常用sql语句

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-15 16:05:29 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-15 16:05:29 发布

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-- 数据库就是一种特殊的文件，其中存储着需要的数据
-- 关系型数据库(RDBMS)，是建立在关系模型基础上的数据库，借助于集合代数等数学概念和方法来处理数据库中的数据
-- mysql是关系型数据库系统(RDBMS)的一套软件, 用这套软件创建和管理数据库;
-- C/s类型: rdbms客户端 发送sql(类似于http)命令 控制 rdbms服务器(包含mysql软件) 
-- SQL是结构化查询语言，是一种用来操作RDBMS的数据库语言
-- 数据库的操作

    -- 链接数据库
    mysql -uroot -p
    mysql -uroot -pmysql

    -- 退出数据库
    exit/quit/ctrl+d
    

    -- sql语句最后需要有分号;结尾
    -- 显示数据库版本
    select version();

    -- 显示时间
    select now();

    -- 查看所有数据库
    show databases;
    

    -- 创建数据库
    -- create database 数据库名 charset=utf8;
    create database python04;
    create database python04new charset=utf8;


    -- 查看创建数据库的语句
    -- show crate database ....
    show create database python04;
    

    -- 查看当前使用的数据库
    select database();

    -- 使用数据库
    -- use 数据库的名字
    use python04new;

    -- 删除数据库
    -- drop database 数据库名;
    drop database python04;


-- 数据表的操作

    -- 查看当前数据库中所有表
    show tables;
    

    -- 创建表
    -- auto_increment表示自动增长
    -- not null 表示不能为空
    -- primary key 表示主键
    -- default 默认值
    -- create table 数据表名字 (字段 类型 约束[, 字段 类型 约束]);
    create table xxxxx(id int, name varchar(30));
    create table yyyyy(id int primary key not null auto_increment, name varchar(30));
    create table zzzzz(
        id int primary key not null auto_increment,
        name varchar(30)
    );

    -- 查看表结构
    -- desc 数据表的名字;
    desc xxxxx;

    -- 创建students表(id、name、age、high、gender、cls_id)
    create table students(
        id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
        name varchar(30),
        age tinyint unsigned default 0,
        high decimal(5,2),
        gender enum("男", "女", "中性", "保密") default "保密",
        cls_id int unsigned
    );

    insert into students values(0, "老王", 18, 188.88, "男", 0);
    select * from students;

    -- 创建classes表(id、name)
    create table classes(
        id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
        name varchar(30)
    );

    insert into classes values(0, "python04大神");
    select * from classes;

    -- 查看表的创建语句
    -- show create table 表名字;
    show create table students;


    -- 修改表-添加字段
    -- alter table 表名 add 列名 类型;
    alter table students add birthday datetime;
    

    -- 修改表-修改字段：不重命名版
    -- alter table 表名 modify 列名 类型及约束;
    alter table students modify birthday date;


    -- 修改表-修改字段：重命名版
    -- alter table 表名 change 原名 新名 类型及约束;
    alter table students change birthday birth date default "2000-01-01";


    -- 修改表-删除字段
    -- alter table 表名 drop 列名;
    alter table students drop high;


    -- 删除表
    -- drop table 表名;
    -- drop database 数据库;
    -- drop table 数据表;
    drop table xxxxx;

    
-- 增删改查(curd)

    -- 增加
        -- 全列插入
        -- insert [into] 表名 values(...)
        -- 主键字段 可以用 0  null   default 来占位
        -- 向classes表中插入 一个班级
        insert into classes values(0, "菜鸟班");


        +--------+-------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
        | Field  | Type                                | Null | Key | Default    | Extra          |
        +--------+-------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
        | id     | int(10) unsigned                    | NO   | PRI | NULL       | auto_increment |
        | name   | varchar(30)                         | YES  |     | NULL       |                |
        | age    | tinyint(3) unsigned                 | YES  |     | 0          |                |
        | gender | enum('男','女','中性','保密')       | YES  |     | 保密       |                |
        | cls_id | int(10) unsigned                    | YES  |     | NULL       |                |
        | birth  | date                                | YES  |     | 2000-01-01 |                |
        +--------+-------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+

        -- 向students表插入 一个学生信息
        insert into students values(0, "小李飞刀", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");
        insert into students values(null, "小李飞刀", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");
        insert into students values(default, "小李飞刀", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");

        -- 失败
        -- insert into students values(default, "小李飞刀", 20, "第4性别", 1, "1990-02-01");

        -- 枚举中 的 下标从1 开始 1---“男” 2--->"女"....
        insert into students values(default, "小李飞刀", 20, 1, 1, "1990-02-01");

        -- 部分插入
        -- insert into 表名(列1,...) values(值1,...)
        insert into students (name, gender) values ("小乔", 2);


        -- 多行插入
        insert into students (name, gender) values ("大乔", 2),("貂蝉", 2);
        insert into students values(default, "西施", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01"), (default, "王昭君", 20, "女", 1, "1990-01-01");


    -- 修改
    -- update 表名 set 列1=值1,列2=值2... where 条件;
        update students set gender=1; -- 全部都改
        update students set gender=1 where name="小李飞刀"; -- 只要name是小李飞刀的 全部的修改
        update students set gender=1 where id=3; -- 只要id为3的 进行修改
        update students set age=22, gender=1 where id=3; -- 只要id为3的 进行修改
    
    -- 查询基本使用
        -- 查询所有列
        -- select * from 表名;
        select * from students;

        ---定条件查询
        select * from students where name="小李飞刀"; -- 查询 name为小李飞刀的所有信息
        select * from students where id>3; -- 查询 name为小李飞刀的所有信息


        -- 查询指定列
        -- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
        select name,gender from students;


        -- 可以使用as为列或表指定别名
        -- select 字段[as 别名] , 字段[as 别名] from 数据表 where ....;
        select name as 姓名,gender as 性别 from students;


        -- 字段的顺序
        select id as 序号, gender as 性别, name as 姓名 from students;
    

    -- 删除
        -- 物理删除
        -- delete from 表名 where 条件
        delete from students; -- 整个数据表中的所有数据全部删除
        delete from students where name="小李飞刀";

        -- 逻辑删除
        -- 用一个字段来表示 这条信息是否已经不能再使用了
        -- 给students表添加一个is_delete字段 bit 类型
        alter table students add is_delete bit default 0;
        update students set is_delete=1 where id=6;

-- 数据的准备
	-- 创建一个数据库
	create database python_test charset=utf8;

	-- 使用一个数据库
	use python_test;

	-- 显示使用的当前数据是哪个?
	select database();

	-- 创建一个数据表
	-- students表
	create table students(
	    id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
	    name varchar(20) default '',
	    age tinyint unsigned default 0,
	    height decimal(5,2),
	    gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
	    cls_id int unsigned default 0,
	    is_delete bit default 0
	);

	-- classes表
	create table classes (
	    id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
	    name varchar(30) not null
	);



-- 查询
	-- 查询所有字段
	-- select * from 表名;
	select * from students;
	select * from classes;
	select id, name from classes;

	-- 查询指定字段
	-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
	select name, age from students;
	
	-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
	-- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;
	select name as 姓名, age as 年龄 from students;

	-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
	select students.name, students.age from students;

	
	-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
	-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
	select students.name, students.age from students;
	select s.name, s.age from students as s;
	-- 失败的select students.name, students.age from students as s;


	-- 消除重复行
	-- distinct 字段
	select distinct gender from students;


-- 条件查询
	-- 比较运算符
		-- select .... from 表名 where .....
		-- >
		-- 查询大于18岁的信息
		select * from students where age>18;
		select id,name,gender from students where age>18;

		-- <
		-- 查询小于18岁的信息
		select * from students where age<18;

		-- >=
		-- <=
		-- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息

		-- =
		-- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
		select * from students where age=18;


		-- != 或者 <>


	-- 逻辑运算符
		-- and
		-- 18到28之间的所以学生信息
		select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
		-- 失败select * from students where age>18 and <28;


		-- 18岁以上的女性
		select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
		select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;


		-- or
		-- 18以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上
		select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;


		-- not
		-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
		-- select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
		select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

		-- 年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
		select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;


	-- 模糊查询
		-- like 
		-- % 替换1个或者多个
		-- _ 替换1个
		-- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
		select name from students where name="小";
		select name from students where name like "小%";

		-- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
		select name from students where name like "%小%";

		-- 查询有2个字的名字
		select name from students where name like "__";

		-- 查询有3个字的名字
		select name from students where name like "__";

		-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
		select name from students where name like "__%";


		-- rlike 正则
		-- 查询以 周开始的姓名
		select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";

		-- 查询以 周开始、伦结尾的姓名
		select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";


	-- 范围查询
		-- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
		-- 查询 年龄为18、34的姓名
		select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
		select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
		select name,age from students where age in (12, 18, 34);


		
		-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
		-- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
		select name,age from students where age not in (12, 18, 34);


		-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
		-- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
		select name, age from students where age between 18 and 34;

		
		-- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
		-- 查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
		select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
		select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
		-- 失败的select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);


	-- 空判断
		-- 判空is null
		-- 查询身高为空的信息
		select * from students where height is null;
		select * from students where height is NULL;
		select * from students where height is Null;

		-- 判非空is not null
		select * from students where height is not null;



-- 排序
	-- order by 字段
	-- asc从小到大排列，即升序
	-- desc从大到小排序，即降序

	-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到到排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;


	-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;
	

	-- order by 多个字段
	-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,id desc;


	-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
	-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
	select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc,id desc;

	
	-- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
	select * from students order by age asc, height desc;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 聚合函数
	-- 总数
	-- count
	-- 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
	select * from students where gender=1;
	select count(*) from students where gender=1;
	select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
	select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;


	-- 最大值
	-- max
	-- 查询最大的年龄
	select age from students;
	select max(age) from students;

	-- 查询女性的最高 身高
	select max(height) from students where gender=2;

	-- 最小值
	-- min

	
	-- 求和
	-- sum
	-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
	select sum(age) from students;

	
	-- 平均值
	-- avg
	-- 计算平均年龄
	select avg(age) from students;


	-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
	select sum(age)/count(*) from students;


	-- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
	-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
	select round(sum(age)/count(*), 2) from students;
	select round(sum(age)/count(*), 3) from students;

	-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
	select round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
	-- select name, round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;

-- 分组

	-- group by
	-- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
	select name from students group by gender;
	select * from students group by gender;
	select gender from students group by gender;
	-- 失败select * from students group by gender;

	-- 计算每种性别中的人数
	select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;


	-- 计算男性的人数
	select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;


	-- group_concat(...)
	-- 查询同种性别中的姓名
 	select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
 	select gender,group_concat(name, age, id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
 	select gender,group_concat(name, "_", age, " ", id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;

	-- having
	-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
	select gender, group_concat(name),avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
	
	-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
	select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;



-- 分页
	-- limit start, count

	-- 限制查询出来的数据个数
	select * from students where gender=1 limit 2;

	-- 查询前5个数据
	select * from students limit 0, 5;

	-- 查询id6-10（包含）的书序
	select * from students limit 5, 5;


	-- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
	select * from students limit 0,2;

	-- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
	select * from students limit 2,2;

	-- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
	select * from students limit 4,2;

	-- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
	select * from students limit 6,2; -- -----> limit (第N页-1)*每个的个数, 每页的个数;

	-- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
	-- 失败select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;
	-- 失败select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
	select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;

	select * from students where gender=2 order by height desc limit 0,2;



-- 连接查询
	-- inner join ... on

	-- select ... from 表A inner join 表B;
	select * from students inner join classes;

	-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
	select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

	-- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
	select students.*, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
	select students.name, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

	-- 给数据表起名字
	select s.name, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

	-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息，只显示班级名称
	select s.*, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
	
	-- 在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
	select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

	-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
	-- select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on .... order by ....;
	select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;

	-- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
	select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;

	-- left join
	-- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
	select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

	-- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
	-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... where .....
	-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... having .....
	select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.id is null;
	select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.id is null;

	-- right join   on
	-- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

-- 自关联
	-- 省级联动 url:http://demo.lanrenzhijia.com/2014/city0605/

	-- 查询所有省份
	select * from areas where pid is null;

	-- 查询出山东省有哪些市
	select * from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
	select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";

	-- 查询出青岛市有哪些县城
	select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="青岛市";
	select * from areas where pid=(select aid from areas where atitle="青岛市")


-- 子查询
	-- 标量子查询
	-- 查询出高于平均身高的信息

	-- 查询最高的男生信息
	select * from students where height = 188;
	select * from students where height = (select max(height) from students);

	-- 列级子查询
	-- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的学生信息
	-- select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);