1.隐性等待
driver.implicitly_wait(10) #隐式等待10秒
由webdriver提供的方法,一旦设置,这个隐式等待会在WebDriver对象实例的整个生命周期起作用,它不针对某一个元素,是全局元素等待,即在定位元素时,需要等待页面全部元素加载完成,才会执行下一个语句。如果超出了设置时间的则抛出异常。
缺点:当页面某些js无法加载,但是想找的元素已经出来了,它还是会继续等待,直到页面加载完成(浏览器标签左上角圈圈不再转),才会执行下一句。某些情况下会影响脚本执行速度。
2.显性等待
等待某个条件成立时继续执行,否则在达到最大时长时抛出异常(TimeoutException);
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
WebDriverWait(driver,timeout,poll_frequency=0.5,ignored_exceptions=None)
def __init__(self, driver, timeout, poll_frequency=POLL_FREQUENCY, ignored_exceptions=None):
"""Constructor, takes a WebDriver instance and timeout in seconds.
:Args:
- driver - Instance of WebDriver (Ie, Firefox, Chrome or Remote)
- timeout - Number of seconds before timing out
- poll_frequency - sleep interval between calls
By default, it is 0.5 second.
- ignored_exceptions - iterable structure of exception classes ignored during calls.
By default, it contains NoSuchElementException only.
Example:
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait \n
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda x: x.find_element_by_id("someId")) \n
is_disappeared = WebDriverWait(driver, 30, 1, (ElementNotVisibleException)).\ \n
until_not(lambda x: x.find_element_by_id("someId").is_displayed())
"""
WebDriverWait(driver,timeout,poll_frequency=0.5,ignored_exceptions=None)
driver:浏览器驱动
timeout:最长超时时间
poll_frequency:检测间隔时间,默认0.5s
ignored_exceptions:超时后的异常信息,默认情况抛出NoSuchElementException异常
WebDriverWait()一般由until()或until_not方法配合使用,下面是这两种方法的说明:def until(self, method, message='')
调用该方法提供的驱动程序作为一个参数,直到返回值为True;
def until_not(method,message=''):调用该方法提供的驱动程序作为一个参数,直到返回值为Flase;
WebDriverWait与expected_conditions
结合使用
expected_conditions
类提供的预期条件判断的方法
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
wait = WebDriverWait(driver,10,0.5)
element =waite.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,"kw"),message="")
# 此处注意,如果省略message=“”,则By.ID外面是两层()
By是selenium中内置的一个class,在这个class中定义了各种查找元素的方式
"""
The By implementation.
"""
class By(object):
"""
Set of supported locator strategies.
"""
ID = "id"
XPATH = "xpath"
LINK_TEXT = "link text"
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = "partial link text"
NAME = "name"
TAG_NAME = "tag name"
CLASS_NAME = "class name"
CSS_SELECTOR = "css selector"
3.强制等待
time.sleep()