状态模式

状态模式

在编程中，可能会遇到需要进行状态转变的代码，通常我们是定义一堆常量来定义各个状态，通过一个变量来记住当前的状态，但是这样做的话每次操作都得进行一堆的if-else判断，状态一多，代码就很复杂，维护起来也不好维护。这个时候就可以用到状态模式，它把各个状态都用类来表示，状态的动作以及转换交由各个状态自己来维护，这样就不必在主对象中写一堆if-else语句，各个状态分工也很明确。
下面是结构图：

上图实现了一个售货机的类，总共分成4个状态：初始状态、已付款状态、已选择商品状态、售罄状态，动作有三个pay(),selectGoods(),sold(),售货机VendingMechine拥有四个状态对象的引用，以及一个记录当前状态的State引用。每次调用时都是用当前状态State来调用三个动作方法，当前状态的变化由各个状态进行操作，售货机不进行状态的改变，除了初始化的时候。

代码如下：

public interface StateCompoment {
    void pay() throws Exception;
    void selectGoods() throws Exception;
    void sold() throws Exception;
}

初始状态：

public class InitState extends StateBase{

    public InitState(VendingMechine vendingMechine) {
        super(vendingMechine);
    }

    @Override
    public void pay() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你进行了付款");
        vendingMechine.setState(vendingMechine.getPaidState());
    }

    @Override
    public void selectGoods() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你还没付钱");
    }

    @Override
    public void sold() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你还没付钱");
    }
}

已付款状态：

public class PaidState extends StateBase{
    public PaidState(VendingMechine vendingMechine) {
        super(vendingMechine);
    }

    @Override
    public void pay() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你已经付了款");
    }

    @Override
    public void selectGoods() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你选择了一件商品");
        vendingMechine.setState(vendingMechine.getSelectState());
    }

    @Override
    public void sold() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("还未选择商品");
    }
}

已选择状态：

public class SelectState extends StateBase {
    public SelectState(VendingMechine vendingMechine) {
        super(vendingMechine);
    }

    @Override
    public void pay() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你已经付款了");
    }

    @Override
    public void selectGoods() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("你已经选择了商品");
    }

    @Override
    public void sold() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("出货");
        vendingMechine.setCount(vendingMechine.getCount()-1);
        if(vendingMechine.getCount()>0){
            vendingMechine.setState(vendingMechine.getInitState());
        }else{
            vendingMechine.setState(vendingMechine.getSoldOutState());
        }
    }
}

售罄状态：

public class SoldOutState extends StateBase {
    public SoldOutState(VendingMechine vendingMechine) {
        super(vendingMechine);
    }

    @Override
    public void pay() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("售罄");
    }

    @Override
    public void selectGoods() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("售罄");
    }

    @Override
    public void sold() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("售罄");
    }
}

售货机：

public class VendingMechine implements StateCompoment{
    private InitState initState;
    private PaidState paidState;
    private SelectState selectState;
    private SoldOutState soldOutState;

    private StateBase state;
    private int count = 0;

    public VendingMechine(int count){
        initState = new InitState(this);
        paidState = new PaidState(this);
        selectState = new SelectState(this);
        soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
        if(count > 0){
            this.count = count;
            state = initState;
            return;
        }
        state = soldOutState;
    }

    @Override
    public void pay() throws Exception {
        state.pay();
    }

    @Override
    public void selectGoods() throws Exception {
        state.selectGoods();
    }

    @Override
    public void sold() throws Exception {
        state.sold();
    }
	//getter and setter
 }

测试：

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        VendingMechine vendingMechine = new VendingMechine(2);
        System.out.println("剩余数量:"+vendingMechine.getCount());
        vendingMechine.pay();
        vendingMechine.selectGoods();
        vendingMechine.sold();
        System.out.println("剩余数量:"+vendingMechine.getCount());
        vendingMechine.pay();
        vendingMechine.selectGoods();
        vendingMechine.sold();
        System.out.println("剩余数量:"+vendingMechine.getCount());
        vendingMechine.pay();
        vendingMechine.selectGoods();
        vendingMechine.sold();
    }
}

测试结果：