Linux：挂载磁盘

场景：服务器使用中发现磁盘空间不足，需要挂载一个磁盘以供继续使用，但是新磁盘不是添加就可以使用，需要进行挂载。

1、添加磁盘

添加新磁盘后重启服务器。

2、使用root用户进入系统

3、查看磁盘信息

[root@databack /]# fdisk -l   //查看磁盘命令
Disk /dev/vda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00053156

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vda1   *           1        5222    41942016   83  Linux

Disk /dev/vdb: 1073.7 GB, 1073741824000 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2080507 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x4737cf47

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdb1               1     2080507  1048575496+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/vdc: 322.1 GB, 322122547200 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 624152 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

可以看到这台服务器加载了三个磁盘vda、vdb、vdc 
        vda是初始磁盘

        vdb已经初始化且正在使用

        vdc是未格式化的新磁盘

4、创建新硬盘分区

[root@databack /]# fdisk /dev/vdc   //进入新磁盘
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x69fdfcdf.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag                //设定可启动标记
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition                    //删除一个分区
   l   list known partition types            //各分区类型所对应的ID
   m   print this menu                       //菜单
   n   add a new partition                   //添加一个分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table             //显示该磁盘下的当前分区信息
   q   quit without saving changes           //不保存退出
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit          //保存退出
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

/进行分区

Command (m for help): p        //打印分区信息,可以看到当前并没有分区

Disk /dev/vdc: 322.1 GB, 322122547200 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 624152 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x69fdfcdf

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n        //创建一个新的分区
Command action

   e   extended                //创建扩展分区  
   p   primary partition (1-4) //创建逻辑分区 

p

Partition number (1-4): 1      //划分逻辑分区
First cylinder (1-624152, default 1): //直接回车,把整个磁盘作为1个分区
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-624152, default 624152): 
Using default value 624152

Command (m for help): p        //再次查看可以看到该磁盘已经有1个分区了

Disk /dev/vdc: 322.1 GB, 322122547200 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 624152 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x69fdfcdf

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdc1               1      624152   314572576+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w        //保存分区
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

5、分区完成，再次查看磁盘信息

[root@databack /]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/vda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00053156

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vda1   *           1        5222    41942016   83  Linux

Disk /dev/vdb: 1073.7 GB, 1073741824000 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2080507 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x4737cf47

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdb1               1     2080507  1048575496+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/vdc: 322.1 GB, 322122547200 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 624152 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x69fdfcdf

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdc1               1      624152   314572576+  83  Linux

6、格式化分区

[root@databack /]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdc1 
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
19660800 inodes, 78643144 blocks
3932157 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
2400 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
	32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
	4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

7、挂载分区以及开机自动挂载

[root@databack /]# df -h        //目前只有vda1和vdb1两个磁盘挂载
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1        40G  3.8G   34G  11% /
tmpfs           498M  8.0K  498M   1% /dev/shm
/dev/vdb1       985G   93G  842G  10% /home
[root@databack /]# mkdir /data
[root@databack /]# mount /dev/vdc1 /data         //挂载
[root@databack /]# df -h        //再次查看
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1        40G  3.8G   34G  11% /
tmpfs           498M  8.0K  498M   1% /dev/shm
/dev/vdb1       985G   93G  842G  10% /home
/dev/vdc1       296G   63M  281G   1% /data

磁盘已经挂载完成

8、设置开机自动挂载

1、执行以下命令，将根分区的挂载模式变更为读写。
[root@databack /]# mount / -o remount,rw

2、执行blkid命令，查看ECS实例上磁盘的分区情况以及文件系统。
[root@databack /]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="3d083579-f5d9-4df5-9347-8d27925805d4" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/vdb1: UUID="3c40f1da-7711-4d24-99a3-0c32fd902685" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/vdc1: UUID="c4207d39-d1cf-4473-9ce7-50dd7c5fa0aa" TYPE="ext4" 

3、执行以下命令，检查磁盘的分区信息与文件系统和上一步返回的结果是否一致。
[root@databack /]# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/vdc1/data ext4 defaults,nofail 0 0
注意：建议您在挂载的时候添加nofail参数，在启动实例时，若设备不存在会直接忽略它，从而不发生报错。

4、执行reboot命令，重启系统，确认能成功登录系统。
[root@databack /]# reboot