OO in Perl5

OO

说起 OO 首先跳出“Object”与“Class”这个两个概念。Perl也不例外，在 Perl5 中对 OO programming进行了设计与支持。如下图所示：

Perl 5 中设计了一个Base class UNIVERSAL， 它是所有Class的最终父类。如下所述：

All classes inherit from the UNIVERSAL class implicitly.The UNIVERSAL class is implemented by the Perl core, and provides several default methods, such as isa() , can() , and VERSION() . The UNIVERSAL class will never appear in a package’s @ISA variable.

Perl 5 中的 OO 术语：
Object： 被实例化的类的取值reference的指向（data structure）。当然，明确指代也可以忽略这个约定。
Class： 在定义时，使用 Package 关键词。
Method：Subroutine，用 sub 定义。
Attribute: 可以为SCALAR, ARRAY，HASH, SCALAR | ARRAY | HASH REFERENCE …
Reference： 可理解为 C 中指针，在 Perl 中广泛使用，使用灵活

Class

• A class is simply a package.
• A class provides methods that expect to operate on objects.

Object

In a sense, everything in Perl is an object, but we usually reserve the word for references to objects that have been officially “blessed” into a class package.被实例化的类的取值reference的指向（data structure）， 在 Perl 5 中 通常被称为 “对象（The object）”。

• An object is simply a data structure that knows to which class it belongs.

Reference

When a scalar is holding a reference, it always behaves as a simple scalar. It doesn’t magically start being an array or hash or subroutine; you have to tell it explicitly to do so, by dereferencing it.

• Everything in Perl is an object

Method

• A method is simply a subroutine that expects a reference to an object (or a package name, for
  class methods) as the first argument.

综上所述： Everything in Perl –(is)–> Object –(belongs to)–> Class == Package

总结：

• 万物皆对象，对象既是类（包）