C++ primer (2.4 ~ 2.6)

C++ primer 笔记

内容：

1. const

变量 buffSize是一个常量（512），如何给buffSize赋值的操作都是错误，并且由于无法对buffSize进行修改值，定义变量对时候必须初始化。

const int buffSize = 512;

auto &h = 42;       // error
const auto &j = 42; // ok

1.1 Reference to const(const 的 引用)

引用就是变量的另外名字，const的引用可见下列代码

const int ci = 1024;
const int &r1 = ci;
r1 = 41; // error

const Reference is a Reference to const

const过程中的变量转换（double -> const int）

double dval = 3.14;
const int &ri = dval; 

等价与

const int temp = dval;
const int &ri = temp;

所以，ri是temp变量的引用，不是dval的引用。

1.2 Pointer to const

a pointer to const may not be used to change the object to which the pointer points. We may store the address of a const object only in a pointer to const

const double pi = 3.14;
double *ptr = π // error, ptr is a plain pointer
const double &cptr = π // ok

Like a reference to const, a pointer to const says nothing about whether the object to which the pointer points is const. Defining a pointer as a pointer to const affects only what we can do with the pointer. It is important to remember that there is no guarantee that an object pointed to by a pointer to const won’t change.

Like any other const object, a const pointermust be initialized, and once initialized

int errNumb = 0;
int *const curErr = &errNumb;
const duoble pi = 3.14159;
// pip is a const pointer to a const object
const double *const pip = π 

top-level const and low-level const

top-level : pointer itself is a constant
low-level : pointer can point to a const object

int i = 0;
int *const p1 = &i;   // p1 is top-level
const int ci = 42;    // ci is top-level
const int *p2 = &ci;  // p2 is low-level
const int *const p3 = p2; // p3 is top-level
const int &r = ci;    // const in reference types is always low -level

Exercise

int i = -1, &r = 0;         // illegal, r must refer to an object.
int *const p2 = &i2;        // legal.
const int i = -1, &r = 0;   // legal.
const int *const p3 = &i2;  // legal.
const int *p1 = &i2;        // legal
const int &const r2;        // illegal, r2 is a reference that cannot be const.
const int i2 = i, &r = i;   // legal.
int i, *const cp;       // illegal, cp must initialize.
int *p1, *const p2;     // illegal, p2 must initialize.
const int ic, &r = ic;  // illegal, ic must initialize.
const int *const p3;    // illegal, p3 must initialize.
const int *p;           // legal. a pointer to const int.

2. typedef

类型别名（Type Aliases）

简化与加深变量类型意义。

typedef double wages; // wage 就是 double
typedef wages base, *p; // base的类型是double，p是double *

“using” + “=“ 也是一种typedef

using SI = Sales_item;
SI item; // Same as Sales_item item

Pointer, const and Type Aliases

typedef char *pstring;
const pstring cstr = 0; // cstr is a constant pointer to char
const pstring *ps; // ps is a pointer to a constant pointer to char

// wrong interpretation of const pstring cstr
const char *cstr = 0;
// cstr as a pointer to const char rather than as a const pointer to char

The auto type specifier

auto i = 0, *p = &i; // i is int and p is a pointer to int
auto sz = 0, pi = 3.14; // error i is int but pi is double

const int ci = i, &cr = ci;
auto b = ci; // b is int (top-level const is dropped)
auto c = cr; // c is int (top-level const is dropped)
auto d = &i; // d is int*
auto e = &ci // e is const int* (low-level)

3. data structures

自定义数据结构

若数据结构定义在头文件，则在开头需要引入头文件

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// using the class of Sales_data
#include "Sales_data.h"

int main() {
	Sales_data data1, data2;
	return 0;
}

自定义数据结构也可以定义在主文件中。

Preprocessor ??