

agree (v.) /əˈɡriː/：同意；赞成。

例句1 (同意观点): I agree with you. (我同意你的看法。)
例句2 (同意提议): He agreed to help us. (他同意帮助我们。)
例句3 (达成一致): We finally agreed on a price. (我们最终在价格上达成了一致。)
例句4 (适合): The spicy food didn't agree with me. (辛辣的食物不合我的胃口。)
拓展 (Usage): “agree with someone/something” (同意某人/某事), “agree to do something” (同意做某事), “agree on something” (就某事达成一致)。
扩展 (Noun): “agreement” (协议；同意)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “disagree” (不同意)。

disagree (v.) /ˌdɪsəˈɡriː/：不同意；有分歧。

例句1 (基本义): I disagree with your opinion. (我不同意你的观点。)
例句2 (分歧): Experts disagree on the cause of the problem. (专家们对问题的原因有分歧。)
例句3 (搭配): I'm sorry, but I have to disagree. (很抱歉，但我必须表示不同意。)
例句4 (礼貌): I respectfully disagree. (我恕难苟同。)
拓展 (Usage): “disagree with someone/something” (不同意某人/某事)。
扩展 (Noun): “disagreement” (分歧；不同意)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “agree” (同意)。

promise (v. / n.) /ˈprɒmɪs/：承诺；保证；预示。

例句1 (动词): I promise to help you. (我保证会帮助你。)
例句2 (名词): You broke your promise. (你违背了你的诺言。)
例句3 (预示): The dark clouds promise rain. (乌云预示着要下雨了。)
例句4 (搭配): Keep your promise. (信守你的承诺。)
拓展 (Usage): “promise someone something” (向某人承诺某事), “promise to do something” (承诺做某事)。
扩展 (Adjective): “promising” (有希望的，有前途的)。
引申 (Idiom): “a land of promise” (希望之乡)。

suggest (v.) /səˈdʒest/：建议；暗示。

例句1 (建议): I suggest we take a break. (我建议我们休息一下。)
例句2 (暗示): His silence suggested that he was angry. (他的沉默暗示他生气了。)
例句3 (搭配): Can you suggest a good restaurant? (你能推荐一家好餐馆吗？)
例句4 (语法): I suggest that he (should) go. (我建议他去。)
拓展 (Grammar): 后面跟动名词 (doing) 或 that 从句。在 that 从句中，动词常用原形或 “should + 原形”。
扩展 (Noun): “suggestion” (建议)。
引申 (Contrast): 比 “advise” 更不正式，语气更委婉。

advise (v.) /ədˈvaɪz/：建议；忠告；通知。

例句1 (建议): I advise you to study hard. (我建议你努力学习。)
例句2 (忠告): My doctor advised me to get more rest. (我的医生建议我多休息。)
例句3 (通知): Please be advised that the flight is delayed. (请注意，该航班已延误。)
例句4 (搭配): He advised against selling the house. (他建议不要卖掉房子。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 注意动词 /ədˈvaɪz/ (z音) 和名词 “advice” /ədˈvaɪs/ (s音) 的区别。
扩展 (Noun): “advice” (建议，不可数名词), “adviser/advisor” (顾问)。
引申 (Usage): 通常指来自专家或权威的、更正式的建议。

warn (v.) /wɔːrn/：警告；告诫。

例句1 (基本义): He warned me about the danger. (他警告我注意危险。)
例句2 (搭配): I'm warning you, don't do that again. (我警告你，别再那么做了。)
例句3 (用法): The sign warns people not to swim in the river. (牌子上警告人们不要在河里游泳。)
例句4 (比喻): Forecasters warned of a coming storm. (预报员警告风暴即将来临。)
拓展 (Usage): “warn someone about/of something” (就某事警告某人), “warn someone not to do something” (警告某人不要做某事)。
扩展 (Noun): “warning” (警告)。
引申 (Function): 旨在提醒他人注意潜在的危险或不良后果。

invite (v.) /ɪnˈvaɪt/：邀请；招致。

例句1 (邀请): She invited me to her party. (她邀请我参加她的派对。)
例句2 (招致): Such behavior is inviting trouble. (这种行为是在自找麻烦。)
例句3 (搭配): We would like to invite you to our wedding. (我们想邀请您参加我们的婚礼。)
例句4 (正式): The company invites applications for the position. (公司邀请大家申请该职位。)
拓展 (Usage): 也可以指“引来，招致（尤指坏事）”。
扩展 (Noun): “invitation” (邀请；请柬)。
引申 (Adjective): “inviting” (诱人的，吸引人的)。

thank (v. / n.) /θæŋk/：感谢；谢谢。

例句1 (动词): I want to thank you for your help. (我想感谢你的帮助。)
例句2 (名词): I would like to express my thanks to everyone. (我想向大家表达我的感谢。)
例句3 (短语): Thank goodness you're safe! (谢天谢地，你安全无事！)
例句4 (搭配): No, thank you. (不了，谢谢。)
拓展 (Usage): “thank someone for something” (为某事感谢某人)。
扩展 (Adjective): “thankful” (感谢的), “thankless” (费力不讨好的)。
引申 (Interjection): “Thanks!” 是口语中常用的感谢方式。

apologize (v.) /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/：道歉。

例句1 (基本义): You should apologize for your mistake. (你应该为你的错误道歉。)
例句2 (搭配): I apologize for being late. (我为迟到而道歉。)
例句3 (对象): He apologized to her for his rude behavior. (他为自己的粗鲁行为向她道歉。)
例句4 (正式): We apologize for any inconvenience caused. (对于所造成的任何不便，我们深表歉意。)
拓展 (Spelling): 美式拼写为 “apologize”，英式拼写为 “apologise”。
扩展 (Noun): “apology” (道歉)。
引申 (Usage): “apologize to someone for something” (因某事向某人道歉)。

greet (v.) /ɡriːt/：问候；打招呼；迎接。

例句1 (基本义): He greeted me with a smile. (他微笑着向我问好。)
例句2 (迎接): She was there to greet the guests. (她在那里迎接客人。)
例句3 (反应): The news was greeted with enthusiasm. (这个消息受到了热情的响应。)
例句4 (搭配): The new day was greeted by birdsong. (鸟鸣声迎来了新的一天。)
拓展 (Usage): 指见面时的问候行为。
扩展 (Noun): “greeting” (问候；祝贺)。
引申 (Example): 常见的问候语有 “Hello”, “Hi”, “Good morning” 等。

shout (v. / n.) /ʃaʊt/：喊叫；大声说。

例句1 (基本义): Don’t shout at me. (不要对我大喊大叫。)
例句2 (提醒): He shouted a warning to the swimmers. (他向游泳的人大声发出警告。)
例句3 (高兴): The crowd shouted with excitement. (人群兴奋地欢呼起来。)
例句4 (名词): I heard a shout for help. (我听到一声呼救。)
拓展 (Usage): 强调声音大，常带有愤怒、兴奋或警告的情感。
扩展 (Collocation): “shout out” (大声说出)。
引申 (Contrast): 与 “whisper” (低语) 相对。

whisper (v. / n.) /ˈwɪspər/：低语；耳语；私下说。

例句1 (基本义): She whispered a secret to me. (她悄悄地告诉我一个秘密。)
例句2 (小声): "Be quiet," he whispered. (“安静，”他低声说。)
例句3 (比喻): The wind whispered through the trees. (风在树林间飒飒作响。)
例句4 (名词): They were talking in whispers. (他们在低声交谈。)
拓展 (Usage): 强调声音小，通常是为了保密或不打扰他人。
扩展 (Noun): “whisper” 也可以作名词，意为“低语声；传闻”。
引申 (Contrast): 与 “shout” (喊叫) 相对。

sing (v.) /sɪŋ/：唱歌。

例句1 (基本义): She loves to sing. (她喜欢唱歌。)
例句2 (歌曲): Let's sing a song together. (我们一起唱首歌吧。)
例句3 (鸟鸣): The birds were singing in the trees. (鸟儿在树上歌唱。)
例句4 (比喻): My heart sings with joy. (我的心在欢乐地歌唱。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “sang”，过去分词是 “sung”。
扩展 (Noun): “song” (歌曲), “singer” (歌手)。
引申 (Collocation): “sing along” (跟着唱)。

read (v.) /riːd/：阅读；朗读；理解。

例句1 (阅读): I like to read books in my free time. (我喜欢在空闲时间读书。)
例句2 (朗读): He read the story aloud to the children. (他大声地给孩子们读故事。)
例句3 (理解): I can't read his expression. (我看不懂他的表情。)
例句4 (显示): The thermometer reads 30 degrees. (温度计显示30度。)
拓展 (Pronunciation): 动词原形读 /riːd/，过去式和过去分词拼写不变，但读音变为 /red/。
扩展 (Noun): “reader” (读者), “reading” (阅读)。
引申 (Idiom): “to read between the lines” (读出言外之意)。

write (v.) /raɪt/：写；写作。

例句1 (基本义): Please write your name here. (请在这里写下你的名字。)
例句2 (写作): She writes novels for a living. (她以写小说为生。)
例句3 (写信): I need to write a letter to my friend. (我需要给我的朋友写一封信。)
例句4 (搭配): He wrote down the phone number. (他写下了电话号码。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “wrote”，过去分词是 “written”。
扩展 (Noun): “writer” (作家), “writing” (写作；笔迹)。
引申 (Pronunciation): 注意不要与 “right” (右边；正确的) 混淆，它们是同音词。

draw (v. / n.) /drɔː/：画；绘制；吸引；平局。

例句1 (画): Can you draw a cat? (你会画猫吗？)
例句2 (吸引): The event drew a large crowd. (这次活动吸引了大批观众。)
例句3 (拉): She drew the curtains. (她拉上了窗帘。)
例句4 (名词): The game ended in a draw. (比赛以平局告终。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “drew”，过去分词是 “drawn”。
扩展 (Collocation): “draw attention to” (吸引对……的注意)。
引申 (Usage): “画”通常指用线条来画，与 “paint” (用颜料画) 有区别。

paint (v. / n.) /peɪnt/：画（油画、水彩画等）；涂色；油漆。

例句1 (画): She likes to paint landscapes. (她喜欢画风景画。)
例句2 (涂色): We need to paint the walls white. (我们需要把墙漆成白色。)
例句3 (名词): The paint is still wet. (油漆还没干。)
例句4 (比喻): The book paints a vivid picture of life in the 19th century. (这本书生动地描绘了19世纪的生活。)
拓展 (Usage): “画”通常指用颜料来画。
扩展 (Noun): “painter” (画家；油漆工), “painting” (画作)。
引申 (Idiom): “to watch paint dry” (形容极其无聊)。

show (v. / n.) /ʃoʊ/：展示；显示；表明；演出。

例句1 (展示): Can you show me your passport? (你能给我看看你的护照吗？)
例句2 (表明): His actions show that he cares. (他的行动表明他在乎。)
例句3 (名词): Let's go to a movie show. (我们去看场电影吧。)
例句4 (带领): I will show you to your room. (我带您去您的房间。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “showed”，过去分词是 “shown” 或 “showed”。
扩展 (Collocation): “show up” (出现), “show off” (炫耀)。
引申 (Usage): 含义广泛，是日常交流中的高频词。

teach (v.) /tiːtʃ/：教；教授。

例句1 (基本义): She teaches English at a high school. (她在高中教英语。)
例句2 (教训): This experience taught me a valuable lesson. (这次经历给了我一个宝贵的教训。)
例句3 (用法): Can you teach me how to swim? (你能教我怎么游泳吗？)
例句4 (搭配): He teaches history to college students. (他给大学生教历史。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “taught”。
扩展 (Noun): “teacher” (老师), “teaching” (教学)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “learn” (学习)。

learn (v.) /lɜːrn/：学习；得知。

例句1 (学习): I want to learn a new language. (我想学习一门新语言。)
例句2 (得知): I was sorry to learn of his death. (得知他去世的消息，我很难过。)
例句3 (学会): He learned how to ride a bike quickly. (他很快就学会了骑自行车。)
例句4 (教训): You need to learn from your mistakes. (你需要从错误中吸取教训。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词可以是 “learned” 或 “learnt”。
扩展 (Noun): “learner” (学习者), “learning” (学习)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “teach” (教)。

study (v. / n.) /ˈstʌdi/：学习；研究；书房。

例句1 (学习): He needs to study for his exam. (他需要为考试而学习。)
例句2 (研究): Scientists are studying the effects of climate change. (科学家们正在研究气候变化的影响。)
例句3 (名词-研究): This is an interesting study. (这是一项有趣的研究。)
例句4 (名词-书房): He is working in his study. (他正在书房里工作。)
拓展 (Contrast): “study” 侧重于通过书本、课程等方式系统地获取知识，而 “learn” 侧重于“学会”这个结果或通过经验获取技能。
扩展 (Noun): “student” (学生)。
引申 (Usage): 作为名词时，可以指“研究”或“书房”。

understand (v.) /ˌʌndərˈstænd/：理解；明白；谅解。

例句1 (明白): Do you understand what I mean? (你明白我的意思吗？)
例句2 (理解): I don't understand why she is angry. (我不理解她为什么生气。)
例句3 (谅解): I understand your situation. (我理解你的处境。)
例句4 (掌握): He doesn't understand French. (他不懂法语。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “understood”。
扩展 (Noun): “understanding” (理解；谅解)。
引申 (Usage): 是一个状态动词，通常不用于进行时。

know (v.) /noʊ/：知道；了解；认识。

例句1 (知道): I don’t know the answer. (我不知道答案。)
例句2 (认识): Do you know him? (你认识他吗？)
例句3 (了解): I know how you feel. (我了解你的感受。)
例句4 (掌握): She knows how to play the piano. (她会弹钢琴。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “knew”，过去分词是 “known”。
扩展 (Noun): “knowledge” (知识)。
引申 (Idiom): “You never know.” (世事难料。)

think (v.) /θɪŋk/：思考；认为；想。

例句1 (认为): What do you think about this idea? (你觉得这个主意怎么样？)
例句2 (思考): Let me think for a moment. (让我想一想。)
例句3 (打算): I'm thinking of going to the beach. (我正考虑去海滩。)
例句4 (关心): I'm thinking of you. (我正在想你。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式和过去分词是 “thought”。
扩展 (Collocation): “think about” (考虑), “think of” (想起；认为)。
引申 (Noun): “thought” (想法，思想)。

believe (v.) /bɪˈliːv/：相信；认为。

例句1 (相信): I believe in you. (我相信你。)
例句2 (认为): I believe that he is telling the truth. (我相信他说的是实话。)
例句3 (信仰): Do you believe in ghosts? (你相信有鬼吗？)
例句4 (感叹): I can't believe my eyes! (我简直不敢相信我的眼睛！)
拓展 (Usage): “believe someone” (相信某人的话), “believe in someone/something” (信任某人/信仰某事)。
扩展 (Noun): “belief” (信念，信仰)。
引申 (Adjective): “believable” (可信的), “unbelievable” (难以置信的)。

remember (v.) /rɪˈmembər/：记住；想起；代……问好。

例句1 (记住): I can’t remember his name. (我记不起他的名字了。)
例句2 (要做某事): Remember to lock the door. (记得锁门。)
例句3 (代……问好): Please remember me to your parents. (请代我向你父母问好。)
例句4 (回忆): I remember seeing him at the party. (我记得在派对上见过他。)
拓展 (Grammar): “remember to do” 指“记得去做某事”（事未做），“remember doing” 指“记得做过某事”（事已做）。
扩展 (Noun): “memory” (记忆；回忆)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “forget” (忘记)。

forget (v.) /fərˈɡet/：忘记。

例句1 (忘记去做): Don’t forget to lock the door. (别忘了锁门。)
例句2 (忘记事情): I forgot his birthday. (我忘了他的生日。)
例句3 (忘记带): I forgot my keys. (我忘带钥匙了。)
例句4 (忘记做过): I'll never forget seeing the Grand Canyon for the first time. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到大峡谷的情景。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “forgot”，过去分词是 “forgotten”。“forget to do” 指“忘记去做某事”（事未做），“forget doing” 指“忘记做过某事”（事已做）。
扩展 (Collocation): “forget it” (算了吧，没关系), “forgive and forget” (既往不咎)。
引申 (Antonym): 反义词是 “remember” (记住)。

imagine (v.) /ɪˈmædʒɪn/：想象；设想。

例句1 (基本义): Can you imagine a world without internet? (你能想象一个没有互联网的世界吗？)
例句2 (认为): I imagine he will be late. (我猜他会迟到。)
例句3 (搭配): I can't imagine life without you. (我无法想象没有你的生活。)
例句4 (用法): Imagine that you won the lottery. (想象一下你中了彩票。)
拓展 (Usage): 用于在头脑中形成图像或概念。
扩展 (Noun): “imagination” (想象力)。
引申 (Adjective): “imaginative” (富有想象力的), “imaginary” (想象中的，虚构的)。

decide (v.) /dɪˈsaɪd/：决定；下决心。

例句1 (基本义): I’ve decided to go to college. (我决定上大学。)
例句2 (搭配): We need to decide what to do next. (我们需要决定下一步做什么。)
例句3 (影响): The final goal decided the match. (最后一粒进球决定了比赛的胜负。)
例句4 (用法): Have you decided on a name for the baby? (你决定好给宝宝取什么名字了吗？)
拓展 (Usage): “decide to do something” (决定做某事), “decide on something” (选定某物)。
扩展 (Noun): “decision” (决定)。
引申 (Adjective): “decisive” (果断的；决定性的)。

choose (v.) /tʃuːz/：选择。

例句1 (基本义): You can choose any color you like. (你可以选择任何你喜欢的颜色。)
例句2 (决定): She chose to stay at home instead of going to the party. (她选择待在家里，而不是去参加派对。)
例句3 (搭配): It's difficult to choose between these two options. (在这两个选项之间很难做出选择。)
例句4 (选定): He was chosen as the team captain. (他被选为队长。)
拓展 (Grammar): 过去式是 “chose”，过去分词是 “chosen”。
扩展 (Noun): “choice” (选择)。
引申 (Adjective): “choosy” (挑剔的)。