Mysql数据库-多表查询案例
我们在公司开发中,根据不同的业务需求往往需要通过2张及以上的表中去查询需要的数据。所以我们有必要学习2张及以上的表的查询。其实不管是几张表的查询,都是有规律可循的。
1. 准备数据
-- 部门表
CREATE TABLE dept (
id INT PRIMARY KEY PRIMARY KEY, -- 部门id
dname VARCHAR(50), -- 部门名称
loc VARCHAR(50) -- 部门位置
);
-- 添加4个部门
INSERT INTO dept(id,dname,loc) VALUES
(10,'教研部','北京'),
(20,'学工部','上海'),
(30,'销售部','广州'),
(40,'财务部','深圳');
-- 职务表,职务名称,职务描述
CREATE TABLE job (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
jname VARCHAR(20),
description VARCHAR(50)
);
-- 添加4个职务
INSERT INTO job (id, jname, description) VALUES
(1, '董事长', '管理整个公司,接单'),
(2, '经理', '管理部门员工'),
(3, '销售员', '向客人推销产品'),
(4, '文员', '使用办公软件');
-- 员工表
CREATE TABLE emp (
id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- 员工id
ename VARCHAR(50), -- 员工姓名
job_id INT, -- 职务id
mgr INT , -- 上级领导
joindate DATE, -- 入职日期
salary DECIMAL(7,2), -- 工资
bonus DECIMAL(7,2), -- 奖金
dept_id INT, -- 所在部门编号
CONSTRAINT emp_jobid_ref_job_id_fk FOREIGN KEY (job_id) REFERENCES job (id),
CONSTRAINT emp_deptid_ref_dept_id_fk FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES dept (id)
);
-- 添加员工
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,job_id,mgr,joindate,salary,bonus,dept_id) VALUES
(1001,'孙悟空',4,1004,'2000-12-17','8000.00',NULL,20),
(1002,'卢俊义',3,1006,'2001-02-20','16000.00','3000.00',30),
(1003,'林冲',3,1006,'2001-02-22','12500.00','5000.00',30),
(1004,'唐僧',2,1009,'2001-04-02','29750.00',NULL,20),
(1005,'李逵',4,1006,'2001-09-28','12500.00','14000.00',30),
(1006,'宋江',2,1009,'2001-05-01','28500.00',NULL,30),
(1007,'刘备',2,1009,'2001-09-01','24500.00',NULL,10),
(1008,'猪八戒',4,1004,'2007-04-19','30000.00',NULL,20),
(1009,'罗贯中',1,NULL,'2001-11-17','50000.00',NULL,10),
(1010,'吴用',3,1006,'2001-09-08','15000.00','0.00',30),
(1011,'沙僧',4,1004,'2007-05-23','11000.00',NULL,20),
(1012,'李逵',4,1006,'2001-12-03','9500.00',NULL,30),
(1013,'小白龙',4,1004,'2001-12-03','30000.00',NULL,20),
(1014,'关羽',4,1007,'2002-01-23','13000.00',NULL,10);
-- 工资等级表
CREATE TABLE salarygrade (
grade INT PRIMARY KEY,
losalary INT,
hisalary INT
);
-- 添加5个工资等级
INSERT INTO salarygrade(grade,losalary,hisalary) VALUES
(1,7000,12000),
(2,12010,14000),
(3,14010,20000),
(4,20010,30000),
(5,30010,99990);
分析4张表的关系:通过4张表www.rsxedu.com可以查出一个员工的所有信息
2. 练习
2.1 练习1
查询所有员工信息。显示员工编号,员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述
具体操作:
1.确定要查询哪些表:emp e, job j
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j;
2.确定表连接条件:e.job_id=j.id
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j ON e.job_id=j.id;
3.确定查询字段:员工编号,员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述
SELECT e.`id`, e.`ename`, e.`salary`, j.`jname`, j.`description` FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j ON e.job_id=j.id;
2.2 练习2
查询所有员工信息。显示员工编号,员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述,部门名称,部门位置
具体操作:
1. 确定要查询哪些表,emp e, job j, dept d
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d;
2. 确定表连接条件 e.job_id=j.id and e.dept_id=d.id
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d ON e.job_id=j.id AND e.dept_id=d.id;
3. 确定查询字段:员工编号,员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述,部门名称,部门位置
SELECT e.`id`, e.`ename`, e.`salary`, j.`jname`, j.`description`, d.`dname`, d.`loc` FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d ON e.job_id=j.id AND e.dept_id=d.id;
2.3 练习3
查询所有员工信息。显示员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述,部门名称,部门位置,工资等级
具体操作:
1. 确定要查询哪些表,emp e, job j, dept d, salarygrade s
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d INNER JOIN salarygrade s;
2. 确定表连接条件 e.job_id=j.id and e.dept_id=d.id and e.salary between s.losalary and hisalary
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d INNER JOIN salarygrade s ON e.job_id=j.id AND e.dept_id=d.id AND e.salary BETWEEN s.losalary AND hisalary;
3. 确定查询字段:员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述,部门名称,部门位置,工资等级
SELECT e.`ename`, e.`salary`, j.`jname`, j.`description`, d.`dname`, d.`loc`, s.`grade` FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d INNER JOIN salarygrade s ON e.job_id=j.id AND e.dept_id=d.id AND e.salary BETWEEN s.losalary AND hisalary;
多表查询规律总结
- 不管我们查询几张表,表连接查询会产出笛卡尔积,我们需要消除笛卡尔积,拿到正确的数据。我们需要找到表与表之间通过哪个字段关联起来的www.meimeitu8.com(通常是外键=主键)
- 消除笛卡尔积规律:2张表需要1个条件,3张表需要2个条件,4张表需要3个条件。(条件数量=表的数量-1),每张表都要参与进来
- 多表连接查询步骤:3.1. 确定要查询哪些表 3.2. 确定表连接条件 3.3. 确定查询字段
2.4 练习4
查询经理的信息。显示员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述,部门名称,部门位置,工资等级
具体操作:
- 确定要查询哪些表,emp e, job j, dept d, salarygrade s
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d INNER JOIN salarygrade s;
- 确定表连接条件 e.job_id=j.id and e.dept_id=d.id and e.salary between s.losalary and hisalary
SELECT * FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d INNER JOIN salarygrade s ON e.job_id=j.id AND e.dept_id=d.id AND e.salary BETWEEN s.losalary AND hisalary;
额外条件:只需要查询经理的信息(j.jname='经理')
- 确定查询字段:员工姓名,工资,职务名称,职务描述,部门名称,部门位置,工资等级
SELECT e.`ename`, e.`salary`, j.`jname`, j.`description`, d.`dname`, d.`loc`, s.`grade` FROM emp e INNER JOIN job j INNER JOIN dept d INNER JOIN salarygrade s ON e.job_id=j.id AND e.dept_id=d.id AND e.salary BETWEEN s.losalary AND hisalary AND j.jname='经理';
2.5 练习5
查询出部门编号、部门名称、部门位置、部门人数
具体操作:
- 去员工表中找到每个部门的人数和部门id
SELECT dept_id, COUNT(*) FROM emp GROUP BY dept_id;
- 再和部门表连接查询
SELECT * FROM dept d INNER JOIN (SELECT dept_id, COUNT(*) FROM emp GROUP BY dept_id) e ON e.dept_id=d.`id`;
- 显示对应的字段
SELECT d.`id`, d.dname, d.`loc`, e.total 部门人数 FROM dept d INNER JOIN (SELECT dept_id, COUNT(*) total FROM emp GROUP BY dept_id) e ON e.dept_id=d.`id`;
最终效果: