1. The past perfect tense.

as1）.概念:表示過去的過去.

2）.構成: Had+done

3）.用法:

       a. 在 told,said,knew,thought,heard等動詞后的賓語從句.

            She said she had never been to Paris.

       b. 狀語從句 : 在過去發生的兩個動作,發生在先,用過去完成時,發生在后,用一般過去時.

            When the police arrived ,the thieves had run away.

       c. 表示意向的動詞,如: hope, wish,suppose,think,mean,intend,want,plan,expect,desire等,用過去完成時表示"原本..未能..."

           We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't .

       d. 過去完成時的時間狀語before,by ,util, when,after,as soon as,once.

            By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

4) .固定句型:

      a. hardly /scarcely/barely+過去完成時(倒裝形式)+ when +過去時

            Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. (我一到達就有新問題要處理)

       b.  No sooner + 過去完成時(倒裝形式) + than + 過去時

            No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.

       c.  By (the end of ) +過去時間,主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時.

            By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.