C++ 中的虚：虚函数和纯虚函数

C++ 中的虚：虚函数和纯虚函数

一、多态形成的基本条件

(1)静多态：即函数重载。表面上看，是由重载规则来限定的，内部实现却是Name mangling(命名倾轧 )行为，发生在编译期，故称静多态。
(2)(动)多态：在运行阶段决定，故称动多态。

形成条件如下：

以下面画图操作为例子：

①父类中有虚函数，即共用接口。(由声明型关键字virtual修饰的函数)

class Shape
{
public:
	Shape(int x=0,int y=0)
		:x_(x),y_(y)
	{}
	virtual void draw()
	{
		cout << "draw shape from point(" << x_ << "," << y_ << ")" << endl;
	}
protected:
	int x_;
	int y_;
};

②子类覆写父类中的虚函数。(子类中对应的函数要满足：同名、同参、同返回才能构成覆写)

class Circle:public Shape
{
public:
	Circle(int x = 0, int y = 0,int r=0)
		:Shape(x,y)
	{
		r_ = r;
	}
	virtual void draw()
	{
		cout << "draw circle from point(" << x_ << "," << y_ << ")" <<"and r="<<r_<< endl;
	}
protected:
	int r_;
};
class Rect :public Shape
{
public:
	Rect(int x = 0, int y = 0, int w = 0,int h=0)
		:Shape(x, y)
	{
		w_ = w;
		h_ = h;
	}
	virtual void draw()
	{
		cout << "draw rect from point(" << x_ << "," << y_ << ")" 
			 << "and w=" << w_ <<" h="<<h_<< endl;
	}
protected:
	int w_;
	int h_;
};

③通过已被子类对象赋值的父类指针，调用共用接口，形成多态。

int main()
{
	Circle c(10,20,4);
	Shape *ps = &c;
	ps->draw();
	Rect r(13, 2,10,6);
	ps = &r;
	ps->draw();
	return 0;
}

完整例子：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape
{
public:
	Shape(int x=0,int y=0)
		:x_(x),y_(y)
	{}
	virtual void draw()
	{
		cout << "draw shape from point(" << x_ << "," << y_ << ")" << endl;
	}
protected:
	int x_;
	int y_;
};
class Circle:public Shape
{
public:
	Circle(int x = 0, int y = 0,int r=0)
		:Shape(x,y)
	{
		r_ = r;
	}
	virtual void draw()//这里的virtual可也不写
	{
		cout << "draw circle from point(" << x_ << "," << y_ << ")" <<"and r="<<r_<< endl;
	}
protected:
	int r_;
};
class Rect :public Shape
{
public:
	Rect(int x = 0, int y = 0, int w = 0,int h=0)
		:Shape(x, y)
	{
		w_ = w;
		h_ = h;
	}
	virtual void draw() override //c++11提供了关键字override,给覆写指定了此关键字。加override表明从父类中覆写了draw(),这里的override可以不加
	{
		cout << "draw rect from point(" << x_ << "," << y_ << ")" 
			 << "and w=" << w_ <<" h="<<h_<< endl;
	}
protected:
	int w_;
	int h_;
};
int main()
{
	Circle c(10,20,4);
	Shape *ps = &c;
	ps->draw();
	Rect r(13, 2,10,6);
	ps = &r;
	ps->draw();
	return 0;
}

二、抽象基类

上面的例子可以看到，Shape类中的函数成员draw()并没有用到，可以不要函数的实现体，而且一般也不会用Shape这个类去实例化对象。

class Shape
{
public:
	Shape(int x=0,int y=0)
		:x_(x),y_(y)
	{}
	virtual void draw() = 0;
protected:
	int x_;
	int y_;
};

此时这个类就叫抽象基类。
抽象基类: 含有纯虚函数的类，称为抽象基类，且该类不能实例化，存在的意义就是被继承，提供族类的公共接口。

三、总结

虚函数：被virtual修饰的成员函数。是形成多态的基本条件。
纯虚函数：被virtual修饰，且只有声明，没有实现体，被“初始化”为0的成员函数。只有纯接口类，才配具备拥有纯虚函数。