C++ STL string

（一）string的理解
string是一个容器，主要注意初始化、字符的增删改查（注意类型）、迭代遍历（方式很多）、内存管理和一些字符串函数等等。

内存管理resize 和reserv分析见https://blog.csdn.net/oppo62258801/article/details/75949802

代码见下。

（二）Test Demo

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cout << "******************Demo1:string初始化**************************" << endl;
	string str1, strline;
	string str2 = str1;
	string str3(str1);
	string str4 = "string"; //不包含最后的‘\0’
	string str5("string");//不包含最后的‘\0’
	string str6(10, 'a');//连续的10个a 组成的string

	cout << "******************Demo2:string操作**************************" << endl;
	cout << "(1)cin && cout:>> <<" << endl;
	cin >> str1;
	cout << "str1 = " << str1 << endl;
	
	cout << "(2)getline(cin, string)" << endl;
	/*前部分用cin函数一个一个的读入数据，中间部分利用getline（）一起读入一行，
	*测试发现，cin之后的getline函数并无作用，原来cin只是在缓存区中，把字符读走，会剩余/n在缓存区中，
	*但是getline对/n极度敏感，导致getline刚开始读入便遇到/n于是停止读入数据。
	*解决办法：在使用getline（）前使用cin.ignore();
	*/
	cin.ignore();
	getline(cin, strline);
	cout << strline << endl;

	cout << "(3)str.empty() && str.size" << endl;
	if (str1.empty() == true)
		cout << "str1 is empty" << endl;
	else
		cout << "str1 is not empty, ane the size is " << str1.size() << endl;
	cout << "(4)str = == != > < >= <=" << endl;
	
	cout << "(5)string 遍历" << endl;
	/*.C str[index] 方式也可以..*/
	string s1 = "hello", s2 = "sas";
	s1 = s2;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < s1.length(); i++)
	{
		cout << s1.at(i);
	}
	cout << endl;
	for (auto c:s1) {
		cout << c;
	}//output:sss
	cout << endl;
	//默认auto后的item类型为string::iterator，当然也可以用string::const_iterator
	for (auto item = s1.begin(); item != s1.end(); ++item) {
		cout << *item;
	}
	cout << endl;
	
	cout << "(6)string 函数" << endl;
	cout << "s1 = " << s1 << endl;
	cout << "find sub string 'as' in s1, the index is:" << s1.find("as", 0) << endl;

	cout << "(7)string insert/append/push_back/erase" << endl;
	string new_str("12345");
	char c; 
	cout << "str = " << new_str << endl << "now push_back a c:";
	cin >> c;
	new_str.append((const char *)("c"));
	new_str.push_back(c);
	cout << "now:" << new_str << endl << "now insert the c:";
	string::const_iterator pos = new_str.begin();
	new_str.insert(pos, c);
	cout << "now:" << new_str << endl << "now erase the insert c:";
	new_str.erase(pos);
	cout << "now:" << new_str << endl;

	cout << "(8)string 内存管理相关resize/reserv" << endl;
	string s_size("123");
	cout << "str = " << s_size << endl << "size = " << s_size.size() << endl << "cap* = " << s_size.capacity() << endl;
	s_size.resize(20);
	cout << "str = " << s_size << endl << "size = " << s_size.size() << endl << "cap* = " << s_size.capacity() << endl;
	s_size.reserve(50);//内配方式：n*16 - 1 
	cout << "str = " << s_size << endl << "size = " << s_size.size() << endl << "cap* = " << s_size.capacity() << endl;
	
	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

（三）string源码追踪

(1)string str;

(2)string define in here
using string = basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char>>;<<======================
using wstring = basic_string<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t>, allocator<wchar_t>>;
using u16string = basic_string<char16_t, char_traits<char16_t>, allocator<char16_t>>;
using u32string = basic_string<char32_t, char_traits<char32_t>, allocator<char32_t>>;

(3)basic_string smiple define in here
template<class _Elem,
    class _Traits = char_traits<_Elem>,
    class _Alloc = allocator<_Elem>>
    class basic_string
        : public _String_alloc<_String_base_types<_Elem, _Alloc>>
    {/*opt   2000行左右!!!*/};

核心在于：using string = basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char>>;

给basic_string 这个类模板传入三个参数，使得string的行为被定义为分配char型的内存块，以及各种接口的特性等，没细看！