在django请求周期中,中间件(middleware)是必不可少的一个过程,在python中中间件其实就是一个类,可以处理所有的请求内容,在请求到来和结束后,django会根据自己的规则在合适的时机执行中间件中相应的方法.
在django中的settings模块中,有一个MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES 变量,其中的每一个元素就是一个中间件:
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
# 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
中间件这个类一共有五种方法,分别为:
process_request(self,request)
process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
process_template_response(self,request,response) #一般用不到
process_exception(self, request, exception)
process_response(self, request, response)
以上的方法的返回值可以是None或者HttpResonse,如果是None,则继续按照django定义的规则向下执行,否则,则直接将该对象返回给用户
当一个请求过来的时候,首先从上往下执行这些类中的process_request(self,request)方法,然后再从上往下执行 process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)方法,接着进入view.py文件,如果在view.py中有错误出现,那么就会从下往上执行process_exception(self, request, exception)方法,把错误信息通过process_response(self, request, response)方法返回给用户。
在django中我们还可以自定义中间件:
创建中间件,新建一个.py文件:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
class row1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("No.1")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_func_args,view_func_kwargs):
print("No.1_1")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("No.1 again")
return response
class row2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("No.2")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_args,view_kwargs):
print("No.2_2")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("No.2 again")
return response
class row3(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("No.3")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_args,view_kwargs):
print("No.3_3")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("No.3 again")
return response
在settings中注册中间件:
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
# 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
'Middle.m1.row1',#中间件的路径
'Middle.m1.row2',
'Middle.m1.row3',
]