Structured binding declaration (since C++17)

Binds the specified names to subobjects or elements of the initializer.

举例说明比较容易理解：

int a[2] = {1, 2};
 
auto [x, y] = a;    // creates e[2], copies a into e,
                    // then x refers to e[0], y refers to e[1]
auto& [xr, yr] = a; // xr refers to a[0], yr refers to a[1]

float x{};
char  y{};
int   z{};
 
std::tuple<float&, char&&, int> tpl(x, std::move(y), z);
const auto& [a, b, c] = tpl;
// using Tpl = const std::tuple<float&, char&&, int>;
// a names a structured binding that refers to x (initialized from get<0>(tpl))
// decltype(a) is std::tuple_element<0, Tpl>::type, i.e. float&
// b names a structured binding that refers to y (initialized from get<1>(tpl))
// decltype(b) is std::tuple_element<1, Tpl>::type, i.e. char&&
// c names a structured binding that refers to the third component of tpl, get<2>(tpl)
// decltype(c) is std::tuple_element<2, Tpl>::type, i.e. const int

struct S
{
    mutable int x1 : 2;
    volatile double y1;
};
 
S f() { return S{1, 2.3}; }
 
int main()
{
    const auto [x, y] = f(); // x is an int lvalue identifying the 2-bit bit-field
                             // y is a const volatile double lvalue
    std::cout << x << ' ' << y << '\n';  // 1 2.3
    x = -2;   // OK
//  y = -2.;  // Error: y is const-qualified
    std::cout << x << ' ' << y << '\n';  // -2 2.3
}